A
E
SA
PROCEEDINGS
Bogor, Indonesia,November 17-19,
P E R T E T A
2
0 0
9
International Symposium
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN ASIA
Editors :
Prof VM Salokhe ( AE Regional Association), Dr Madan K.Jha (AE Regional Association)
Dr G Srzednicki (UNSW, Australia), Prof Hadi K Purwadaria (PERTETA),
Prof Kamaruddin Abdullah (PERTETA), Prof Sahid Susanto (PERTETA),
Prof Asep Sapei (PERTETA), Dr Agung Hendriadi (PERTETA),
Prof Armansyah Tambunan (PERTETA)Prof Tineke Mandang (PERTETA),
Dr Bambang Prastowo (PERTETA),Dr Handaka (PERTETA),
Dr Sam Herodian (PERTETA), Dr Rafi Paramawati (PERTETA)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
GROUP A :FARM MACHINERY AND MANAGEMENT (FMM)
Screen Types Affecting Efficiency of Soil Separation from SugarCane Stalks (Y.Suphan W.Seree and L.Juckamas) 1
Design of Simple Nyamplung Oil Presser (Puspitahati, Tri Tunggal, Edward
Saleh) 9
Optimum Soil Tillage Method on Dry Land Sugarcane Cultivation (Gatot
Pramuhadi) 16
Application of Neuro-Fuzzy Controller to Autonomous Agricultural Vehicle Operating on Unstructured Changing Terrain- Control Software
Development (Lilik Sutiarso, Tomohiro Takigawa) 24
Analysis on Optimal Sugar Cane Harvesting System in Jatitujuh SCP, Majalengka
(Setyo Pertiwi and Vidy Haryanti)
34
City Waste Reduction Efforts for Environmental Quality Improvement (Trough Improved Agricultural Commodities Distribution System)
(Emmy Darmawati) 42
Specific Soil Draft Resistance of Some Mould Board Ploughs Performed in Wetland Paddy Soil (Ade Moetangad Kramadibrata)
52
Mathematical Model for Turf Grass Mowing Torque by Using Rotary-Type Mower Blade(INengah Suastawa, Siti Suharyatun) 59
Machine Vibration Analysis for Determining Optimum Operational Engine Speed
(Gatot Pramuhadi, Mad Yamin and Siti Khoirunnisa) 72
Two Wheels Hybrid Com Seeds Holes Maker (TWHYCOM) (Astiti Puriwigati,
Arief Sabdo Yuwono) 76
Development of Push Type Rotary Mower Powered by Engine of Back Pack Brush Cutter (A Modffication from Potrum BBE-G1 Prototype to Potrum BBE-G2 Prototype) (I Nengah Suastawa) 86
Design of a Ditcher Equipped With Scrapers for Making Drainage Channel on Dry Land Sugar Cane Plantation (Wawan Hermawan,
1
NengahSuastawa and Samsul Bahri) 95
Design and Traction Performance of Movable Lug Wheel Equipped with
Spring Mechanism (Wawan Hermawan) 103
Development of Powered Disk Type Sugar cane Stubble Saver (Radite
PAS., Lisyanto,
1
N. Suastawa) 111Evaluation of Diesel and Farm Tractor Performance Powered by
Cocodiesel (CME)(Desrial) 121
Development and Testing of Automatic Sorting and Grading Machine for Citrus (Usman Ahmad, Mardison S., Rudy Tjahjohutomo, and Ana
Nurhasanah) 132
Sieving Effect of Sorting Machine with Vibration Table Type on Cocoa Pod
Based Compost(Siswoyo Soekarno, Edy Suharyanto, Ahmad Hudi Arit) 142
Mechanical Cocoa PodbreakerUtilization in Cocoa Handling for Improving Labor and Production Efficiency (Sukrisno Widyotomo, Sri mulato and
Siswoyo Soekamo) 152
The Effect of Tractor Traffic and Organic Matter on Soil Compaction and Performance of Peanut Crop (Iqbal, Tineke Mandang, E. Namaken
Sembiring) 162
GROUP B:LAND, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT
Development of ANN Extension on Arcview-GIS for Prediction Land
Plantation Productivity(Hermantoro Sastrohartono) 169
Hydraulical Approach in Designing of Proportional Division Structures in
Traditional IrrigationSchemes(M. Hasan Yahya) 176
Plant Speaking Approach For Automatic Fertigation System In Greenhouse
(Usman Ahmad, I Dewa Made Subrata, Chusnul Arit) 185
Study on Phisic & Hidro-Meteorologycal Characteristics of Two Identical
Catchments(Indarto and Sri Wahyuningsih) 194
Landuse Classification Using Aster Multispectral Data : Case StUdy at
Sampean Watershed (East Java)(Indarto and Arit Faisol) 204
Land Use Classification at Sampean Watershed Using Multispectral Spot
Image(Januar Ferry Irawan and Indarto) 213
Development of Digital Elevation Model For East Java (DEM-JATIM) Using
Catchmentsim and Mapwindow GIS(Indarto) 220
Climate Change Adaption Using Reservoir Rule(M. Yanuar J. Purwanto) 231
Quantification of Methane (CH4) Gas Emission as selection Parameter of
Rice Variety(P. Setyanto, S. Ambarwati, Ariet Sabdo Yuwono) 240
Trend Study of Greenhouse Gases Emission and Carbon Balance of Several of Rice-Plant Management System (P. Setyanto, Isminingsih,
Rina Kartikawati, Arief Sabdo Yuwono) 247
Analysis of Water Absorption at Bandarlampung City (Ahmad Tusi and Moh.
Amin) 255
Evaluation of Moments on Water Scoop-Wheel (Kincir) for Irrigation By
Kincirmod (Mohammad Agita Tjandra) 265
The Environmentally Design of Water Management System for Sustainable
Peat Land Development in Indonesia (Dedi Kusnadi Kalsim) 274
Urban Water Demand on Interbasin Water Resources Management System
(Sutoyo, M. Yanuar J. Purwanto, Kato Tasuku and Goto Akira) 285
Tide-Aquifer Interaction Dynamics in Unconfined and Confined Coastal
Aquifer Systems (Madan K. Jha, Yasunori Kamii) 297
Model 20 of Bank Erosion for Non Cohesive Soil River Banks (Case Study
: Sorachigawa River, Hokkaido Japan) (Januar Fery Irawan) 310
Intelligent Computation of Potential Land for Food Production Using a Spatial-Based System (Rakhmat Jaya Lahay, Kudang B. Seminar, Ade
Komara Mulyana) 319
Determining Defferences in Soil Organic Matter Content Between Two Compost Types Used in Urban Agriculture (Ida Ayu Gede Bintang
Madrini, Sakae Shibusawa) 331
Design of Supervisory Environmental Parameter Ammonia (NH3) Control of Closed House System Model For Broilers (Alimuddin, Kudang Boro
Seminar, I Dewa Made Subrata, Sumiati) 342
Influence of Water in Sri Method to Yield and Growth of Paddy Hybrid Variety on Field Experimental Plot at Desa Gemuruh, Kundur Islan,
Karimun Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province (Wagiono) 354
Utilization of Sidoarjo Mud to Develop Pitcher for Irrigation (Budi I.
Setiawan, M.Bagus Hermanto, Agus Pakpaha) 363
SESSIONC :FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS PROCESS ENGINEERING (FAPE)
Drying Characteristics and Quality Attributes of Asiatic Pennyworth Leather (Wiriya Phomkong, Nittiya Homhuan, SUkanya Noranate) 371
Degradation of ascorbic acid during preparation and heat treatment of
syrup from guava
fruit
(Psidium guajava) (Indera Sakti N) 383Non Destructive Inner Quality Prediction In Intact Mango With Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (Agus
A.
Munawar & f WayanBudiastra) 391
Effects of Water contents and Packaging Materials on Storage Life Time of
Stick Sweet Potato Chip (Tamrin & LelaAmeli) 400
Simple Refining Technique of Coconout Oil for Small Holder Industries
(Sugeng Triyono and Agus Haryanto) 406
Effect of Heat Shock Treatment and Aloe Vera Coating to Chilling Injury Induced in Tomato (Sutrisno, Y. Aris Purwanto, Sugiyono, Ismi M. Edris,
Oily S. Hutabarat) 413
Improving Volatile and Lipid Quality of Macadamia Nut Through the Use of Hybrid Drying (Phatanayindee, S.,Borompichaichartkul,G. ,Craske,J.and
Wooton,M) '" 420
3D Visualization of Cell Membrane of Cucumber Fruits Stored Under Chilled and Non Chilled Temperature (Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Seiichi
Oshita, Yoshinori Kawagoe, Yoshio Makino) 427
Study of Respiration Rate and Texture of Bali Snake Fruit Using Polyethyline Plastic Packaging During Modified Atmosphere Storage
(I.A. Rina Pratiwi Pudja) 434
Preparation of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate Grafted Onto Natural
Rubber (Ahmad Randy, Dewi Sondari, Kuntari AS., Ariadi B., Surasno) 439
Improvement of The Technology Packaging for The Transportation of
Mangosteen (Niluh Yulianti, Sutrisno, Emmy Darmawati) 444
Influence of Potassium Persulfate Initiator in Emulsion Polymeryzation of Polymethyl Methacrylate Onto Natural Rubber (Dewi Sondari, Agus
Haryono and Evi Triwulandari) 452
Ultrasonic Wave Characteristic of Arumanis Mangoes and Damage
arumanis mangoes by fruit fly (Warji and Rokhani Hasbullah) 460
Biodegradable Plasticizers From Isobutyl Oleate Based on Palm Oil as The
Substitute of Dop on PVC Resin (Evi Triwulandari and Agus Haryono) 469
Technical Performance Evaluation of Cooffee Bean Roaster with Rotating
Cylinder Type (Sutarsi, Siswoyo Soekamo and Sukrisno Widyotomo) 479
Thin Layer Charateristic of Fermented and Unfermented Cocoa Beans (S.
Salengke) 488
Determination of Soluble Solids Content (SSC) of Orange and Lemon by a Portable NIR Spectroscopy (Rudiati Evi Masitoh, Sumio Kawano,
Sirinnapa Saranwong) 500
Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Catechin in Dried "Gambir"
Leaves Extract (Devi Yuni Susanti, Umar Santoso, Kapti Rahayu) 508
Mathematical Model of Heat Transfer During Compression at Tablet
Processing (Ansar, Budi Rahardjo, Zuheid Noor, and Rochmadi) 519
The Novel of Benzaldehyde In Controlling the Growth of Green Mould
(Penicillium Digitatum) Valencia Oranges (I Made S. Utama) 528
Characteristic of Six Indonesia Corn Grains and Their Flours (Titi C. Sunarti,
Riyahi, N.A. Permatasari, N.Richana, F. Kasim) 538
Retention Pond Design and Charateristics Modelling in Fermented Pulp
Cocoa (Pandu Gunawan, Gardjito) 548
Grafting Ability of Plasticized Tapioca on Poly (butylenes
adipate-co-terephthalate) (Raffi Paramawati, Weipeng Liu, Ramani Narayan) 559
Characteristics of Easter Lily Flower (Lilium longitflorum Thunb) in Cool
Storage (I.A. longdong, D. Tooy) 570
Fruitfly Disinfestation of Mango cv Gedong Gincu Using Vapor Heat
Treatment(VHT)Method (Rokhani Hasbullah, Elpodesy Martisa, Dadang) 579
Group D : GLOBAL ISSUES (BIOENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, WORK SAFETYAND ERGONOMICS) (GIS)
Kinetic Model of Biodiesel Processing with Ultrasound (Bambang Susilo) 590
Effect of Crude Glycerol Addition on Hardwood Ships Gasification Using a Downdraft Gasifier (Agus Haryanto, lester R. Pordesimo, Sandun D.
Fernando, JamesR.Wooten, Eugene P. Colombus, Lin Wei) 600
Performance of Pressurize Stove by Utilizing Plant Oils in Indonesia
(Bambang Prastowo, Srimulato and Elita Rahmarestia) 610
Comprasion of Two Burners on Charcoal Yield and Compositons
(W.Songchai, Y. Suphan andl. Juckamas) 618 Production of Charcoal Mixed with Egg - shell (Bopit Bubphachot and
Songchai Wiriyaumpaiwong) 623
Energy Auditing in Urea Production Process (Case Study in PT Pupuk
Kujang-eikampek, West Java) (S. Endah Agustina and Hera Pratiwi) 630
Sustainability Parameters in Dissemination Renewable Energy
Technologies (Kamaruddin Abdullah) 641
Supporting ESSV Program with The E31 Village Concept (Karnaruddin
Abdullah) 648
Design of Rotary Rack Type Greenhouse Effect (GHE) Hybrid Solar Dryer for Cardamon (Wulandani, D., S.E Agustina, Y. Aris Purwanto,
l.O.Nelwan) 657
Analysis of Energy Consumption for Paddy Production in Indonesia
(Agung Hendriadi and Lilik Mulyantoro) 666
SessionA :Fann Machinery an{1 Management (FMM)
DESIGN AND TRACTION PERFORMANCE OF MOVABLE LUG WHEEL EQUIPPED WITH LUG-SPRING MECHANISMS
Wawan Hermawan
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
ABSTRACT
A movable lug wheelhasbeen designed to improve the traction performance oftwo-wheel tractor in wet rice field. Each lug-plateofthe lug wheel was equipped with lug-spring mechanisms so that the lug-plate could swing to the optimum inclination angle for producing the bigger traction force. The movable lug wheel was 85cm in diameter, had 14 lugs (8 cm width x 35cm length) which was equipped with a pairoftorsion type springs. A set offield test has been conducted using
a
two-wheel tractor equipped with the movable lug wheel for plowing
a
wet rice field plot in Cianjur District, West Java. The test result showed that the movable lug wheel hada
better traction performance than the conventional lug wheel. The average wheel slip ofthe movable lug wheel was 11%, which was lower than the wheel slip ofthe conventional lug wheel (21%). The swing action ofthe movable lugs could remove the adhered soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking between the lugs. The average ofplowing efficiency using the movable lug wheel was 76%, which was bigger than the conventional lug wheel (68%).INTRODUCTION
To improve traction performance and overcome mobility problem of two wheel tractor in lowland rice field operation, it is necessary to develop a new concept of lug wheel. As the result of previous researches [1, 2, and 3], a new concept of movable lug wheel had been developed and showed a better traction performance than the conventional (fixed) lug wheel. Using rollers and a sliding groove mechanism, the lug plate of the movable lug is held in a certain constant inclination angle to the horizontal soil surface during the contact period with soil to produce better pull and lift forces and also eliminate soil blocking over neighboring lug plates. It was found that the puff and lift forces obtained by the flat movable lug with 45° lug inclination angle was higher than those by the fixed lug [3]. A spring mechanism for the lug motion mechanism of the movable lug wheel then was introduced and evaluated [4]. The mechanism was designed to fit the best lug motion pattern that was founded by Hermawan et at. [3]. The test result showed that in comparison with the conventional fixed lug wheel, the lug wheel equipped with spring - lug mechanisms has a great potential for better traction and flotation.
The movable lug wheel with spring mechanisms should beapplied in the real operation of two wheel tractor in wet rice filed of rice production area such as Cianjur District, West Java. For that purpose, the movable lug wheel should be designed based on the actual rice field condition, tractor and tillage implement used.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November18-19,2009
SessionA :Fann Machinery and Management (FMM)
The objective of this research was to design and test a movable lug wheel equipped with spring mechanism for a hand tractor in tillage operation of wet paddy field.
RESEARCH METHOD
Measurementofsoil condition and tractor specification
[image:8.595.179.462.239.381.2]In order to design the proper movable lug wheel that meet the soil condition and tractor specification, the soil condition of wet paddy field in Cianjur District was measured, and the specification of the hand tractor used in that area was identified. The soil resistance on the plate penetration was measured using a penetrometer equipped with a steel plat at the tip and supported by inclination setting support base (Figure 1).
ｾＬＭＭＭ Penetrometer
Figure 1. Penetrometer for measuring the soil resistance on plate penetration.
Using this apparatus, the inclination angle of plate penetration could be set to measure the soil resistance on the plate penetration on penetration angle of 30°,45°, 60°, 75° and 90°. Three sizes of plate were used, i.e. a} 5 cm x 7 cm, b} 7.5 cm x 5 cm, and c} 10 cm x 5 cm. The soil resistance was measured on the depth of 2.5 cm, 5 em, 7.5 em, 10 cm, 12.5 cm and 15 cm. Furthermore, specification of a hand tractor used on the experiment area was identified. Tractor weight, wheel flange size and wheel bolt position, and relative position of gear box base and engine starter crank to the wheel axle were measured and identified.
Movable lug wheel design analysis
Design parameters of the movable lug wheel such as: a} lug plate size, b} spring coefficient for the spring mechanism, c} wheel diameter, and d} number of lug plate, were determined using the appropriate data obtained. In addition, the basic formation of two wheel tractor during paddy field plowing operation (Figure 2) and the ground clearance should be considered, in determining the wheel size.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November18-19, 2009
SessionA :Farm Machinery anp Management (FMM)
Soil surface
Lug wheel Lug plate
(1)
[image:9.595.137.489.73.245.2]He is ground clearance, and Z is wheel Figure 2. Basic formation of two wheel tractor during paddy field plowing operation.
Then, the movable lug wheel was designed using the following steps [5]: (a) determining the outer diameter of the lug wheel; (b) determining lug number; (c) determining lug plate size and lug plate material; (d) designing the spring mechanism for the movable lug; (e) determining spring size and material; (f) planning number, outer diameter and material of rim; (g) planning shape of wheel spokes and their size and material; (h) designing the wheel flange; (i) planning the arrangement of spokes, wheel flange, rims and rims connecting bars.
L Hb
w ｾ
ｾ Lug plate
Spoke Outer rim
ｾＪ］］ｾｵｲｴｬｴＭｴＺｾｍＱＧＭＧＭＧＭ Flange Soil surface
Inner rim
Figure 3. Lug wheel components and schema for determining the wheel size.
According to Figure 3, the outer wheel diameter
R
wcan be determined byRw=Ht+H
c+Z
where: HI is the radius of the gear box, sinkage. Then, wheel diameter is:
D
w=2R
w(2)
In addition, the maximum diameter of the wheel is limited by clear space for the wheel rotation which is bordered by engine starter crank at the front side and
Intemational Symposium Agricu«ural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agricu«ure in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November18-19,2009
[image:9.595.167.470.358.499.2]SessionA :Farm Machinery am! Management (FMM)
(3) tillage implement at the rear side. These dimensions should be measured on the tractor used in the area.
Lug plate size then should be determined precisely considering the relationship of the pull force, vertical load, wheel diameter, lug number, lug plate size, and wheel sinkage. The data of soil resistance on plate penetration was used to determine the lug plate size. In the design analysis, the horizontal component of the resultant of soil reaction forces on the active lug plates (working lugs) should be
P
bigger than half of the pull force (-' ) and rolling resistance (Frr). The vertical
2
component of the resultant of soil reaction forces should be bigger than the vertical
W
load supporting by the wheel(_t).
2
n
(P
)
LF
shｾ
- '+F
rri=l
2
(4)
F
ff .Moving direction
ｾ
Soil surface
F
s2n
W
LF
sv ｾ｟ｴi=l
2
Fs
=
Fsh+Fsv (5)where:
F
Sh is horizontal component of the soil reaction force,F
sv is vertical component of the soil reaction force, andF
s is the resultant of soil reaction forces on [image:10.595.128.508.123.648.2]the active lug plates.
Figure 4. Working forces on the lug wheel.
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November18-19,2009"
Session A :Farm Machinery and Management (FMM)
Soil reaction forces on the active lugsFS1 ' FS2' FS3etc. were calculated using
the data of soil resistance to the plate penetration, according to the depth of the corresponding lug plate (lug position in the soil) and its inclination angle.
ｾ］ｾｾ
ｾ
where: Fsnis soil reaction force on the nih lug plate, Asis lug plate area, and Tpnis soil resistance on the nth lug plate (measurement result at the corresponding depth and inclination angle). From the soil reactions, the horizontal and vertical components then canbe determined accordingly.
ｾ］ｾｾ｡
m
F
svn=
F
snsin
a
(8)where: Fshnis horizontal component of the soil reaction force on the nih lug plate, a
is the inclination angle of the nih lug plate, and Fsvn is vertical component of the soil reaction force on the nih lug plate.
Active lug numberJsa,lug plate size (lug plate area, As)and wheel sinkage Z
are interrelated in achieving the force equilibrium on the wheel system. Then, the lug plate size was optimized and determined using the mentioned equations (3) - (8).
[image:11.595.150.484.401.486.2]The spring mechanism for the movable lug plate (Figure 5) was designed in such a way that the lug plates can swing or deflect to make a 45° inclination angle by the soil reaction force on the lug plate. Therefore, the spring characteristic (size, spring constant and material) for the mechanism is determined by working forces equilibrium on the lug plate. As the lug plate was supposed to have a 45° inclination angle at its lowest position in the soil, the soil reaction force on the lug plate (according to the lug plate size and the wheel sinkage) was applied in designing the spring mechanism and determining the spring characteristic.
Figure 5. The spring mechanism for the movable lug wheel.
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
SuistainableAgriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November18-19,2009
SessionA :Farm Machinery and Management (FMM)
I
,
Figure 6. Dimension and shape of the wheel flange.
Wheel flange (Figure 6) is an important part of the lug wheel. Its size should be determined by the standard size of the wheel axle nap and its flange on the wheel axle of the tractor. Dimensions that should be determined are: flange diameter
D
h , diameter of flange holeD
a,diameter of bolt holeDb,
circle diameter ofbolt holesDg ,and flange thickTh .
The number of wheel spoke depends on the wheel diameter, loads supported, and size and quality of the spoke. Number and size of the rim depend on the loads supported by the wheel.
Wheel performance test
Based on the design analysis, a pair of the movable lug wheels was fabricated. The prototype then was applied to the two wheel tractor (local tractor) for paddy field tillage operation. The plowing operation using a mold board plow was conducted at three plots of wet paddy field in Cianjur District. The plot size was 25 m
x 40 m. The same operation was also conducted using the conventional fixed lug wheel (local wheel). During the plowing operation, following field performances were measured: 1) effective field capacity and field efficiency, 2) wheel sinkage, and 3} wheel slip.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The prototype of the movable lug wheel
As the result of the design analysis, the following design parameters had been determined: the wheel diameter was 85 cm; the number of lug plate was 14; lug plate width was 8 cm; lug plate length was 35 cm; lug plate thickness was 4 mm; lug angle was 36°; maximum lug plate deflection was 9°; rim material was 19 mm in diameter; and spoke material was 19 mm in diameter. Helical torsion spring was used for the spring mechanism of the movable lug, where pair of the springs was installed on each lug plate. The spring wire was 8 mm in diameter, the diameter of the coil was 19 mm, coil number was 3.1, and the distance of the load to the spring axis was 39.6 mm. Based on the design parameters, a pair of prototypes of the movable lug wheel (Figure 7) has been fabricated. The spring mechanism is shown in Figure 8.
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogar, Indonesia, November18-19, 2009
[image:12.598.170.450.67.205.2]Session A:Farm Machinery andManagement (FMM)
Figure 7. The prototype of the movable lug wheel
Torsion spring
Hinge
Figure8.The spring mechanism of the movable lug.
Table uqwee eSlqn Improvements
No. Wheel desiqn specification local lug wheel Movable lug wheel
1 Wheel diameter (mm) 820 850
2 luq plate area (em;') 217 280 3 Inter-rim distance (mm) 255 188
4 Wheel weight (kq) 30 50
The prototype had two rims installed 188 mm apart, had eight spokes (4 inner spokes and 4 outer spokes). The wheel flange was extended by a steel pipe to support the outer spokes. As the result of the optimum design, the wheel design has been corrected as shown in Table 1.
1 l h Id .
The wheel working performances
Functional test showed that the wheel flanges of the wheel prototype could be installed properly to the wheel axle nap of the tested tractor, and the movable lug mechanism worked well, and the prototype could be utilized as a traction device for the tractor accordingly.
The result of the field test showed that the movable lug wheel performed better than the local fixed lug wheel. Average slip of the movable lug wheel was 11.54% which was lower than the average slip of the fixed lug wheel (20.89%). The average of plowing efficiency using the movable lug wheel was 76%, which was bigger than the conventional lug wheel (68%).
International Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November18-19,2009
Session A:Farm Machinery ang Management (FMM)
As observed on the performance test, the movable lug mechanism could improve the tractor mobility in the deep muddy paddy field. As the local fixed wheel sank deeper to about 20 cm depth, whereas the movable lug wheel could work well at about 15 cm sinkage. The lug plates of the movable lug wheel could deflect to the optimum inclination angle for attaining the bigger soil reaction forces. In contrast, as the wheel sank deeper, the rolling resistance became bigger and caused the poor mobility of the fixed lug wheel. Furthermore, as observed on the field test, the swing action of the movable lugs, as it departed form the soil, could remove the adhered soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking between the lugs (Figure 9 (b».
[image:14.595.184.448.182.313.2]-
-
- . ' - ,Figure 9. Soil blocking on the fixed lug wheel (a), and the swing action of the lug plate of the movable lug wheel which removed the adhered soil (b).
CONCLUSIONS
1. The movable lug wheel equipped with lug-spring mechanisms for a hand tractor in tillage operation of wet paddy field was designed and fabricated.
2. The movable lug wheel had a better traction performance than the conventional lug wheel. The spring mechanism of the movable lug wheel could improve the wheel mobility on wet paddy field. The swing action of the movable lugs could remove the adhered soil on the lug plates, and eliminated soil blocking between the lugs.
REFERENCES
1. Hermawan, W.,
A.
Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1996. Measurement of soil reaction forces on a single movable lug.J.
Terramechanics. 33(2): 91-101.2. Herrnawan, W., A. Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1997. The characteristics of soil reaction forces on a single movable lug. J. Terramechanics. 34(1): 23-35. 3. Hermawan, W.,
A.
Oida, and M. Yamazaki. 1998. Design and tractionperformance ofthe movable lug wheel. J. Terramechanics. 35: 159-177. 4. Hermawan, W., Suastawa, I.N., and Sudianto, D. 2001. Traction performance
of movable lug wheels with spring mechanism and rubber lug. Journal of ISSAAS 7(1):58-67.
5. Cebro, I.S., Hermawan, W. 2006. Computer aided design system for lug wheel of two wheel type tractors. ISAE-Agricultural Engineering Journal. 20(2).
Intemational Symposium Agricultural Engineering Towards
Suistainable Agriculture in Asia, Bogor, Indonesia, November18-19,2009
