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.セ ~

ARCHITECTURE IN TRANSFORMATION

The Case of Batak Toba

MOEHAMMED NAWAWIY LOEBIS

,

I ;

..•..,

,'.セ

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA

2000

\.

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Bina dalam Proses Transformasi

Kajian

kes

Batak Toba

Abstrak

Disiplin

iImu

Seni

bina,

seperti

takrif

mengbadkan

maupun teori teori yang

mengazasinya seIalunya berubah secara dinamis mengikut kecenderungan (Trend)

perkembangan

iImu

pengetahuan (Knowledge) dan

faIsafah

(philosophy).

Seni bina teJah menjadi po1emik yang

semakin

hangat

dibincangkan terutamanya

dalam

masa

terakbir

ini,

seperti

dikesankan dalam perbincangan yang

terjadi

antaTa

Modemisme dan Post-modemisme yang kemudian secara nyata (Physical) terlihat didalam

Jinglmngan buatan

manusia

(Built enviromnent)

yang

berubah

secara berterusan

(Continues).

Babawa perubaban gaya

seni

bina (Architectural Style)

yang

sangat berkesan dan

tidak tidak bersamaan (Conflict and Incompatible) dengan budaya local, telah

mewamai

berbagai tempat di muka bumi ini dan selalu membingnngkan

dan

timbul

menjadi

pertentangan

sosio-budaya,

alienasi,

tegangan

serta

rasa

bermusuhan

dalam

masyarakat.

Perlu ditegaskan babawa pennasalahan bukan terletak

pada

proses perubaban itu

sendiri

tetapi lebih kepada jenis dan intensitas

dari

perubahan yang telah terjadi, yaitu

antaTa

perubahan

alamiah

yang

dipicu

dari dalam

dalam bentuk

evolusi (Natural

Evolution) maupun

sebagai

akibat kontak

dengan

budaya luar melalui proses diffusi dan

perubahan yang dipaksakan dari luar,

penyelidikan ini

bertujuan

mencari penje\asan tentang

alasan,

penyebab,

arah

serta

mekantsme

transfotmasi

Seni bina dalam konteks

dinamika

budaya. Berkaitan

dengan

tujuan

tersebut,

penyelidikan

difokuskan

pada

transformasi

seni

bina

yang terjadi

pada

kumpulan

kaum

Batak Toba

dalam

masa

antaTa

tahun 1850

sampai

tahun

1998,

dengan

mengamhil dua

tapak

penyelidikan

yang

berbeza.

Tapak

yang

pertama

adalah

perkampungan

Jangga Dolok

yang

terletak di

pinggiran

Danau

Toba

iaitu

kawasan desa

(Rnral)

ianya

masih

ada

mukim tradisional

masa

lampan.

Tapak

kedua iaJah

mukim

spontan

yang

memiliki ciri Bandar (Uman) di Tegalsari

yang

terletak di

pusat

bandar

Medan.

Hasil

penyelidikan

itu

mengukuhkan

bipotesis

yang telah dibuat,

yang

pertama,

iaJah

penegasan

babawa

perubaban terjadi melalui kontak dan pertukaTan sosio-budaya

baik

secara dalaman (Evolution) dan eksternal dengan

berselerak

(DiffiIsion) atan

keduanya secara seremoak. Yang

kedua,

ditemui bahawa

proses

pertukaran

sosio-budaya

ini,

penerima

budaya

(Cultural Recipient) akan

memilih

dan

banya

mengambil

unsure-unsur

luar

yang

sesuai dan

memiliki

kesamaan

akar

dengan ideologi (Ideology,

Worldview and

Culture)

yang

dimihkinya

timpa

boleh dipaksakan, sebingga terjadi

bentuk

campuran

(Hybrida)

yang

berbeza

dengan

budaya luar

tempat

unsur

itu

bennnla

yang

disebut budaya

pemberi

(Cultural Donor) dan

juga

beza

tetapi boleh diterima

oleh

sipenerima

budaya.

Ketiga, dengan demikian

boIeh

dirumuskan bahawa perubahan itu

iaJah

phenomena

alam

yang

tidak boleh dieJakkan dan selalu

akan

mengbasilkan

suatu

campuran

dengan arahanserta

bentuk

yang sangat sukar

untuk

diramalkan.

Penyelidikan ini dilalmkan

dengan

pendekatan 'synchronic' dan 'diachronic'

dengan kaidahkualitatip dan kullIrtitatip secara

serentak.

Diharapkan

basil

penyelidikan ini boleh

memberikan

sumbangan

bagi

teori

seni

bina

pada

kaitan

teori

ttansformasi

yang

semasa

ini hanya mendesakkan peran

serta

pengaruh

luaran

dari

budaya

pemberi

terbadap

penyesuaian

(Adaptation)

yang

dilakukan

0100

si

penerima budaya.

- - -

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Architecture in Transformation

The

Case

of Batak Toba

Abstract

Architecture discipline, its definition, scope and basic theories have dynamically

changes following the development of the

main

trend of the grand theory of knowledge

and philosophy.

The subject has become the tense polemical issues as was reflected in the critical

dialog between Modernism and Post-modernism, which is widely discussed and directly

manifested in the physical built enviromnent which have underwent the continual drastic

changes in the last decades of 20

th

Century.

However, the drastic change of architectural styles very often are in conflict and

incompatible with the local culture and has colored the entire parts of the world,

inevitable has lead to the confusion, social conflict, alienation, psychological tension and

hostile feelings in the society.

It is needed to confirm that the crucial problem is not the change itself but its

nature, intensity and magnitude, whether the changes is caused and underlie by the

natural internal factors in the form of evolution or peaceful cultural exchanges through

diffusion process or brought about

by

enforcement of alien external power.

The purpose of the study is to find the reason, cause, direction and mechanism

of architectural transformation within the context of the dynamic cultural change. In line

with this

aim,

the study is focused on architectural transformation of Toba House during

the period 1850-1998 in two different locations; the first is Jangga Dolok, a hamlet in the

shore of lake Toba in the rural area, on which can be found the reminiscence of

traditional architecture from the past, The second is Tegalsar, a spontaneous housing of

urban character in the core of Medan, the largest city in outer Java, which is occupied by

the Toba migrant.

The study finding had verified the hypothesis; firstly, the change is processed

through the cultural exchanges either internal (Evolution), external (Diffusion) or both

ways.

Secondly, in this cultural exchanges, the recipient cannot be forced and only

adopted external elements which is compatible or have the similar roots with their own

ideology, worldview and cultural values give birth to

the

hybrid form which is different

with the donor culture and the recipient but accepted by the recipient.

Thirdly, it can be concluded that changes is unavoidable phenomena of nature

that inevitably and continuously creates the hybrid form of architecture, whose furm and

direction not always can be predicted prior to its change.

Synchronic and diachronic approaches are simultaneously applied alongside the

qualitative and quantitative method of research.

The research findings is expected to contribute to the architectural theory in the

context of architectural transformation which currently have exaggerated the role of

external factor and donor culture in process of architectural adaptation instead of the

internal factors and recipient culture which in fact are interdependent.

xi

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