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QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL TERMS IN SOLO

TOURISM LEAFLETS

Thesis

Submitted as a partial fulfillment of requirement For the Sarjana Sastra Degree at English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By:

Alwi Ridwan Akmal

C 0305010

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

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Name : Alwi Ridwan Akmal

NIM : C 0305010

States truthfully that there is no plagiarism in completing the thesis

entitled “

An Analysis of Translation Techniques and Quality Assessment of Cultural Terms in Solo Tourism Leaflets”.

Similar contents are purely

quotation and included within bibliography.

If the researcher is proven for cheating, the researcher will take the

responsibility.

Surakarta, October 2011

The Researcher

Alwi R. Akmal

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DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

Myself

My family

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First of all, I would like to be thankful to Allah SWT and I am delighted

this acknowledge to those who have helped and give their contributions on this

research. My gratitude to:

1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M. A as Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts.

2. Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M. Tourism as my thesis consultant who has been

leading on my research.

3. Ida Kusuma Dewi, S. S., M. A. for her advice and valuable knowledge

of translation.

4. Yuyun Kusdianto, S. S, M.A as my academic consultant.

5. Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M. A as Head of English Department.

6. Lecturers of English Department and Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts.

7. My raters: Mr. Dion, Mr. Heri and Mr. Alif for their contribution on my

research.

8. My beloved family (Bani Mulyono) and its members.

9. Officer, librarian, and parker on my beloved faculty.

10.My friends in English Departement 2005 “Semangat”.

11.My brothers and sisters on English Departement.

12.My team mate on futsal club, Bakwan FC and ED 05 FC

Finally, I realized that this research is far away from perfect. Therefore, I

took forward for any criticism, and suggestion.

Alwi R. Akmal

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL OF THE THESIS CONSULTANT ... ii

APPROVAL OF THE BROAD OF EXAMINERS ... iii

PRONOUCEMENT ... iv A. Definition of Translation ... 6

B. Definition of Cultural Term ... 7

C. Problems in Translating Cultural Term ... 8

D. The Criteria of Translation Quality Assessment ... 15

1. Accuracy ... 15

2. Acceptability ... 17

E. Translation Technique ... 20

F. Tourism Leaflet ... 24

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METODHOLOGY A. Research Type and Design ... 26

B. Data and Source of Data ... 27

C. Method of Data Collection ... 28

D. Technique of Data Analysis ... 20

E. Research Procedure ... 31

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS A. Research Finding ... 32

1. The Analysis of Translation Technique ... 32

a. Borrowing or Borrowing plus Explanation ... 32

b. Transposition ... 33

c. Equivalence ... 34

d. Literal Translation ... 35

e. Deletion or Omission... 36

2. The Analysis of Translation Accuracy ... 40

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c. Inaccurate Translation ... 44

d. Very Inaccurate Translation ... 45

e. The Analysis of Accuracy in Each Leaflet ... 46

3. The Analysis of Translation Acceptability ... 50

a. Acceptable Translation ... 52

b. Less Acceptable Translation ... 53

c. Unacceptable Translation ... 54

d. The Analysis of Acceptability in Each Leaflet ... 55

B. Discussion ... 57

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 63

B. Suggestion ... 65

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Table II. 1: The Scale of Accuracy ... 16

Table II. 2: The Scale of Acceptability ... 19

Table III. 1: Reformulation of the Scale of Accuracy ... 28

Table III. 2: Reformulation of the Scale of Acceptability ... 29

Table IV. 1: The Distribution of the Technique in Each Leaflet ... 37

Table IV. 2: The Accuracy Score and Definition ... 41

Table IV. 3: The Formula of Statistic Calculation ... 42

Table IV. 4: The Classification of the Translation Accuracy ... 46

Table IV. 5: The Distribution of Accuracy in Each Leaflet ... 46

Table IV. 6: The Acceptability Score and Definition ... 51

Table IV. 7: The Formula of Statistic Calculation ... 51

Table IV. 8: The Classification of the Translation Acceptability ... 55

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ABSTRACT

Alwi Ridwan Akmal. C0305010. 2011. An Analysis of Translation Techniques and Quality Assessment of Cultural Terms in Solo Tourism Leaflets. Undergraduate Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta. 2011.

This research focuses on the translation techniques and quality assessment of cultural terms in Solo tourism leaflets. The objectives of the research are to: a) find out the translation techniques employed by the translator in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English and b) find out the quality assessment of the English expression of the cultural terms in term of accuracy and acceptability. This research is expected to improve the competence in producing a good quality translation of Indonesian cultural terms of students of English Department. It is also expected to be beneficial for the translator as an input for giving additional information and improving their capability in translating Indonesian cultural terms. Moreover, it is also expected to give benefit to the other researchers for conducting similar research.

This research employed criterion-based selection sampling technique. There were 70 data in the form of cultural terms in both Indonesian and English. The data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method. The result of data analysis shows that there are five techniques found in the translation of cultural terms of Solo tourism leaflets. They are: a) borrowing or borrowing plus explanation (41 data or 58.57 %), b) transposition (9 data or 12.86 %), c) equivalence (9 data or 12.86 %), d) literal translation (7 data or 10 %), and e) deletion or omission (4 data or 5.71 %)

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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL TERMS IN

SOLO TOURISM LEAFLETS

Alwi Ridwan Akmal1 Dra. Rara Sugiarti, M.Tourism2

ABSTRACT

2011.. Undergraduate Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta. 2011.

This research focuses on the translation techniques and quality assessment of cultural terms in Solo tourism leaflets. The objectives of the research are to: a) find out the translation techniques employed by the translator in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English and b) find out the quality assessment of the English expression of the cultural terms in term of accuracy and acceptability. This research is expected to improve the competence in producing a good quality translation of Indonesian cultural terms of students of English Department. It is also expected to be beneficial for the translator as an input for giving additional information and improving their capability in translating Indonesian cultural terms. Moreover, it is also expected to give benefit to the other researchers for conducting similar research. This research employed criterion-based selection sampling technique. There were 70 data in the form of cultural terms in both Indonesian and English. The data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method. The result of data analysis shows that there are five techniques found in the translation of cultural terms of Solo tourism leaflets. They are: a) borrowing or borrowing plus explanation (41 data or 58.57 %), b) transposition (9 data or 12.86 %), c) equivalence (9 data or 12.86 %), d) literal

1

Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C0305010. 2

Dosen Pembimbing

translation (7 data or 10 %), and e) deletion or omission (4 data or 5.71 %)

From 70 data, 48 data (68.57 %) are accurately translated. The less accurate data are 16 data (22.86 %). The inaccurate data are 6 data (8.57 %), whereas there is no very inaccurate data. In acceptability level, 59 data (84.29 %) are categorized as acceptable, and the rest of data, 11 data (15.71 %) are categorized in less acceptable. There is no unacceptable category found in this data.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Today, more people travel all over the world to find new places or spots.

They try to find their need, pleasure. They look for the information about the

place through the internet or others sources like booklet or leaflets.

In Indonesia, there are many kinds of places or destinations to be visited. In

order to give those kinds of information to the foreigner and to get the benefit

from them, that information is given by using a leaflet. This kind of information is

provided in the form of printed media. The leaflet mostly is written in English, the

universal languages in the world. Here, the leaflet translates the information

needed by the foreigner.

A tourism leaflet contains the cultural aspects such as cultural terms. This

aspect must be concerned by the translators. In addition, the translators are faced

not only cultural terms but also the grammatical structure between the source

language and target language. Consequently, they are expected to overcome the

problems. Those make the translation as a hard process. Since Indonesia and

English have different in grammatical structure as well as cultural terms, an

analysis of translated leaflets can be a challenging research. However, this

research is only focusing on the cultural terms.

Newmark (1988:94) states culture as “the way of life and its manifestations

that are particular to a community that use a particular language as its mean of

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used as means of communication. But, Newmark does not include language as a

part of culture. It means the difference between cultures is more difficulties for the

translation than the differences of language among culture. Translating the culture

is more difficult than translating the word. In others words, the more difference in

the culture, the more difficult transferring message to target language.

Cultural terms are sensitive problems to be translated. A culture is related to

the personality and the originality of a nation. For this reason, the effective

translation techniques are required to produce the quality translation in terms of

accuracy and acceptability. Larson (1998:470) states that as a part of culture,

translation from one language to another language can not be done adequately

without having knowledge about two cultures as well as two language structures.

It is strongly recommend that the translator should master that knowledge and

able to translate the cultural terms. Without this knowledge, the translators face

the difficulties in translation.

Cultural word can be divided into several categories. It can be classified as

ecology, material culture, social culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture.

These categories may be translated indifferent ways.

In Solo tourism leaflets, as source data of this research is bilingual tourism

leaflets. It employs many Indonesian cultural terms. They may be equivalent or

they may not equivalent from Indonesia to English.

The example 1 can be seen in the quotation below:

Source text: Oleh karena itu di Jawa, keris disebut tosan aji atau wesi aji yang

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Target text: That is why keris also named as “tosan aji” or “wesi aji” by

Javanese people.

In the example above, the words of “keris”, and “tosan aji” are translated

directly. All of those words are cultural terms from Indonesia. There are no

equivalent words in English. To solve this kind of problems, the translator uses

borrowing technique.

The example 2 can be seen in the quotation below:

Source Text: Karena semakin bertambah, sejak tahun 1960 mereka mulai

mendirikan kios

Target Text: Since it was getting bigger and crowded, in 1960 they started to

install the kios (a traditional display room)

In the example above, the translator adds a clear explanation to the

translated word. The word “kios” is directly taken into target text, but there is

additional information to make the reader understand.

Based on the background above, the researcher is interested to analyze the

applied techniques of the cultural terms found in Solo tourism leaflets. The

researcher also studied the quality of translation produced in terms of accuracy

and acceptability.

B. Research Limitation

This research is describes on the techniques of the translation applied and

the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability in translating

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research is focused on English translation of the Indonesian cultural terms in form

of word, and phrase.

C. Problem Statements

In this research, the researcher proposes the following problems:

1. What are the kinds of translation techniques applied in translating Indonesian

cultural terms into English in Solo tourism leaflets?

2. How is the translation quality of the cultural terms in terms of accuracy and

acceptability?

D. Research Objectives

Based on the Problem Statement, the objective of this research is:

1. To describe the translation techniques applied in translating Indonesian cultural

terms into English in Solo tourism leaflets.

2. To describe the translation quality of the cultural in terms of accuracy and

acceptability.

E. Research Benefits

This research is expected to give benefits to:

1. The Students of English Department: to be able in producing a good

quality translation of cultural terms in term accuracy and acceptability.

2. The translator: as an input for giving additional information and improving

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3. The other researchers: to be able to provide any information especially in

conducting further research about cultural terms.

F. Thesis Organization

The thesis is organized as follow;

Chapter I is Introduction which includes research background, research

limitation, problem statements, research objectives, research benefits and thesis

organization.

Chapter II is Literature Review. This chapter explains the definition of

translation, definition of cultural term, problems in translating cultural terms, the

criteria of translation quality assessment; accuracy and acceptability in translation,

translation techniques, and the definition of tourism leaflet.

Chapter III is Research Methodology. It consists of research type and

design, data and source of data, methods of data collection, technique of data

analysis, and research procedure.

Chapter IV is Data Analysis. This chapter consists of research finding and

discussion.

Chapter V is Conclusion and Suggestion. This chapter consists of

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Definition of Translation

In general, translation is the transfer of message from one language into

another. Many experts proposed the definitions of translation. According to

Brislin (1976): translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts

or ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are

in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or

do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on

signs, as with sign languages of the deaf.

Meanwhile, Nida and Taber quoted by Suryawinata and Hariyanto

(2000:12) define that “translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language

the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in term of

meaning and secondly in terms of style”

Mildred L Larson (1984:74) says:

“Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the

receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the

form of a second by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being

transferred and must be held constant. Only the form changes”

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is not only

related to the activity to find equivalent words or sentences, but also the process of

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B. Definition of Cultural Term

Newmark (1988) defines culture as the way of life and its manifestations

that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its mean of

expression. According to Edward Sapir (in Katan : 1999) culture is that complex

whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, moral, law, custom, and other

capabilities and habit acquired by man as a member of society.

Based on the definition above, culture covers knowledge, belief, art,

moral, law, custom, and other capabilities or habit acquired by human being in

their society.

Since a translation is dealing with cultural terms, a translator is also called

a cultural mediator. Moreover his/her idea is a mediating agent. A translator as

cultural mediator has a significant rule. According to R. Taft (in Katan 1999):

“A cultural mediator is a person who facilities communication,

understanding and action between person and group who differ with respect to language and culture. The rule of mediator is performed by interpreting the expression, intension, perception, and expectation of each cultural group to the other. That is, by establishing and balancing the communication between them, in order to serve as a link in this sense. The mediator must be able to participate to

some extent in both cultures”

From the definition above, it can be concluded that culture is the way of

life as an evidence of intellectual development in human society that uses a

particular language to express. Moreover, the cultural term is a term expressing

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C. Problems in Translating Cultural Term

Translation is a complicated activity which requires some specific

competencies of the translator to result in good product. Problems of translation

are common things appearing in the process of translation one of the problems is

cultural term. The cultural problems for translation may take several forms

ranging from lexical content and syntax to ideologies and ways of life in a given

culture. The translator also has to decide on the importance given to certain

cultural aspects and to what extent it is necessary or desirable to translate them

into the target language.

The problems appear and are usually related to the difficulties in

transferring the message or the content of the text as well as its form and style

because translation is not solely changing one language into another; it is a

reproduction of the source language material into the target language.

Related to the explanation above, Nababan (2003:48) says:

Dalam praktek menerjemahkan yang sesungguhnya, perhatian seorang

penerjemah terfokus tidak hanya pada pengalihan makna suatu kata.

Perhatiannya meluas ke masalah pengalihan pesan atau amanat”.

The main problem faced by the translator in doing the process of

translation in cultural terms is transferring the message, the equivalency. It is

usual when there are no cultural equivalents from the source language into target

language because there are no languages in this world having the same language

systems. A complete equivalency is impossible due to the gap of the source

language and target language. The translator also considers a technique in

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or functional equivalent as the proper way to solve the problems of translating

cultural terms.

Related to that, Catford (1965:21) states that the central problem of

translation practice is that of finding the target language translation equivalences.

A central task of translation theory is that of defining the natures and conditions of

translation equivalence.

Equivalency in translation covers two main aspects i.e. equivalency in

form and equivalency in meaning. Soemarno (1990) says:

“The problem of translation deals with the linguistics and meaning aspect.

Linguistics problem covers word order, part of speech, suffixes, structures, etc.

Meaning problem covers lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, textual and

contextual meaning, socio-cultural meaning, etc”.

Problems of equivalency in the translation occur because of some factors.

Nida (1964) classifies five points:

1. Ecological Problem

This problem emerges from geographical factors. The geographical

condition of one nation differs from that of other nations. For example, people in

Eskimo have more than one word to describe snow based on its form and texture,

but Indonesian people only have one word to describe snow, that is salju, because

Indonesia is a tropical country so that there are only two seasons in a year,

summer and rainy season. It will be difficult for the translator to translate a text

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2. Material Cultural Problem

This problem is closely related to the material objects produced by human

being. For example, Indonesia has many types of traditional house such as joglo

and gadang, which have specific characteristics. The translator may find some

difficulties in translating the word joglo or gadang into another language because

the target readers do not understand the conception of joglo and gadang because

they are the material culture product of Indonesia.

3. Social Cultural Problem

Each society has its own cultural background. It has different behaviors

and rituals, and the society has specific terms to call them. The cultural events

make the translator finds problems to translate it, for example: Thanksgiving Day

in America, Tingkeban in Java, and Ngaben in Bali.

4. Religious Cultural Problem

Religion represents belief to God. Since there are many religions exist in

the world, each has its own term to refer to something that may have the same

meaning, for example; haji and tawaf . In English there is no word haji so the

translator has to explain the meaning of haji; someone who has made the pilgrim

to the Mecca, and for tawaf; the ceremony of circumambulation of the Ka’bah in

Mecca for seven times.

5. Linguistic Problems

Each language has its own rules and characteristics which make them

different each other. These differences may include grammar and vocabulary

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necessary, but it may not be in another language. This problem is very complex

and very important in translation because language is the medium for transferring

the message. In English, there is no level in usage of language, but in Java there

are ngoko, krama., krama inggil. So the translation must give more attention

during the translation process.

More over, the translators may face situation that the cultural term in the

source language has no direct equivalent in the target language. This is called

non-equivalence in word level. Different kind of non-equivalence require

different technique, some very straight forward, others more involve and difficult

to be solved. Baker (1992. p.21) proposes some common type of non-equivalence

on word level. There are;

1. Culture-specific concepts

The word in the source language is totally unknown in the target language.

The concept can be in form of abstract or concrete. The word relates to a

religious, believe, social custom, or even type of food. For example: thanksgiving,

it is the cultural event occurs only in U.S. There is no similar event in Indonesia.

2. The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language

The source-language concept may express a concept which is known in the

target culture but simply not lexicalized, that is not „allocated‟ a target language

word to express it. The example for this problem is the adjective standard

(meaning „ordinary, not extra‟, as in standard range of products) expresses a

concept which is very accessible and readily understood by most people, yet

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3. The source-language word is semantically complex.

It means that the single morpheme can be expressed by more complex set

of meaning than a whole sentence. This is a fairly common problem in translation

since the translator should explain the word in target language in a long sentence.

For example; “karak” in English there is no equivalent word as the result the

translation should be in “karak ( a fried cracker made from rice)”

4. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning

The target language may have distinction in meaning than the source

language. What one language regards as an important distinction in meaning

another language may not perceive it as relevant. For example, Indonesian makes

distinction between going out in the rain without the knowledge that it is raining

(kehujanan) and going out in the rain with the knowledge that it is raining (

hujan-hujanan). The translator has difficulty in finding the equivalent. They must read

the context of the situation.

5. The target language lacks a super ordinate

The target language may have specific words (hyponyms) but no general

word (super ordinate). It has to be translated in specific ones. For example;

Moslem who has expertise of Islamic knowledge in English only said as moslem

scholar, but in Indonesia there are some words that have specific meaning

(Cendikiawan muslim, Kyai, Ustadz, Ulama). The translator should find the

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6. The target language lack of specific term (hyponym)

It is usual that a word has general word but lack of specific word

(hyponym). A specific word in source language can be translated into general

word in target language since there is no specific word for that. In English there

are some words under “house” which difficult to find in the target language. For

example are “bungalow, villa, and mansion”. The easy way in translating those

words is using the hyponym and giving the explanation.

7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective

Baker (1992) states “Physical perspective may be of more importance in

one language than it is in another. Physical perspective has to do with where

things or people are in relation to one another or to a place, as expressed in pairs

of words such as come/go, take/bring, arrive/depart, and so on. Perspective may

also include the relationship between participants in discourse (tenor)”. It means

that a physical perspective in one source language can be more important than in

the target language. For example; kissing a cheek right or left on your friends

(man/woman) is common thing in western country. In Indonesia this is unusual or

even more it is impolite.

8. Differences in expressive meaning

A word may have the same proportional (true meaning) both in source

language and target language but it has different expressive meaning. This is often

in the case with sensitive issue such as religion, politics, and sex. For example: the

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status. It is not pejorative word in English but in Indonesia is considered as a

pejorative meaning. The equaivalent word is “kumpul kebo”.

9. Differences in form

The source language and target language have differences in form, such as

in certain suffixes, prefixes, and reduplication. Certain suffixes and prefixes which

convey propositional and other types of meaning in English often have no direct

equivalents in other languages. English has many couplets such as

employer/employee, trainer/trainee, and payer/payee. In Indonesia does not have

those forms. Therefore, it recommends translating those words into majikan/

karyawan, pelatih/pemain, and pembeli/penjual.

10. Different in frequency and purpose of using specific forms

Baker states that “When a particular form does have a ready equivalent in

the target language, there may be a different in frequency with which it is used or

the purpose for which it is used.” For example; “who” considers as “siapa”, but

“who” as adjective clause considers as “yang”.

11. The use of loan word in the source text

The use of loan words in source text also becomes a problem. It is used

when there is no equivalent word in target text. For example; prom night ( a

farewell dancing party) is translated as itself since there is no equivalent word in

Indonesia.

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D. The Criteria of Translation Quality Assessment

Translation quality assessment is needed since the result shows whether

the translation is accurate or not. It is involved in translation criticism. In this

research uses accuracy, acceptabilityfor testing a translation.

1. Accuracy

According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary (1995: 9) “accuracy”

is the state of being correct or exact and without error, especially as a result of

careful effort.

It is a term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a

translation matches its original. Nababan (2003) argues there are three main

points in quality evaluation of translation;

a. The accuracy of transferring message.

The original message cannot be changed, added or deducted. The translators

should recognize the message correctly before they compose equivalent words or

sentence of original message.

b. The accuracy of target language structure.

It concerns in the way the original message is composed in target language

structurally.

c. Naturalness of target language.

In transferring the original message, the translators should give attention

intensively to the naturalness of the target language. They should use familiar

genre which is suitable for or conform to the culture, norm, and convention of

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accuracy in content as indeed by the original author. In the other words, both the

information content and the style (manner of writing) of the source language in

order to make the translation able to evoke the same response as the source

language attempted to and to deliver the same purpose or intention of the original

writer.

The scale of accuracy-rating instrument can be seen in the Table 1:

Table II. 1: The Scale of Accuracy:

Scale Description

1

The content of the source sentence is accurately conveyed into the target

sentence. Translated sentence is clear to the evaluator and no rewriting is

needed.

2

The content of the source sentence is accurately conveyed to the target

sentence. Translated sentence can be clearly understood by the evaluator.

But some rewritings and some change in word order are needed.

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sentence. There are some problems with the choice of lexical items and

with the relationships between phrase, clause, and sentence elements.

4

The content of the source sentence is not translated at all into target

sentence, i.e it is omitted or deleted.

Adapted from: Tsujii and Nakamura in Nababan, 2003

2. Acceptability

Acceptability of a text refers to the natural “feel” of the translation. A

translation which leans toward acceptability can thus be thought as fulfilling the

requirement of “reading as an original” written in target language rather than that

of “reading as theoriginal” (Shuttleworth and Cowie , 1997: 2-3).

Venuti in Munday (2001: 146) states that:

“A translated text, whether prose or poetry, fiction or non-fiction, is judged

acceptable by most publishers, reviewers, and readers when it reads fluently,

when the absence of any linguistic or stylistic peculiarities make it seem

transparent, giving the appearance that it reflects the foreign writer‟s personality

or intention or the essential meaning of the foreign text—the appearance, in other

words, that the translation is not in fact a translation, but the original”

Finlay in Simatupang (2000: 3) also states that “Ideally, the translation

should give the sense of the original in such a way that the reader is unaware the

he is reading a translation”. It means that an acceptable translation likes the

original composition written in the target language.

In addition, many experts suggest some recommendations for assessing a

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1. The cloze technique

In this technique the readers get a text in which some words are deleted

from the translation question. The readers are asked to choose the right word that

might it with the context. Nababan (2004:56) says, “Penilai sengaja

menghilangkan beberapa kata dari terjemahan. Kemudian dia meminta pembaca

unutk memprediksi kata-kata yang dihilangkan tersebut.”. In this case, the degree

of the comprehensibility of the readers can predict the quality of translation. If the

readers can guess the right word with the context as much as possible, it indicates

that they comprehend the text. The greater the number of correct guesses, the

easier the text is to comprehend because its predictability is greater.

2. Reading-aloud technique

In Nababan, (2004:56-57) says this technique is done by some readers as

the tester. The readers are asked to read aloud the translation. If the tester reads it

fluently, it indicates that the translation has no problems.

3. Knowledge test

In Nababan, (2004:57) says this test measures the translation quality

through knowledge testing of the target readers. The target readers are asked to

read a translation and answer a question about it. The disadvantages of this

technique are: it is spending much time; this technique is not full interpretation the

quality of the translation because the culture of the reader of the original and the

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4. Performance test

In Nababan, (2004:58) says it is a way of measuring the quality of

technical translation by having readers performs a task using the translation. If the

technicians can repair the equipment by reading the target language, the

translation is accurate in content. This is very time-consuming process, however,

and requires expert supervision if clear results are to be obtained.

5. Back translation

In Nababan, (2004:59) says it is a way to assess the translation by having

someone who is bilingual in the source and receptor language, make a

back-translation of the translated text into the source language.. For example, one

translates a text from English into Indonesian, a translator then turns the

Indonesian text back into English, and the resulting English text is compared with

the original English text. If the texts are virtually identical, it is evident that the

original translation is of high quality.

The scale of acceptability-rating instrument can be seen in the Table 2:

Table II. 2: The Scale of Acceptability:

Scale Description

1

The translation sounds natural, almost does not feel like translation.

There is no grammatical error.

2

The translated sentences sound like translation. There are some

grammatical errors, but not more than 25 % of the whole sentence.

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many grammatical errors, more than 25% of whole sentence.

Adapted from Machali, 2000:119-120

E. Translation Techniques

Translation techniques concentrate on the observation to decide option

general methods. It is also used by the researcher for studying of the translation

product as the re-observation. Translation technique is the special technique used

by the translator when transferring the message of the source language to target

language, including the choice of equivalents. The technique describes the

translation product and it can be used to clarity the type of translation solution.

According to Vinay and Dalrbenet (1977), the techniques are classified as

direct (literal) and oblique (free translation). Literal translation occurs when there

is an exact structural, lexical, even morphological equivalence between two

languages. This is possible when the two languages are very close to each other.

The literal (direct) translation techniques are:

1. Borrowing (loan word) or borrowing plus explanation

This technique is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific

terms, names, places, and modern concepts. The borrowing words or the loan

word is repeated several times in the cultural text. If those words occur many

times in the text, the translator only needs to give the explanation once. Once

explained, the loan word can be used own its own, the reader can understand it

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Borrowing words are taken directly from another language, e.g., the

English word bluetooth has been incorporated directly into Bahasa Indonesia.

This is a newest technology and it has not equivalent word in Bahasa Indonesia.

The way to solve is by borrowing the word without translating.

2. Calque.

A calque is a literal translation at the level of phrase. One language is

transferred to another language by a literal translation of each of the individual

elements. But, Vinay and Darbelnet do not consider its use at the morphemic level

in translating term. Therefore the target language seems like source language

style. The result of this technique is not natural if we viewed from translation

acceptability. e.g., interest rate is translated into tingkat suku bunga.

3. Literal translation.

A Word for word translation, it begun from word for translation and then

makes change to conformity of source language grammar with target language.

Literal translation follows the form of the source language. The translator still

tries to produce the closest equivalent in order to reduce the meaning of source

language e.g. I will ring you is translated into Saya akan menelpon Anda.

Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible.

The oblique translation techniques are:

1. Transposition.

A „shift‟ (Catford‟s term) or „transposition‟ (Vinay and Darbelnet) is a

translation technique involving a change in the grammar from source language to

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can be found in a shift of word class, from word into phrase and from phrase into

word. For instance, a compound keyword in English is translated as kata kunci

(Phrase) in Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Modulation.

Modulation is variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and

very often of category of thought. Modulation is used when literal translation

produces unnatural text.

There are two types of modulation (Machali : 2000). First, there is free or

optional modulation. The example is “I cut my finger” in English. It is translated

as “Jariku teriris”in Bahasa Indonesia.

Second, modulation is also considered as fixed modulation or „negated

contrary‟, which is a technique that relies on changing the value of the source

language in translation from negative to positive or vice versa,. For example, “It

isn‟t expensive” is translated to be It’s cheap.

3. Equivalence.

This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same

situation of the cultural terms. According to Newmark, this technique is applied to

find the equivalence of the cultural terms. There are two conditions about this

theory. First, if there is an equivalence word in the target language, the cultural

word is translated by cultural word. Second, he states when there is no

equivalence word, it request the use of a culture-free word (Newmark: 1988:86).

For example, an interjection “Ouch!” in English can be translated to be

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may be able to be translated as Nasi sudah menjadi bubur in Bahasa Indonesia, or

playing hard to get is translated into jinak – jinak merpati.

4. Adaptation.

This is a shift in term, character and cultural condition. Newmark (1988)

states the translator can translate a source language cultural word by a target

language cultural word. Baker (1992) mentions the use of this technique is useful

for giving the reader a concept which s/he can identify, something familiar and

appealing. Therefore, even though the translation may not be accurate, the good

thing is that this technique provides a natural translation for the reader.

The example is “as white as snow” translated into “seputih kapas” not

seputih salju” because of in Indonesia there isn‟t any snow.

These basic techniques are complemented by other technique.

1. Deletion or omission.

The technique is used by omitting or deleting words or other parts of the

source language in the target language. In other words, the translator does not

translate some parts of the source language (Suryawinata and Hariyanto,

2000:75).

Sometimes the translator applies this technique because the omitted parts

do not give important meaning to the text. On the other hand, this technique

sometimes produces less accurate or inaccurate translation.

For example :

ST: IDP should be reviewed, updated, and changed at mid year and end

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TT: IDP harus dievaluasi dan diperbaharui setiap pertengahan dan akhir

tahun.

The word “changed” in the target text is not translated or be omitted. So,

the translation is less accurate.

F. Tourism Leaflets

Tourism is regarded as the largest and the fastest growing industry in total

word-wide services. As an industry, tourism has direct impact in many sectors ;

the national revenue for all tourist countries, it creates work opportunities,

industries, and several investments to serve and raise nations performance and

cultures, also distributes their history, civilization, and traditions.

In tourism industry, promotion is the crucial aspect. Tourism promotion is

aimed at increasing the sale of tourism products. Promotion is communicating

with the public in an attempt to influence them toward buying the products and/or

services (www.sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/marketing/g/promotion.htm).

Tourism promotion has developed rapidly. Promotion in tourism can be

done in two ways; indirect promotion (dealer promotion) and direct promotion

(consumer promotion). Direct promotion includes display of the products, printed

media (prospectus, folder, leaflet, and brochure). While, indirect promotion is

publishing and selling activity. The direct promotions use printed media, and

indirect promotions use electronic media; television, cinema, internet, and CD

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The printed media as the representative of direct promotion is a way to

promote which tourism product. Direct promotion offers consumers the

advantages of convenience and personal attention, an example of the printed

media is tourism leaflet which can be found at several places such as T.I.C

(Tourist Information Centre), in the airport, railway station, bus station, and hotel

as well as tourist attractions.

A leaflet is a printed sheet of paper containing information or

advertisement and usually distributed freely. A tourism leaflet is a sheet of paper

containing the information of the tourist attractions which functions as a kind of

guiding or added information. The tourist leaflet offers the information needed by

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26

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Type and Design

In this research, the applied method is a qualitative method. The researcher

only collected and classified the data and then drew conclusion without making

generalization. Creswell (1998:15) defined the qualitative research as follows:

Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct

methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The

researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed

views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting”.

This research also employed descriptive method. This means that the

research only describes a phenomenon and does not show hypothesis. Descriptive

method is designed to gather information about presenting existing phenomenon.

Hadi (1989: 20) defined that “Descriptive method is a method for finding facts

about actual phenomenon through the process of collecting data, classifying data,

analyzing and interpreting based on the analysis result”

The researcher only investigated specific aspects of a particular case: 1)

translation techniques in translating cultural terms on the Solo tourism leaflets. 2)

the quality assessment in terms of accuracy and acceptability of the translation of

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This research was only focused on a specific characteristic of the data i.e.

the analysis of translation techniques and the quality of translation in terms of

accuracy and acceptability of cultural terms of Solo tourism leaflets.

B. Data and Source of Data

The source of data used in this research is Solo tourism leaflets, published

by Tourism and Cultural Office of Surakarta in 2010. The data are the cultural

terms taken from the Solo tourism leaflets and its translation in to English. The

whole parts of the data which is in the form of word and phrase are used as

primary data. This was because they are able to represent the whole meaning of

message. The data in this research are divided into two. They are the Indonesian

cultural terms and their translation in English, and the information added by the

informants evaluating the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and

acceptability.

The informants in this research are the one who has the information which

can answer research questions and had these following qualifications:

They should master both languages, English and Bahasa Indonesia.

They should have knowledge in translation field.

They should have practical experience in translation.

They should be willing to participate in this research by providing the

information needed.

In this research, the data taken from the three informants are the

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degree of the accuracy and acceptability of the document based on certain

qualifications given by the researcher.

C. Methods of Data Collection

This research applied two method of collecting data. First is

criterion-based sampling technique. This research used some criteria for collecting the data.

The criterion is the data in the form of word and phrase. This was because they are

able to represent the whole meaning of message. The data is cultural terms on

Solo tourism leaflets in Bahasa Indonesia and their translation.

In the second method is a close and open-ended questionnaire. In the

closed format, the raters should give mark or score of the accuracy and the

acceptability of the translation. In the open format the rates should give their

comments related to the translation. In this research, the researcher involved three

raters.

The raters should give the mark of the accuracy and the acceptability of

the translation based on the following scales which were reformulated based from

Tsujii and Nakamura in Nababan, (2003):

Table III. 1: Reformulation of the Scale of Accuracy

Scale Description

4

Accurate:

The translation of Indonesian cultural term is accurately conveyed. The

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Table III. 2: Reformulation of the Scale of Acceptability

Scale Description

3

Acceptable:

The translation of the Indonesian cultural term sounds natural as an

English expression, almost does not feel like translation.

2

Less acceptable:

The translation of the Indonesian cultural term sounds like translation.

It is closely natural but it still founds some uncommon in the

translation of cultural terms.

1

Unacceptable:

The translation of the Indonesian cultural term is extremely sound like

translation, and it is unnatural. The cultural term sounds like

Indonesian expression. Unfamiliar expression in English expression. with the original cultural term (Bahasa Indonesia).

3

Less accurate:

The translation of Indonesian cultural term is less accurately

transferred. The message in the original term (Bahasa Indonesia) is not

transferred well.

2

Inaccurate :

The message in the translated cultural term is different. There are

problems in the translated cultural term in English.

1

Very Inaccurate:

The message of the original cultural term is not transferred at all. It is

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D.Technique of Data Analysis

The data were analyzed as follow:

1. Firstly, the data were observed and compared. The data are the

cultural terms in Solo tourism leaflets, both Bahasa Indonesia and

English.

2. Secondly, a questionnaire containing expression from the Solo

tourism leaflets in Bahasa Indonesia and English version are

arranged. Then, the raters are asked to analyze the level of the

accuracy, acceptability of the message transfer of the data. Next,

the interview guidelines are used to complete the analysis.

3. After the raters had finished their analysis, the data were classified

based on the level of the accuracy and the acceptability. The next

step was making classification of data based on the translation

techniques found in the document.

4. After analyzing all the data, the percentage of the data based on

each classification is counted. For the first analysis, counted the

mean of the data by dividing the total score given by all raters with

total raters. The second analysis is the percentage of the total

number of each technique with the total number of the data then

multiplied it with 100.

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Diagram III. 1: Flow of Analysis

E.Research Procedure

This research was conducted in the following procedures:

1. Determining the document to be analyzed i.e. the cultural terms in Solo

tourism leaflets in both version (Bahasa Indonesia and English version).

2. Collecting the data from the document in the forms of word and phrase.

3. Validating the data on Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI).

4. Numbering the data and analyzing the obtained data from the document.

5. Analyzing and classifying the translation techniques which occurred in

the translation of the data.

6. Analyzing based on problem statements.

7. Drawing conclusion in order to find the answer of the problem

statements and providing the suggestions. Source of Data:

Solo tourism leaflets

Analysis of accuracy and acceptability level by questionnaires and interview

guidelines.

Classification of data in term of accuracy and acceptability

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32

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

A. Research Finding

1. The Analysis of Translation Technique

This section presents the techniques applied by the translator to translate

the cultural terms in the leaflets. There are 5 techniques found in the Solo tourism

leaflets i.e.: borrowing or borrowing plus explanation, transposition, equivalence,

literal translation, and deletion or omission.

a. Borrowing or Borrowing plus explanation.

This technique is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific

terms, names, places, and modern concepts. If the loan words occur many times in

the text, the translator only needs to give the explanation once. Once explained,

the loan word can be used own its own, the reader can understand it and not

distracted by further lengthy explanation (Mona Baker: 1992). The word is taken

directly from another language.

Here are the example data no. 067 and 068 :

ST: Untuk menghidupkan suasana, dalang dibantu oleh musisi yang memainkan

gamelan dan para sinden yang menyanyikan lagu-lagu Jawa yang sedang

dimainkan.

TT: Musicians play gamelan and sindens sing Javanese songs. They help the

dalang to enlivened the atmosphere.

In the data above, there are cultural terms in the source text. The word “

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be translated into “singer”, the translator did not translate it. Because of there is a

big different meaning between singer and sinden. A sinden only sings a Javanese

song.

The word “dalang” also can not be translated in to “director”. There are

big gap between “dalang” and “director”. Dalang is the one who role all the

characters and conduct the show directly as a narrator. Director is the one who

only conduct the play behind the scene. So, there are not equivalent words found

in the target text.

The other example is datum no. 039

ST: Karena semakin bertambah, sejak tahun 1960 mereka mulai mendirikan kios

TT: Since it was getting bigger and crowded, in 1960 they started to install the

kios (a traditional display room)

In the datum above, the translator adds a clear explanation to the

translated word. The word “kios” is directly taken into target text, but there is

additional information to make the reader understand. Actually, there are 41 data

or 58.57 % that belong to this category.

b. Transposition

A „shift‟ (Catford‟s term) or „transposition‟ (Vinay and Darbelnet) is a

translation technique involving a change in the grammar from source language to

target language (Newmark, 1988: 85) without changing the meaning of the

message. In the level of cultural terms, transposition can be found in a shift of

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The example is datum no: 012

ST: Di kraton kasunanan surakarta terdapat art gallery yang manyimpan

bermacam benda-benda bersejarah yang mempunyai nilai seni dan sejarah

yang tinggi. Beberapa koleksi yang ada antara lain kereta kencana,

bermacam-macam senjata, wayang kulit dan beberapa peninggalan jaman

dulu.

TT: There is an art gallery in Kasunanan Palace to keep the reminders from the

past of the empire like Kereta Kencana ( the Golden Cart), various kinds of

traditional weapons, leather puppet and many other antique collection that

have aesthetic and historical values.

ST: Kraton Kasunanan

H M

TT: Kasunanan Palace

M H

In the datum above, in the source text, Indonesia, “kraton” must precede

its modifier “kasunanan”. In the target text, English, the word “kasunanan” that

function as modifier precedes the word “palace” , means “kraton”, having

function as the head of noun phrase. Actually, there are 9 data or 12.86 % that

belong to this category.

c. Equivalence

This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same

situation of the cultural terms. According to Newmark, this technique is applied to

find the equivalence of the cultural terms. There are two conditions about this

theory. First, if there is an equivalence word in the target text, the cultural word is

translated by cultural word. Second, he states when there is no equivalence word,

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The example is : datum no 009

ST: Gamelan merepresentasikan semangat kebersamaan, keselarasan, saling

pengertian, dan gotong royong dalam permainannya yang sangat sesuai

dengan nilai dasar budaya bangsa Indonesia.

TT: From the way it is played, gamelan represents the spirit of togetherness,

harmony, understanding, and cooperation which are very much alike with

Indonesian basic cultural values

In the datum above, the translator translates the term “gotong royong”

into “cooperation” in English. This is a good solution to translate the word,

because the target readers have their understanding about it cooperation in their

culture.

The others example is datum no: 061

ST: Wayang

TT: Shadow puppet

In the datum above, the Indonesian term, “wayang” has no equivalent in

the target text. In this case, “wayang” is translated by using the culture-free word

into “shadow puppet” due to the way of the performance of this show. Therefore,

the translation makes the target readers easily understand. There are 9 data or

12.86 % that belong to this category.

d. Literal Translation

This technique came from a word for word translation, then makes

change to conformity of source language grammar with target language. Literal

translation follows the form of the source language. This technique mostly used

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to translate simple and short sentences. The translator still tries to produce the

closest equivalent by rearranging the structure of target language.

Below is the example: datum no 037

ST: Pasar Triwindu atau Windujenar adalah hadiah ulang tahun ke 24 Gusti

Putri Mangkunegara VII yang bernama Nurul Khamari.l

TT: Triwindu Market or Windujenar was the 24th birthday gift of Princes or

Gusti Putri Mangkunegara the Seventh named Nurul Khamaril in 1939.

From the datum above, there is clearly seen that the translation is

translated word to word in the same structure between source text and target text.

The message is transferred well. Actually, there are 7 data or 10 % that belong to

this category.

e. Deletion or Omission

The technique is used by omitting or deleting words or other parts of the

source text in the target text. The translator does not translate some parts of the

source text. As the result, this technique sometimes produces less accurate or

inaccurate translation.

The example is : datum no. 051

ST: Pendopo adalah Joglo dengan empat saka guru (tiang utama) yang

digunakan untuk resepsi dan pementasan tari tradisional Jawa.

TT: Pendopo is a Joglo building supported by four main pillars. It is used to

held the ceremonies and to perform traditional Javanese dance.

In the datu above, the omitted or deleted words are saka guru. The

untranslated cultural term is automatically loss the message. The text will make

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to write the words and give it additional information to make an accurate level.

Actually, there are 4 data or 5.71 % that belong to this category.

Table IV. 1 : The Distribution of the Technique in Each Leaflet

Leaflet Data

Number Indonesian English

Translation

Technique

1

001 Gamelan Traditional music

instrument

Equivalence

002 Karawitan Karawitan Borrowing

003 Gamelan Gamelan Borrowing

004 Wayang Shadow puppet

show

(wayang)

Borrowing plus

explanation

005 Suling Traditional flute

(suling)

Borrowing plus

explanation

006 Kendang Kendang Borrowing

007 Rebab Rebab Borrowing

008 Gambang Gambang Borrowing

009 Gotong royong Cooperation Equivalence

010 Rancakan Rancakan Borrowing

2

011 Paku Buwono II Paku Buwono II Borrowing

012 Kraton Kasunanan Kasunanan Palace Transposition

013 Kereta Kencana Kereta Kencana

(The Golden Cart)

Borrowing plus

explanation

014 Wayang kulit Leather puppet Literal

translation

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018 Pasar Batik Batik market Transposition

019 Pasar Klewer Klewer Deletion or

omission

3

020 Pasar Klewer Pasar klewer Borrowing

021 Keris Keris Borrowing

022 Pamor Pamor Borrowing

023 Tosan aji Tosan aji Borrowing

024 Empu The keris maker Equivalence

025 Bahan pokok (pamor

026 Paku tatah Carving spikes Transposition

027 Hulu atau gagang The handle Equivalence

028 Hulu keris The handle of the

030 Warangka Warangka Borrowing

031 Hulu keris The handle Borrowing

032 Perabot Perabot Borrowing

033 Pengrajin keris Keris crafts Transposition

4

034 Pasar antik triwindu Triwindu antique

market

Literal

translation

035 Pasar antik triwindu The antique

market triwindu

Transposition

036 Pasar triwindu Triwindu market Transposition

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041 Pasar triwindu Antique market

triwindu

Borrowing plus

explanation

5

042 Puro mangkunegaran Puro

mangkunegaran

Borrowing

043 Raden Mas Said Raden Mas Said Borrowing

044 Pangeran Samber

046 Istana Mangkunegara The

Mangkunegaran

Palace

Transposition

047 Pendhopo Pendhopo Borrowing

048 Dalem Dalem Borrowing

049 Kayu jati Teak wood Equivalence

050 Joglo Joglo Borrowing

051 Saka Guru (tiang

utama)

Main pillars Deletion or

omission

052 Resepsi Ceremonies Equivalence

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Javanese Dance

054 Seperangkat gamelan A set of gamelan Literal

translation

055 Kyai Kanyut Mesem Kyai Kanyut

Mesem

Borrowing

056 Dalem Dalem building Borrowing plus

explanation

057 Wayang kulit Leather puppet Transposition

058 Puro Mangkunegaran The palace of

mangkunegaran

Literal

translation

059 Rekso Pustoko Rekso pustoko Borrowing

060 Pare Anom Pare anom art

062 Wayang Wayang Borrowing

063 Wayang kulit Wayang Deletion or

omission

064 Wali songo Wali songo Borrowing

065 Wayang beber Wayang beber Borrowing

066 Tatah sunggih (ukir

kulit)

Craved leather Deletion or

omission

067 Dalang Dalang Borrowing

068 Sinden Sinden Borrowing

069 Wayang kulit Wayang puppets Equivalence

070 Wayang The puppet Equivalence

2. The Analysis of Translation Accuracy

The accuracy of the translation on this section is analyzed based on the

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based on the result of the questionnaires delivered to the raters. The three raters

give their marks / score to each data base on the rating system below;

Table IV. 2 : The Accuracy Score and Definition

After having three raters, the data is analyzed to find the mean score.

Then count the mean of accuracy score or average score given by the three raters.

The statistical calculation is made to determine the mean of each data with a

formula.

Point Description Score

4

Accurate:

The translation of Indonesian cultural term is accurately conveyed. The message in the translated term is understandable. The message is same with the original cultural term (Bahasa Indonesia).

4.0

3

Less accurate:

Gambar

Table II. 1: The Scale of Accuracy:
Table II. 2: The Scale of Acceptability:
Table III. 1: Reformulation of the Scale of Accuracy
Table III. 2: Reformulation of the Scale of Acceptability
+7

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