jec5CJ\.
C210urnal
cf
c9-{Umanities
and c50cial c5cience
ur als
IOSR
"ntemational Organization
of Scientific Research
セセセセセセセセ@
e-ISSN : 2279-0837
Volume : 19 Issue: 7 (Version - I)
p-ISSN : 2279-0845
Contents:
SuCcess of Various Satyagharas In Dhamtari Area
(AStudy
01-04
From 1920-1930).
VlpIn
lirkey
Conbibutlon of Dhamtari in Various Movements ,for Complete
05'{)8
Independence (A Study From 1930 To 1947)
Vipln
llrkey
The
Dewlopment oIlnstitutlonaJ Models for Community
Food
09-15
Secwfty In
West
Nusa
Tenggara
(I'ftb)
ProvInce-Indonesia
Enlrawan, Setla Had/, Bambang Juanda, EmaIl
Rustladi
Contested Identity
Politics
In Nepal: implications
from
Tharu
16-25
Mowrnent
Mahendra
Sapkota
Sodo-Economlc Status of
Women entrepreneurship - A case
26-33
study of Morigeon OIsbict in Assam.
/'>4It
Borah
BlMARU
States: Need a Rethinking
34-41
KaIyan Sundar Som, Prof. R.P. Milihra
, .
FIsh Cultivation as a Uve\lhood OptIon for Sman
Scale
FlU111ers
42-50
• Study
in
Southwestern Region of Bangladesh
Nurun Naher Moni, Nawshin Neelam Khan
Violence In Alice Walker's the Color Purple
51-54
·om 1930 To
in all these ers of Raipur
i th eir voices .e lped peopl e il1ete freedom
r 4\
"-, I
P.56
IOSR Journal Of Hum anilies And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume
19, Issue 7, Ver 1(J llly.
2014), PP09-15
e-ISSN: 22 79-0837, p-1SS:';
2
R セY MP X NOU N@www.iosrjuurna/s.or8
The Development of Institutional Models for Community Food
Security in West Nusa Tenggara (Ntb) Province-Indonesia
Enirawan
I,Setia Hadj2, Bambang Juanda
2,EmaIl Rustiadi
2'(Student of Post-graduate School ''''ilh a SlUdy Program
nJ
Regional and Rural Planning and Development Science-Faculty of Economic and Management- Bogor Agriculture University -In do nesia)l(Lec furers of Posl-graduate Sc hool with a Study Program ofRegional and Rural Planning an d Development
Science-Fa,.;u!fy ofEconomic and Management- Bogor Agriculture University -indonesia)
Abstract: NTD province is a/ood surplus area, but at the same time it belongs 10 an area Ihal hus a high risk of food shortage . Therefore , STB should requ.ire a handling priority in Ihis particular aspecl. In Ihe communiry,
there are groups (hat can ./01/0... th.! mark.et mechanism, but there are also groups with low incomes who need commUirity institutions OJ" mechanisms outside the market. This study aimed to develop models vf community
institutions to improve food sec urir)' in NTB . The analytical me/hods used were Analysis of Food Security, InslllulionaJ Descriptive Analysis, Analysis of Transaction Cost (TC) and Palh Analysis. The research result showed that the i;1come and food stocks of families and pal/ems of community interactions in NTB through social trunsjers had increa.)·l:!d fhe foo d secun'ty of indiyiduals / families in NTB. Development models of ['ommunity institmions t (l impr(j\'e food security, among olhers, were dhers!'fication of family economic activin'es, encvuragelllel1l of community parn'cipation both in formal and injormal institutions, rural infrastructure deve;opment, Posyar.du re l-'ilalization, Raskin orragemenrs. and insfirulional integralion, ' e,<;pecially informal ィセwHuQゥッョ ウ@ in o!"£I-l!1" to Improve food securiry,
Keywords: commIlni!y instilutiv17,/uud sec/{!'il)', social transfer, transue/ion ellsr
I.
Introduction
NTB provin ..:e is a foo j surplus area as indicated by th e valu\:: of the rice producti on surp lus and the availability or' rood crops and foods of animal' origin which is likely to increas\::. However, the existing data show that some areas in NTB are still inc luded in 100 regenc ies in Indonesia bein g in danger of food shortage, In fa cl, approximately 70.83 % of the tOla l number of ウオ「M、ゥセエイゥ」エウ@ in NTB are vulnerable to rood shortage (FSVA, 2C09 and Government of NTB, :010).
The ェウウ オセ@ of fO()(l securi ty In NTB ーイ ッカ セョ 」 ・@ is mainly related to the suffic ient food availability at the regional le vel , blJt in term s Pヲ エィ セ@ di siribution and ('.onsum plion at the community and indi vidual :' family iセ カ・ャウL@ the ーイッカゥョセ・@ ゥ セ@ ヲ。セゥヲQァ@ セ ッ t N ・ョAゥゥZャN@ ャ@ problems.
rn
the |N セ oャャQゥャャェNNiヲャゥlケL@ th ere are groups that can full ow the markel me c hanis m, but tr.e re ar.: :;],,0 セPセ_ s@ 'vith low incomes whl,) need c0mmunity ゥョ セ ャゥャャ Z@ エゥ g ョ ウ@ or ュ・」ィセョゥ ウ ュウ@ o l!ts ide the r.1ar:':e!. sセ ィPョ・イ@ (1981 ) de fine s an institut ion as the regulation of human behav io r thal is acceptt:d by ali me mbers of th e community a;1d serveS 。セ@ an ゥョエセイ。」エェ ッョ@ panem in a cert:lin reCUiTent situation,In the traditional arrange ments, the people of NTB province initiall y had local instituti ons that managed food security in accord wce with their need, e.g, village bzms or scarc ity barns, but unfo rtunately vari ou3 local insti!utions and tradi tion'll kn owledge ウケウ エ・ュセ@ rel ating to fooe! security are gradually fading away (Ka ryadi L\\', 2009). Th l!n came polici es and fo rmal institutions that touched the li ves and activiti es of c o mmunity food sec urity, but according to Arifin B (2005), the eftectiveness of the various p o li cies / institutional arnsn g...:m'-.!nts is slill qu\::stionable.
Context
H
Acti o n ArenaH
iョ 」・ ョエゥセ
I
Interactions•
Figure 1. The .\1ost Gc'neral Flerm:nts of lnstiWlinnal Analys is (O stro rll et ai, 2002.):
RelateJ to the dTon s 10 develop institution s. particularly the one s al com munity le vel. Ostro m eL al. (200 2) rres ents a framework or an analytical fh" ....cll art of institutional devel opment effort s (Figure I), that is, by id enti fy ing the act Or situa til)1I (ac tion arena) lhal has dir(;ct relevance to エィセ@ problems studieJ, th e cOllte xl lhat shapes and in llueO!.:I.: !\ the ac tor siluation (incl uding ot her イ・ャエセ| G 。ョ H@ aren3s) anJ beh a\'iora l inte racti ons (Patt ern s o fintt:-ra cti on l :llld Iht:: outcomes oblained.
W\\ w , ゥ オウセ ェ ッ ャャイョ。Aウ Nッ イァ@ !)
i
Pag.eThe Development ofInstitutional Models jar Community Food Security in West Nusa Tenggura (Nt b)
Karyadi LW (2009) has identified the fonn s. importance and dynamics of food security instituti ons at the community level in NTB, and finds that (he presence of formal food system (as a form of system adaptati on to technologi cal development) culturally and institutionally has comered the original food stock institution s.
S ince the questi on raised in this research
IS
conccming a proper institutional development model at th e community level to improve food security in line with the regional chara_cteristics and the community in lT B provin ce, the aims of this ,research were: (1) to anal yze Income and Food Stock (IFS) and their contributio ns lOindi vidu al and family food security levels in NTB; (2) to analyze patterns of community interaction ( soc ial solidarity I social transfer) and their contribution to individual and family food security levels ill NTB ; and (J) {Q
formulate a model of community instituti onal deve.lopmcnt to improve food security in NTB .
II. Methods
This research was conducted in the regcncies of Dompu and Sumbawa (Sumbawa Island) and in the regencies of Central Lombok and West Lombok (Lombok Island) , NTB province. The forst objec tive was achieved using Analysis of Indi vidual I Family Food Security and t-test. The second objective was reached using a descripti ve analysis of Social Transfer (ST) and a desctiptive analysis o f Transaction Cost (TC) in addition 1O the previous analy s is. The third objective, which was a synthesis. was attained using a descripti ve analysis of institutions in addition to the previo us kinds of analyses. and all the model s were tested with a path analysis .
1.1. Analysis oflodividuol / Family Food Ser.urity
Analysis of Family Food Security was carried out using cross-classification of two indi cators of food security , namel y food spending share and energy (kcal) consumption adequacy levels as shown in Table I .
Table
I.
Determining the Level o flndividuals .'Family
Foo d Securi tyEnergy con sumption p-<:r UrlH - ec;uj\'aknt
10 adulS (Kcal)
Adequate (":>8 0 % entTgy 。、セアオ。」ケ@
re<luLrcment)
Food srcnding s....are
to'\ «f1U%
spending)
4. Foot.l stXure
lO tal
[nadCllUa!e «80 % energy 。、」アオ 。」セ@ 2. Food questlonahle
1. Food. Insecure
rcqulrcm..:nt) (IH.lJ<!'1 u8Ie )
Sa uro< : Jonsson and Toole (1991) in Maxwell , D et al. (2000)
2.2. Test of difference (t test)
- Tv find Olll the difference s in the (t ven,\se income (tnd food ウエP」ォセ G@ b::lween reg :om .I ゥ@ セ@ ャ。 d、ウL@ ( (est \\(\5 d0ne:
two SIOlr1e assumi!1g IInequal variance'S
- To find out the differences in the average ・ョセイァケ@ consumption level and the spending on food before ane: after social ;rans fer, t test was conducted : paired two simple for mean s
2.3. Uescriptive AnalYSis of Social Transfer (TS)
Sodal Transfer (TS) = Relati ves Triins fer + Zaka ( T C ommunity Loan + Other Transfcrs (a r:san. mbolo
·Wok i. banjar, etc.)
2.4. Descriptive AnAlysis
or
Tran saction Cost (TC)Transac tion Cost (TC) = custs of search and informat ion. meetings and decision-making process. monitoring. evaluati on and enforcement of 。ァイエZ・ュ セ ョ ャセ@ (rule s), and so un
2.5. Descr iptive Anal ys is
or
InstitutionInstitutional anal ys is inc ludes in stitutional identifi cation and ro le ana lysis
2.n , PRth aョ。ャケウゥセ@
Path Analys is is an analysi s (hat is use d [0 explore the efTects ( whether direct or indirect) ber· ...('en
\.ariahle:l. Th e path analysi s in thi s stud y used LlSREL 8.3 'iofiwarc, 2nd the pat h 。ョ。ャケセゥウ@ in cluded ::;uc h nl lxiel dia gram constnlction, preparation of mod el eq ual ion s and model estimatio n.
[image:3.612.34.495.164.693.2]The
Developmenr of fn slilUliolJal Models for Community Food Security in WeS I Nus" Tenggara (NIb)
'ggara
(N ib)III.
Regional General Conditions
instituti o n s at
em ad ap tation
NTB province has an area of 49,312. 19 km' , consisting of two large islands, namely Lombok Island with an area of 4.738.80 km2 HRSNU@ iッLN セ QI@ and Sumbawa Island with an area of 15,414.4 5 km1 (76.49%).
:;titution s. Administratively, NTB province cons ists o f eight regencies and two cities, namely West Lombok, Mataram
t model a1 the
Cily,
North Lombok Regenc)" , Central Lombok Regency andEast
Lombok Regenc)" (located on Lomboklunity in NT B Island) and West Sumbawa Regenc) . Sumbawa Regency, Dompu Regency. Bima C ity and Sima Regency mtribLiti ons to (located on Sumbawa Island). NTH has a population of 4,5 87,562 in 2012. The percentage of population aged
"acti.on (social above 15 who worked in the av ai labl e occupations in NTB in 2012 was 44 .25% in the agricultural sector,
TB; and (3) (o 18 .83% in the trade sector, 16 .0 5% in (he servi ce sectOr and the rest in o ther sectors.
IV.
Results And Discussion
1.2. Income and Food Stock (lfS) and Their Contribution to Indhddual / Family Food Security
nd) and in Ihe Levels
objective was To assure a reliable and s ustainable level of indi vidual / family food security , it is imperative to pay a
e w as re ached s pecial attention to two indicators of food security: the share of food expenditure and the level of energy
, Cost (TC) in consumption adequ,acy. Tables 2 a nd .1 e xplain that the average level of food security of individual / famil y
g a descripti ve イ・Uーッョ、・ョセ@ in NTB is still at the level of food vulnerable. This condition was actually the contribution of the
led with a patli average indicators of the food consumption share / capita of 0.95 and the food expenditure share o f 0.71 . The
data explained that in the short-term the average co nsumption o f the community had ful filled energy adequecy
(> 80 % 'energy adequacy requiremem) , but because the average total spending was; io w, the share of food
expenditure was mOre dominant ('> 60 % o f total family expenditure) whkh indicated that o n the average the
icaters o f food individuals I families were in a Slmu.S o f food v ulnerable.
Table I.
Table 2. Value, of Inco nle and Food Stock (lFS) Family Respondents in NTB
No
L",omPOh"'
enl . )オ セ@
Dompu S llmba ...-a Lolenglッセッイ@
NTB( u nt カー・ イ N [G セGョセL セ G。セ __LM」M セ ________________セ ____________________
=-___________
Aycrn@e of Incorne UI\J FCQ<! - - -
-Slock (Irs ) Rp 000 . 40-' .8 .6617 }28.? 3<j t 2 440:3
IrS<Rp 250,ll{):) % 12 .50 2S 00 25.00 15 .63
Irs>'''o (XX)·
<.
RiiOO.Of/J
SI 25 4 j ·15 M 75 6150 64 ,;)()IFS>500,OOO·
<. R£ 1.00O.{J(lO
%
1875 187S 625 62 5 12 SO
IfS> Ro IJ),)O.OC,o % 25 00 6.25 J 81
2 Coeffic ienl oi IFS Varia tio n OJ ) 0 64 0 38 06 { O.r;;l
3 Difference Test (I-! esl. lhe 3\'cra@c of IFS Sumhawa Islane > Lomb(JklslanJ
si gnifIC3r,\ at セBG U BGNI@
Source: Pro..;essed primary data
test was dcone :
B ased o n t-le<;t. the ZGi@ カ・ イセァセ@ inC0rilt" and rood slO(:k:; o f S umbawa I:-:and キ 。セ@ hi f!. her thJ.n Lomb()k
)efore ane: a ft er Island (significant at 0 g 5%). tィセ@ next I-tes t showed that the average eriergy consumption of s オュ「。 ᄋ セカ。@ Is l .. nd
was higher than Island o f Lotnbck , [Lセ@ G@ ィゥャ・@ the average s hare of food expenditure of Sumbawa I@ セ ャ。ョ、@ was 1000've r
than Lombok Island (signiticam at a = 5%). nlis suggested that the level cf food security in Sumbawa Island
was relati ve ly hi gher than in Lombok Is land . The res ult of path analysis indicated that the in crease in energy
(a r:sa n. mbol 0 ";uJl s umptioll 。 、・アオセ」ケ@ and the 、・」イ ・。セ ・@ iii the :,hare of food ex penjiture were influ cr,c'!u by the inc re35t ill
family ・ セー ・ョ、ゥエオイ・@ (s ignificanl a[ a = 5% ), while the in crease in spending co uld be boosteo Ihro ugh Ihe
inc reased inc omes and food s tocks ( significant al a セ@ 5%) and Ihe decrease in tran sac tion cOS t (signifi cant al a :=
10%).
lak ing p ro ces s.
Tahle J. Level s o f Energy Cons umplion . Food Sepending, and
Food
Security Levels o f Indi v idual I Family__セ __MLLMセ ___ セ _ __ _ _ _- ,R-=espo nde nts in NTB Province
COIl IPI.lII <:1I 1
No
\ Monthfy pcr cl1p.\l 1 Unit 1X1mpu Sumnaw<I loャセャャ ァ@ Lohar NTB
Consumpuun PS .... lセョ セ ャ@ ,CELl Index l.()(! 0% OQ] 1)<1 1
o
IJSSpendins Shore Fam o!) Food
ISS F t lode.\ ヲ jWセ@ fl ; 5
""
076 (1 7 1iirecl ) between
jed s uch nlodd ],
3b
k
FOOcJ Sc(uril: Level ,FSL )
!ndl"·,(! ual "'aJnlh
ィxkiャョウセ」オイ」@
Food InadeqlJa!c f-ood Vulnera ble
,.
,
• 0.
"
ャセ@ 50 Q@ セ@ SO 1セ N@ so@
5 00 2500 02.50 62 SO W セ@ 00
3d r nod S.:t:urc:'
"
セ U⦅オ HI@ 6l.5!) 2500 2500 セ ェ@ N oiID.ITc.ffilCII: Tt:51 II-tl:$!. \ : ':.'ll t'oc.anl [h..: i\vcr..ij.C e El . or Sunloowa IsllUld '" LOfTIool.. t.d;mJ
:11 u-S-,\ The ....:Cfa£C S:-iF nr Sum\l;lw!l ltll&lId I ' Lomboll; Ishlnd
l tィ セ@
Development a/Institutional Models/or Community Food Security in West Nusa Tenggara
(NIh)Source: Processed primary data
1.3. Community Interaction PatterDs (Social Solidarity / Social TraDsfer) aDd Their Contribution to Individual/Family Food Security Levels
[image:5.612.50.515.41.438.2]Food, security 15 a collective problem; therefore, it is necessary for a community in a social arrangement to organize collective actions to so lve the problem, for instance, through social so lidarity in the fonn of social transfers to individuals / families in need. Social solidarity I social tran sie r can increase income and food stock and family spe nding.
Table 4'. Community Interactio n Patterns (Social Transfer and Transacti on Cost) and Its Contribution to Indi vidual / Family_Food Security Level
No Compenent Umt 'I Dom-pu Sunlbaw'3 Loteng Lobar NTB
LMonthlH.er caDlla)
,
Social Tr:l.'1sfer(TS) from Communif'.,' Rn (00:0 4132 11.25 33.41 724 23.582 Transaction CoSt (Tel in Community Rp (000) 772 1.11 1.9 1 1.4 2 323
Institution
J Consumption Energy Level tCEL)after social, Index 1.00 0 .97 100 095 098
transfer
,
Spending Share FamJly Food (SSF)- .ft... ,Index 067 0.53 0 .66 0.74 0.65soclal' transfer
; Fo()(rSecurit)' Level (FSl) (ndividualfFamlly . after social transfer
5,
Food Insecure %
025 625 .
5b
.FooJ iョャャ、セオ。ャ・@ '%
1
-;,
ruw Vulnerable I % I
I 62.50 2500 6250 62.':U 62. 50
5d
rood Secure
"",
37506875 37 .50 3US 3i 50
6 Tl1'e average of eEL before SOCial transfer <
dャヲヲセイ」ョ」・@ T est (t·test. signi(i('am on Cl"" 5%) al'\\.'( soctal transfer
The 3\"ef3gC of SSF before socia! エセBイ」イ@
;-after socia! lr:lJ1sfer
Source: Processed prtmary data
becaus d isince
IA .
felatior
and Ie'
lransfe attrihut insticut
ウ・」 オイゥ{ セ@
among
0.064 セ@
jACi
セ@
f
(Source increase: income mmUi Table 4 illustrates that after socia l transfers thoe lverage ャ・ カセ Q@ of the food sec urity of indi vidual / farTlliy
respondents increased as evident from the Hest result showing thai エィセ@ 3verage level of energy consumption in
T he fir:
NT B prov!nce before soc! 31 tre. nsfers was lower than that after socia l tran sfers. while the average share o f food
helS.
expenditure in NTB provi nce before social transfers was higher than that after soci ailtans[ers (significant 2( a =.
. Il{util 5 %). Thc resul! of path analyo;is indicated that the increase in food security was d;Je to the increase ill famiiy
ki p; HセクゥG・ョ、ゥエオイ・N@ Thc Aョ 」 イセ。ウ・@ in family expend iture was deter!1linec! hy the i:litia! value of expenditure, dri ven ·cet; ...-through the increased social transfers to the co nmll.!nity サウゥァョゥヲゥ」。ョセ@ at a = 5 セᄋッ I N@
k ip:
The value of social transfers received by the family respondent pe r ca pita per month in NTB 'Nere on
ijQQ 「。セ
the average of Rp 23,580, especial I)' fro m relatives and z.akat. The high est av erage o f soc ial transter was in Dompu at Rp 411.320 pc: capi ta per month and Central Lombok Rp 33,470 . Social transfe rs from z.akat COille
mu, ..mn, セ@
fr om the residents \""ho pa y zakat through zakat officers/ mosque officers to be submitted to families who arc
-l5ed Ii
entitled to receiv e. The kinship institution s in Dompu and Sumbawa are in form of neighbor relationship or
hsban<
familial relati onship. Neighbo r relationship is coordinated by the head of RT I RWand Village Head. Meanwhile, kinsh ip in the regenc;ies of Central Lombok and West Lombok is in the foml of Gubug, namely the
セゥ」N・ウ
commun ity relation ship in a neighhorhood unit which genera lly has family ti es. Guhug is coord inated hy ((uhlig
セ@ ir
sc:: nior which is more informal (custom function) .
Raskin (l ow. priced ri ce to be so ld to the poor), loans from the co mmunity and other kiilds of ··help··
""
...
urF
(ill the form of arisan or banjar). The loan s from the community for needy families are on the bas is of trust.
mUi
generall y without margins. so as to be economica ll y beneficial for Ihe families . Another social transfer is in the
re
raform of arisan or banjar which is a form of institutional mechani sm of sharing and mutual help and or the
t' :.tc
sharing of asset in fo rm of cash an d certai n items. Social transfers in such institution
as
ari san or banjar arcib
generally accepted at the community level, not spec ifically for poo r fanlilies. _,,:ta ll Social tran sfers done in NTB commu nity ha ve several motives. T he most domi nan t motif was a hab it
,un
custom (76.56 0.'11 of thc respondents). Another motive was for the rurrose of |vHIイセィゥー@ ...a lue (57.81 %). and in
セGヲGoG
terms of worship motive 87.50 % of respo ndents were from C'oentral Lombok and West Lombok, while 56.25 %
TII.,h "
respondents were from Sumbawa. The mot ive for property adequacy was 4.69 %, givi ng out of shame 4.69 %
and social sanctions of 3. 13 %. lllese data suggest that social transfers ha ve been in stituti onali zed and sustained
among others, Pvalue
=
0.05489 > 0 .05 and the value o f RMSEARoo( Mean Square Error o f Approximation =0.064 :00.08).
The Development ofInstitutional Models jvr Community Food Security in West Nusa Tenggara (NIh)
mggara (NIb)
because of the awareness of applying c u sセoイNャ@ or ウ セゥイゥエオ。ャ@ value in addition to the structure o f incentive s and disincenti yes (sanc tions).
'ontribution to 104. Community lostitutional Development Model to Improve Food Security
The preparation of an instiltlfi on(l.l .,,:,o nlmun i,y development model was cHrried oul by conc;itiering the lal arrangemenl relations among outcome component. f,nni! ) ウ イセョ、ゥョァN@ spending on food, level of e nergy consu mpti on (food) form of soci al and level of food security. which rue dete rmined by the patterns of interaction (social so lidarit y .' soc ial and food stock エイ。ョウヲセイウI@ and the aotion arena (income and fU0d stocks) and context (biophysical environmenl , community attributes, and the role of instituti ons in the food securit y and livelihoods and the role of citizens in the institutions). The test results of PATH conlo rmity criteria showed an institutional devel op ment model of tood security at the co mmunity level in NTn pr1.1\·ince (Figure 2) meet the criteria of goodness o f fit (with indicators, Lobar Nro
7.24 23.58 \.42 J.2j
095 09R
0.74 0.65
6.25
62 セッ@ 62 .50
31 ::5 I 37 SO SOC ia! tranS ltr <.
SOl.:la! tmr!.sfer
;-lividual I family consumption in
セ・N@ share 0
r
foodignifican( 21 a
=-: rea se in famii), !nditurc. dri ven
n NTB were on transter was in
'00'1 zakat co me amili es w ho are rel3lions hip or Village Head. bug, namely the nated hy uuhllg
kinds of "help" e bas is of trust. :ran sfer is in Ihe
help and or the
In or banjar a re Itif was a habit J
57.81 %), and in , while 56. 25 %
f shame 4.69 セ サ i@ セ、@ an d sus tained
the fo od security and livelih ood and the role of c itizens in the institutions
ACTION ARENA : PATIERNS OF INTERA CTION : Socia l Income and food stock so lidarityisocial transfer
OUTCOM.ES: Fam!ly spell di:;£ , ウー|N セ ョ、ゥゥャ ァ@ on food, energy consumption lev e l (food) an d food security iセカ・ャ@
-
.. . .
..
, .. セ@. ...
- . . I .,
.. , .... ngure ,!..• In:,tthJtlonal uevelOjlmeill MO,de! o t rood セ・NZオイャエケ@
CONTEXT: Biophysical envirolltllcnt. community attributes, and the role ofinstiluti ons in
(Sources: pイッ」・ウセ・、@ Primary Data, modilied based on Ostrom model , セャ@ aI, 2002)
The analysis iesult with a p;Jlh mo del described that to achieve the desired outcom"!s, namely the increase in spending potential and individual I family food sec urity leve:, it is ne cessary 10 ゥ[セ」イ・。ウ・@ family in come and food supp.l y. decrease tran saction costs and increase social trans fers from co mmunity and community through
a
model of in stituti ona l devel opment described below.The first objective was
'0
increase intorne and food stocks (lFS). As for other (pot.ential) pro blems, among other s, the average IFS were arprllac bir.g the poverty I ine, the low presence of economic a: ld financialゥョウエゥエオエゥッョセN@ particularly in villages (i[:5 exist ence only contricuted to 20.31 % of respondents) and the low pani cipa!i011 I')f cit izens in i:1stitutions OU.79 セセQ@ were not a..:tive ill the institutio nal com munit y) . T o a(hic'/e the
objec tive, the ウエャ。エセァケ@ was by ゥョ 」ZM・ 。ウゥョ セ@ IFS I,a mon g 0thers, thro ugh family economic diversification), c i[ize.l1s participation in institutions, 。 ャセ g@ instiwticn<::l イッセ・ ウ@ related to economic ac ti vities / family food c;ecurity.
Sltm bawa Island has such potentials as agricultural land. piantations and farm s (owned by individual . famiiy o r co mmunity), cre3ting opportunities for families to do economic diversification in agri c ulture, plantations and larm .o;;, rャi セ ゥョ・ セセ@ ュ・」ィ。ョゥ セュ@ is c(,ord inated through agricultural landha sf.d groups and shared gra!.ing !and-based livest ock (Institutional Lar), whic h is su ppo n e d by the agencies of Agriculture, Plantati on and Animal Husbandry .
oセ@ the island of Lombok, the farm!and is on the decrease, whereas th e activities of to urism , trade and se rvices have greatly increased , opening 0p ponun ities [or familic.5 to do economic diver sificati on in th e form of ho me indu.str;;: and services. These businesses are conducted throug h co mmunity economic groups, am ong othe.rs, supported by the agencies of Indu stry anJ T rade, Cooperati ves and 5MEs, and Tourisill.
TIJ support family econo mi c diversificati o n, it is necessary 10 ha ve eC0nomic institutional facilit ies and comm unit ybased financial inst itu tio ns that are supported by the the agencies of Inuu Slry and Tra de. (oo perative.o;; and SMEo;;, and Rankin g InstiH Hinn<; ,' Nonhanking Financial ャョウ ャゥエオエゥ ッ ョセ@
The second ッ「ェ・」エゥ セ ・@ セ。ウ@ Co lower IrlinslICfi o n cost (Te). The potential I prohh.:m was Ihe la ck o f
accessibilit), so the strategy used was to increase the accessibility oftransp0rl, info rmati o n and co mmuni ca ti o n , espcl..'ially in rural areas. To exec ul e th e strateg:, there should be effort s to encourage the Inec hanism s of cOlllillunity Ill l!eti ng. mutual help, sharin g and cooperation , including rural infrastructurC' devel opmen t
Hエイ。ョ セーッ イエN@ info rmation and communi catio n) through planning and budgetin g at regionallc\"cl (APl:JD:'APBN).
The third objecti\'c WAS 10 incf'c<lse socil'll tntnsrers (51), To help poor families, the govermt::llt has provided
(t srecial program culled r。セャ|ェャQ@ althuugh the allocation is still low (15 kg I fami ly). nOI to mentioll in its
www. ゥッウ イェP ャQイョ。ャ セ@ N ッイァ@ I J . rag!..'
The Development ofIllstitutional Models for Communir)' F uoJ Security in Wesr Nusa Tenggara (Ntb)
The D
strength to rai se the nutritional' status and food security of poor families, On the o ther hand, the utilization of the capacit) instituti o nal community in food security early warning system is s[ ill low. For that purpose, the strategy required
implementation in the field where a family con only get 56 kg. Therefore, Rask.in program COMot be expected
the utili is to arrange Raskin and the instituti onal commWlity. role
ora
At the stage of data collection and Raskin distribution , control mechani sm is needed using such 4) Furtl narrowe mechani sms as 「ッエエッュセオー@ (from residents) and topdown (from the government) . This way it is expected thatcommUJ
the distribution of Raskin will reach the target. However. to assure that the rice food will reach the right individual. Raskin should be allocated on the basis of nornlative food need for individuals and the number o f family members .
In addition to structuring Raskin policy, the local capacity should also be increased to ensure food IIJ A
[2J B
security through the development of communitylevel barns and area supported by community reso\lrces (family
[J J F
bam, communal bams, banjar, arisan, etc.) which are supported by village government, traditional institutions, P Agency for Rural Development. Food Security Agency. Food Security Agencyl and other panies. [4J 1< F, In institutional development, it is necessary to note on the institutional characteristics o f each region. The
institutional characteristics that contribute to food security and the lives o f residents on the island of Sumbawa G I which is dominantly characterized by formal institutions such as farmer group institutions and government [5J K institutions. The conununity on the island o f Lombok has the potential o f informal instituti ons that co ntribute to d,
K
the livehood of the re.s idents and food security such as institutional Gubug (institutional unit o f residential area I [6J
kinship), banjar institutio ns (mutual help and asset sharing in the form o f mo ney o r goods), and religi ous p<
I7J N
institution I teacher institution (playing a role in the transfer of knowledge and イ・GゥァゥッオNセ@ teachings, and ha vi ng [8 J 0 an influence in decision making at community level). Info rmal institutions accordi_ng to N orth (1990) are the [9J 0
institutions in the conununity (usually オョwjゥエエ・ョI セ@ 」オセエッュウL@ traditi ons, taboos, conventio ns and other types with C
1I0J
a 'Variety of other names and titles. p,
III J S,
In the implementatio n of the mechanis ms ! institutions above. ir. (lie event of a dispute o r co nflict in rescurce management or in transaction activities and social inleracti0ns at community level. there is an
ZョUエ ゥエオ Aセ ッ ョ。ャ@ 。イセゥエイ。エゥ ッ ョN@ whe:e the Vi lla ge Head I Village Government is supported hy the rules in the form of Village Regulati ons (Perdes) while in the community on the island o f l.ombok there is a traditi onal institution called Gubug s:nior, supported hy rules in the form of Awik A\\·ik (cl.stomary laws) .
In various areas in NTB, Posy and II institutions are easil y found. Historically, these institutions ha.ve a
relatively wellestablished arrangement in the New Order era. However, in the fo llowing era, relatively less attention has been given by the go¥emment so that the role of Posyandu in food sec.urity was relatively low (3.13 %). Therefore, it is necessary to revitalize Posyandu, which could be integrated with educational and women institutions. The existence o f Posyandu is expected to playa role in implementing early warning systems and additional intake of nutriti on. providing information and basic care of children, mothers and the elderly.
To enhance the institutional role in improving fuod security, it is necessary to increase citizen particiration in fomull and informal institutions as well JS institutional integration, parti cularly informal institutions
ill
all effort to improve foo d security.V.
Conclusion
And Recommendation 5.1. ConciusioDI) heorne va lue and Family food stock (IFS) in NTB which were relatively low contributed sigr:iticantiy to indi vidual / famil y food security level , namei y with a status of f(lod vul nerabl e.
2) Social interactio n, among othe rs, in the form o f soc ial so lidarity I soc ial trans fer (ST) could significantl y increase individual ! famil y food security leve l in NTB .
3) Community instituti onal devel o pment model in improving food sec urit y in NTB. among others. through famil y economic diversifi cation. increa sed c lcizer. participati on in community institutions. rural intTastructure devel opment , Posyandu rcvitali7ali0n , Ras kin arrangement a., well 。 セ@ inc:;;tilUtionat integration, especially informal institut ions in an effort to impro ve food security.
5.2. RecommendafioH
1) To increase the ....·al ue o f family income and food stock (lFS ) in r\TI3 throug h business divers itication s hould pay attention to the socio economic characteristics of the region. [n so doing, it is expected that in Sumbawa Island there shoul be a syne rgy between government working UlliLs alld other related parties 10 develop the agricultural sector. plantati ons and farms, while in Lombok Island it is conducte.d through home industry activity and service sector at th e co mmunity leve l.
2) To encnurage soc ial tran s fer (ST) mechani sms at the cnmmunity level \ ..·hich are initiall y mme oriented to
cultural activities.' traditi ona l ce remoni es to ィ セ@ adopted with the aim of enhcnc ing food sec urity.
J) Community institutional developmen t model shnuld cOllsider institutional characteristics . Su mba.wa Is land is dominantly characteri zed by fu rrnal institution, so th<jt various mcchan isllls o f improvi ng food security c an 「セ@
renggara (Ntb)
mot be expected
ltilization of the
strategy required
セ・、@ using such is expected that reach the right d the number of
:I to ensure food esources (family onal instituti ons,
s.
:ach region . The :lnd of Sumbawa and government nat contribute to
residential area / s), and religious ings, and having
.h (I 990) are the other types with Jte or conflict in vei. there is an
;:5 in the form of tional institution
Istitutions ha ve a a, relativel y le ss
as relativel y low educational and warning systems I the elderly.
increase citizen cularly infonnal
j significantly to mId sign ifi cantly
: others, thr ough ral infrastru cture
'alion, espec iall y
"5;
ficati on s hould(hat in Sumbawa
:5 10 develop the
, industry activity more oriented to
Llrnbawa I slan d is
j security can be
T].e Development of Institlltiollul Models for Community Food Security in West NIL,a Tenggara (Ntb)
strengthened, among others, thro ugh \"illage regulations (Perdes) and the !m::>rOlie!!!t:'H 0f V!lh.g<" Goventment capacity. while in Lo mbok Is land Community infonnal (traditional) institutions should be strengthened through the utilization and preservation of ,.l,wik Aw ik (customary rules) as well as the capacity improve me nt of the ro le of adatl insti tutions. teacher inst iTu tio n and otheF institutions,
4) Further research is requ ired to セエ オ、ケ@ community in stitutional development model more deeply wit h a narrov:er area scope (eg regency) , :.J.ll d 10 learn about linkages at every institutional level (cente rregio n-commuoity).
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