A STUDY OF WOMEN SPEECH STYLE USED BY THE MAIN
CHARACTERS IN TANGLED MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
LINDY EKA WULANDARI
Reg. Number : A83211156ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
A STUDY OF WOMEN SPEECH STYLE USED BY THE MAIN
CHARACTERS IN TANGLED MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
LINDY EKA WULANDARI
Reg. Number : A83211156
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Wulandari, Lindy Eka. 2016. A Study of Women Speech Style Used by The Main
Characters in Tangled Movie. English Department. Faculty of Letter and
Humanities. State of Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Thesis Advisor : Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd.
Key Words : Women Speech Style, Main Character, Tangled, and
Movie.
The language is the main factor to communicate and interact with other people in the world. Human can share information from one other to other people using a language. The language which used by people in the world usually has many differences. Those are differences can we find in daily activities such as when women spoke with men. definite the women used language more complicated and long sentences, but if the men spoke always used simple sentences or easier to understand.
In this study the writer focuses on women speech style used by the main characters in Tangled movie. The writer is also interested in investigating types of speech style that used by Rapunzel and Mother Gothel in Tangled movie and also the purpose the women used those style. The research problems of the study are: 1.) what types of speech style are used by the women main characters in Tangled movie, 2.) what are the purpose of using certain speech style in dialogue by the main characters in Tangled movie.
The data of this study are obtained through Tangled movie which focuses on women main characters in Tangled movie and the writer used descriptive qualitative approach. In analyzing the data the writer used theories by Martin Joos (1976) and supporting theories by Robin Lakoff (1973). There were twenty two conversations of women speech style.
Intisari
Wulandari, Lindy Eka. 2016. A Study of Women Speech Style Used by The Main
Characters in Tangled Movie. English Department. Faculty of Letter and Humanities. State of Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Thesis Advisor : Dr. H. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd.
Key Words : Women Speech Style, Main Character, Tangled, and
Movie.
Bahasa adalah faktor utama untuk berkomunikasi and berinteraksi dengan orang lain di dunia. Manusia dapat memberikan informasi dari satu orang ke orang lain menggunankan bahasa. Bahasa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang di dunia selalu memiliki banyak perbedaan. Perbedaan itu dapat kita temukan di aktifitas sehari-hari seperti saat wanita berbicara dengan laki-laki. Pastinya wanita menggunakan bahasa yang rumit dan kalimat yang panjang, tetapi jika laki-laki berbicara selalu menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana atau mudah untuk dimengerti.
Dalam pembelajaran ini penulis memusatkan pada gaya berbicara wanita yang digunakan peran utama di film Tangled. Penulis juga tertarik untuk menyelidiki macam-macam gaya berbicara oleh Rapunzel dan Mother Gothel di film Tangled dan juga tujuan wanita menggunakan gaya berbicara itu. Masalah-masalah yang terdapat pada penelitian : 1.) Gaya berbicara apa yang digunakan oleh peran utama wanita di film Tangled, 2.) Apa tujuan dari menggunakan beberapa gaya berbicara di percakapan oleh peran utama film Tangled.
Data dari pembelajaran ini diperoleh melalui film Tangled yang memusatkan pada peran utama wanita di film Tangled dan penulis menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Penulis menganalisis di data ini menggunakan teori dari Martin Joos (1976) dan teori pendukung dari Robin Lakoff (1973). Ada dua puluh dua percakapan dari gaya berbicara wanita.
63
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ……… i
Motto ……… ii
Declaration Page ……….. iii
Dedication Page ……… iv
Acknowledgement ……… v
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ………. vi
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page ……….. vii
Table of Contents ………. viii
Abstract ……… xi
Intisari ……….. xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ………. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problems ...……… 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study ………. 8
1.4 Significance of the Study ………. 8
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study ………... 9
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ……….. 9
2.4.4 Evaluative Adjective ……….. 20
65
4.1.1 Speech Style
4.1.1.1 Frozen Style ……… 28
4.1.1.2 Formal Style ……….... 29
4.1.1.3 Consultative Style ………..…. 29
4.1.1.4 Casual Style ………. 39
4.1.1.5 Intimate Style ……….……. 44
4.1.2 Purpose of Using Women’s Language by Lakoff (1973) used Women Main Characters in Tangled Movie ……….……. 47
4.2 Discussion ……… 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ………. 51
5.3 Suggestion ………. 52
REFERENCES ……….. 53
APPENDIX I ………. 55
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Human life cannot be separated from communication. Language is the
main factor to communicate and interact with other people in the world. Human
can share information from one to other people using a language. Actually when
we communicate with other people, we always use sound to speak. It makes other
people easier to know what is the meaning of we speak.
Francis (1958) said that “a language in an arbitrary system of articulated
sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of crying on the affair of
theirs socially”. Based on the definition above, it can be known that language is a
part of human life. The subject matter of linguistics is a language. It is a social
human behavior. Wardhaugh (2006) said “a language is what the members of a
particular society speak”. It means human uses language to communicate with
other people in society. Since language is an important thing, the communication
should be understood very well to avoid misunderstanding. Communication
occurs in many forms. It has an important role in life. Nobody can live without
W u l a n d a r i | 2
According to Cooles (1909), “communication is mechanism through
which human relation exists and develops”. It means that human beings are social
creatures by nature. They cannot live without other people. In other words, human
always needs help from other people. Communication is a way of interaction and
sending message or some information through signal. In our life, communication
with other people is very important. The communication is divided into two. They
are verbal and non verbal communication from one person to another person. We
can use words to express what we want to say. In verbal communication, words
are arranged in a meaningful pattern and used for communication. We do not use
words to express what we have in our mind. Instead we can use cues, voice tone,
eye contact, gesture and facial expression in order to communicate. It is also a
way of exchanging thoughts, feeling and emotions. However there is a different
way of communication between women and men which may lead some
misunderstanding. In our surroundings, we can find that women and men do not
communicate in the same way because they think and interpret the same message
differently.
According to Yuliana (1999) “Verbal communication consists of four
skills such as: speaking, reading, listening and writing”. Here the writer tries to
analyze the use of verbal communication that discerns the language as dialogue in
the “tangled movie”: how women main characters in the “tangled movie” perform
W u l a n d a r i | 3
are times where written communication is appropriate and effective. When the
information is complex and the audience is either unimportant or desirable, the
most common type of written communication is: letter, report, memo, note and
proposal. The researcher has found that woman used language style with her own
characteristics when she speaks.
Holmes (1995) stated that “Women and men do not speak in exactly the
same way as each other in the community”. Both of women and men have their
own characteristics and behavior in society. It makes them different in some
aspects, especially in the way they use a language to communicate with other
people. There are some factors that cause the difference of language that is used
by women and men when they speak with other people. One of factors is women
and men have different role and status in society. Both women and men always
use a different language when they speak in order to show their power and place
in society. There are some differences in their choice of vocabulary, words and
grammar.
In this study the researcher focuses on women speech style used by
women main characters in the tangled movie. The researcher focuses on the
dialogues of women main characters. According to Holmes (2001) “Speech style
is one of the elements that cannot be separated in our daily communication for
different topics, different purpose of talking, everyone talks with different styles
although he or she talks about the same thing”. It means that speech styles are
W u l a n d a r i | 4
women and men language in society. In other words both have different ways in
using language for communication with other people. In modern era the
communication can be done anywhere, anytime, and all ages in the world. Today
writing style is familiar for people in the world. People usually use writing style
by the electric communication or internet connection. For example: people use
mobile phone to do writing style communication with others. It is not only for
sending message but also for updating status and communicating with their distant
friends or family as well as in Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Path, Line, and so
on. According to Holmes (2001) “style is a choice of code or variety, whether
language dialect or style that can be changed depend on the addresses and the
context”. It means people in the world will product their language differently in
society based on the context and situation. According to Holmes (2001) “Women
language usually deal with politeness and conveying felling, but men language
usually associated used slang language”.
Speech style consists of 5 types based on Martin Joos (1967, cited in
Broderick 1976) theory. There are frozen style, formal style, consultative style,
casual style and intimate style. The writer not only finds that Martin Joos theory
has a relationship with speech style but also there is a nearly same theory of
Nababan (1993). Nababan describes five categories of speech style. There are:
“gaya” or “ragam beku” (frozen), “gaya” or “ragam resmi” (formal), “gaya” or
W u l a n d a r i | 5
“ragam akrab” (intimate). In the speech style, words are divided into different
kind of classes that called parts of speech based on their use and function in
sentence. There are eight kinds of part of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun, verb,
adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection (Wren and Martin (1990)). A
noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing such as: the rose. An
adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun such as:
twenty boys. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. A verb is a word used to
say something about some person, place or thing such as: wrote, is a big and so
on. An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an
adjective or another adverb such as: very, quickly. A preposition is a word used
with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or
pronoun stands in relation to something else such as: in, of. A conjunction is a
word used to join words or sentences such as: and, but. An interjection is a word
which expresses some sudden feeling.
One of the ways to study about women speech style is the dialogue in the
Tangled movie. Rapunzel is the main character of the Tangled movie. The
Tangled movie was premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on November 14, 2010,
and went into general release on November 24, 2010 in the United State. The
Tangled is a movie of United State and most of the scene in this movie is about
the struggle of Rapunzel. There are six characters in the movie. There are
Rapunzel, Mother Gothel, Flynn Rider, Guards, Stabbington and Captain. Mother
W u l a n d a r i | 6
she takes her as a hostage since she was born in the world. The Tangled movie is
interesting to be analyzed because its plot is not boring for spectators especially
children. Therefore, the writer analyzes women speech style that used by
Rapunzel as the main character in the movie.
The writer considers analyzing the dialogue that used in the movie because
of several reasons. The first, the writer is interested in Tangled movie because
some people tend to analyze war movie or dramatic movie. Second, the writer is
interested in the plot which contains speech style because the writer not finding
another writer analyzed about cartoon film like Tangled movie, many writers
usually analyzed dialogue from war movie or dramatic movie. In order too many
writers analyzed dialogue that used in quiz or forum discussion. The third, the
writer is interested in finding out the types of speech style that used in the
dialogue of Tangled movie especially Rapunzel and Mother Gothel speech
because another writer usually analyze dialogue all main characters in the movie,
but in this study the writer focused in speech style that used of women characters
in the movie. Lakoff (1975) in his book “Language and Women’s place”
investigates how women speak differently than men. The writer argues that
women and men also have and use different speech style and different purpose
when they speak to communicate with others in the Tangled movie. When women
speak something usually she used specific word and long sentence for example:
W u l a n d a r i | 7
maroon). But when men speak something usually he used simple word like speak
color (green, blue, and red). So it is why the writer chooses dialogue of Tangled
movie as a subject matter to be analyzed in this study. The writer hopes that this
study can give reader some information and knowledge in sociolinguistics
especially about women speech style that used in the movie.
In addition the study is expected to know specific more of speech style
especially that using women speak with other people and that has value in
sociolinguistics. Thus, the writer makes entitled “Women Speech Styles Used by
the Main Characters in Tangled Movie”. The writer considers to use Martin
(1967, cited in Broderick 1976) theory to support this study and find out their
types of speech style that used in the Tangled movie. In addition, the writer also
uses Lakoff (1975) theory about women language. The writer assumes that Lakoff
theory has been chosen in this study because the theory is more complete and
specific than other theories. Lakoff theory is suitable to deeply analyze women
speech style especially that of the main characters in Tangled movie.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Based on the background of the study above, in this study the writer
mainly concerned with speech style. Then, she focused on speech style used by
W u l a n d a r i | 8
answers of the following questions:
1. What types of speech style are used by the woman main characters in
Tangled movie?
2. What are the purposes of using certain speech style in dialogue by the
main characters in Tangled movie?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems of the study, the objectives of the study are to
describe the types of speech style are used by the main characters in their
dialogue. This study also describes the situations when the utterances are uttered.
In line with the problems formulated above, the objectives of the study are:
1. To describe types of speech style those are used by the women main
characters in Tangled movie.
2. To describe the purpose of using certain speech style in dialogue by the
main characters in Tangled movie.
1.4 Significance of the Study
By conducting this research, the writer hopes this study will help the
readers to understand what is happening on the text movie as well as to be familiar
W u l a n d a r i | 9
also hopes the readers will comprehend some types of speech style that applied in
the Tangled movie. Besides, this study can hopefully improve the movie
researcher’s skill in applying speech style theory to analyze the language of the
movie script. It also can be used as references to other researchers who want to
study deeper about women speech style.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This research is sociolinguistics study. It is limited on analysis of main
characters speech style in Tangled movie. The characters are Rapunzel, Mother
Gothel, Flynn, Guards, Stabbington and Captain. The analysis of women language
style is limited on the utterance and focused on speech style of the main characters
dialogue that is Rapunzel (young Rapunzel) and Mother Gothel in the Tangled
movie. For the analysis of the main characters speech styles happen related to the
situation where the conversation appeared. In analyzing the study, the writer uses
Joos theory (1967, cited in Broderick 1976) and Lakoff theory (1975).
1.6 Definitions of Key Terms
Women Speech Style : It is usually the women who are told to change
The women are treated based on the norms for
men (Tannen P.16). A women invalding the
man’s the real in of speech is often considered
W u l a n d a r i | 10
unfeminine, rude or bitchy.
(faculty.georgetown.edu>githens>tannen)
Main character : The importance people in a story of any kind:
book, movie, and TV show the most to support the
plot. (www.urbandictionary.com)
Tangled : Is a 2010 American computer animated, musical
fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation
Studios. The film has three active main characters
they are: Rapunzel, Mother Gothel and Flynn
Rider. The film tells the story of the long lost
princess Rapunzel who yearns to leave her secluded
tower for an adventure. Against her stepmother’s
wishes she accepts the aid of handsome intruder,
Flynn Rider to take her out into the world which she
has never seen.
(fullmoviesfreedownload.co>tangled-2010)
Movie : A film shown in a cinema or on television and
often telling a story.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter the writer discusses some theories related to the study.
Considering the statement of the problem as explained above, in this part the
writer reviews theories related to the study there are: Sociolinguistics, Language
variation, Speech style, Women language andprevious studies.
2.1 Sociolinguistics
The study of language that is related to society is called sociolinguistics
which consists of two words, there are socio means social or related society
and linguistics means science of language. Fishman in Chaer (1995) state that
sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the
characteristics of their function and the characteristics of their speakers as
these constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech
community. However language is a complex, and in order words it is enough
just to know the meaning of the sentences uttered but the context of situation
and the context of the culture must be understood such as it is public or
private, formal or informal, and who might be hear the sentences. Language is
W u l a n d a r i | 12
being, people are impossible to share their intention, feeling and idea that they
have without using language and it is a tool to socialize in life. Sociolinguistics
which is the scope of this study is dealing with the relationship between
language and society. According to Holmes (1992), social factors are as the
following components: the participant who is talking to whom, the setting or
social context, the topic (what is being talked about) and the function that is
the aim or purpose of the interaction.
2.2 Language Variation
Language in society is not expressed in the same ways. Language varies
from one place to another, from one social group to another and from one situation
to another. Nababan (1993) said that there must be simple or even complex
differences in expressing language. Holmes (2008) defines the language variety as
a set of linguistics forms used under specific social circumstances which pattern
according to social factors and includes different accents which contrast with each
other for social reasons. Language variation occurs in the society caused by some
social factors and context. It happens, because of the context where the language is
used and the specific social circumstances around the language (wardhaugh,
2002). Moreover the existence of language variation can be distinguished based on
different external variables. The variation of language itself can be seen from the
W u l a n d a r i | 13
2.3 Speech Style
In language variation styles are usually analyzed along a scale of formality.
Language has a potentiality for making communication successful and establishing
social togetherness if it is used well. In this study the researcher focus on speech
style and in book from Joos entitled the style of five clocks’ he also divided the
types of style into five styles they are frozen style, formal style, consultative style,
casual style and intimate style.
2.3.1 Frozen Style
According to Joos (1976) frozen style is a style which is intended to be
remembered and used in very formal setting such as in palace, church ritual,
speech of state ceremony, and some other occasion. In fact, frozen style is defined
almost exclusively in terms of its role. Frozen style is purposely ambiguous.
Frozen style invites the reader to enter into a personal experience of creative
discovery. Frozen texts are course literary texts: text which a community insists on
repeating intact. Frozen style is more elaborated than the other style, the sequences
of sentence are complicatedly related frozen style required high skill and almost
used exclusively by lawyers, professional orators and specialist. In frozen style
usually uses long sentences with good grammatical and vocabulary, for example
W u l a n d a r i | 14
2.3.2 Formal Style
According to Joos (1976) formal style is generally used in formal situation
where there is the least amount of shared background and the communication in
this style is largely one way with little or no feedback from the audience. In formal
style it is also used addressing audience, indeed the sentence structures are more
complex and varied than consultative. Furthermore the leading code label of this
style is may, such as “may I present Mr.Jimmy?”. The formal style labels are: yes,
sir…… ; okay, sir…… ; and a very few others. A formal text is carefully planned
in advance. The speaker may consider the potential audience during planning, but
pays little attention to the listener during delivery. This careful advance planning
gives formal text “cohesion”. Joos says that the function of a formal text is to
inform individuals separately. Thus formal style is strictly determined by absence
of listener participation: this Joos calls “detachment” (Joos 1976). In another
example of formal style is “Those taking part should sit during the proceeding.
2.3.3 Consultative Style
Consultative style is used in business or in discussing something. A
speaker who uses this style usually does not plan what he wants to say, such as
excuse me, I think it’s really important for me to add about the topic that we
W u l a n d a r i | 15
communication. Consultative style happens in two way participation, it is also
used in small group discussion, regular conversation at school and etc. Usually
listener by giving feedback determines ongoing linguistics choice like “yes, no,
oh, uhhh…uhhh, all right, hmmmm, okay, yeah, I see, I think so and etc. For
example from script:
1. Flynn Rider : Oh, hay fever?
Guard :Yeah….. Huh? Hay, wait!!! Hey, wait!!!
2. Mother Gothel : Rapunzel !!! Let down your hair !!!
Rapunzel :It’s timeI know, I know… come on don’t let her
see you.
2.3.4 Casual Style
Casual style is a style that is used for the conversation in our relaxed or
normal situation. According to Joos (1976) casual style is style used among friends
and co-workers when an informal atmosphere is appropriated and desired such as
outside the classroom where students have a chat. Casual is also a conversational
style, but it is not for strangers. The relationship between speaker and hearer is
close, so they usually use words or term repetition and frequently use ellipse
sentences (Haryanto, 2001). Ellipse sentences focus on the meaning of an
W u l a n d a r i | 16
exposes the message of the language in certain situation, such as “Do you enjoy
the party?” have meaning “enjoy it?”. In another example of casual style from
movie script:
Mother Gothel : Do you understand, Flower?
Rapunzel : Yes, mommy.
2.3.5 Intimate Style
Intimate style manifests extreme structural simplicity, it is characterized by
what Joos calls extraction. Joos also asserts that intimate style is characterized by
a stable list of words with private meanings share only by a small group usually a
pair (Broderick). Intimate style is completely private language developed within
families, lovers and friends. Intimate style is an intimate utterance avoids giving
the addressee information outside of the speakers (Joos, 1976). There are two
systematic features of intimate style, first is extraction and the second is jargon.
Extraction is the speaker extract a minimum pattern from some conceivable casual
sentence such as the utterance“eng”, it is empty word and no dictionary meaning
but serve as a code label for intimate style (Joos, 1976). The intimate labels are:
darling, dear, honey, mom or dad and other nicknames. The next Jargon is
technical vocabulary associated with special activity or group, and jargon used to
show the secret language between the same professional people. Usually we can
W u l a n d a r i | 17
In another example intimate style from movie script:
Rapunzel :Coming mother. Hi…..welcome home mother.
Mother Gothel : Uh,, Rapunzel!!!
It looks absolutely exhausting, darling.
2.4 Women Language
Women usually it’s specific when she speaks. In which lady contrasts with
woman is in titles of organizations. Lady will replace woman as the primary word
for the human female, since woman will have become too blatantly sexual
(Lakoff, 1975). This brings us to the consideration of another common substitute
for woman, namely girl.
Women experience linguistics discriminations in the way they are taught to
use language and in the way general language treats them (Lakoff, 1975). Usually
women’s language indicates the characteristics of women’s behavior because not
only someone language show their role in the society, but also women should has
certain speech style when their doing communication with other people in society.
Women used more standard form of four reasons they are: to social class and its
related status, women role in society, women status as subordinate group and
W u l a n d a r i | 18
language is generally one which is written and which has undergone some degree
of regularization or codification (grammar and dictionary).
It is recognized as a prestigious variety or code by community and it serves
high-functions that it is used for communication at court for literature and for
administration (Holmes, 2008). Standard forms when speech is associated with
high social status and then women used them as way of claiming such as status.
Women who work outside are habitually interacted or communicated with other
people, who used standard forms too. Women use of more standard forms is
related with their place to be the subordinate group. According to Holmes (1995)
by using more standard speech, women are looking after their need to be value by
the society and avoiding offence to others. Standard form also an associated with
female values (femininity) and women do not use vernacular forms because they
do not want the society looks their masculinity than femininity. In contrast,
non-standard form is defined as one which is considered as lower variety and serves
low functions in society. One of the characteristics of non standard language is
vernacular language. Vernacular language is defined as a first language learned by
people in multilingual communities and it is often used for relatively narrow range
of informal function (Holmes, 2008).
2.4.1 Lexical Items
Lexical item or lexical unit is a single word, a part of word or a chain of
W u l a n d a r i | 19
traffic light, take care of, by the way and etc. Lexical item can be generally
understood to convey a single meaning, but are not limited to single words.
Common types of lexical items are:
1. Words, example: cat, tree, table.
2. Parts of words, example: (-s) in trees, (-er) in worker, (non –in)
nondescript, (-est.) in loudest.
3. Phrasal verbs, example: put down or get out.
4. Poly words, example: by the way, inside out.
5. Collocations, example: motor vehicle absolutely convinced.
6. Institutionalized utterances, example: I will get it, we will see,
would you like a cup of coffee?
7. Idioms, example: break a leg, a bitter pill to swallow.
8. Saying, example: The early bird gets the worm.
9. Sentence frames and heads, example: that is not as……. as you
think.
10.Text frame, example: Firstly….., secondly……, finally…..
2.4.2 Color Terms
There is a difference between the use of color terms by women and men.
W u l a n d a r i | 20
aquamarine. Meanwhile, men tend to mention a general color term such as red,
green and blue.
2.4.3 Particles
A particle is a word or a part of a word that has a grammatical purpose but
often has little or no meaning. A particle is a word that does not change its form
through inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of part of
speech. Many particles are closely to verbs to form multi word verb, such as go
away (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Particles are function words
that express grammatical relationships with other words. Function words are
words that perform definite grammatical functions but that lack definite lexical
meaning.
2.4.4 Evaluative Adjective
Evaluative adjectives maintain their individual-level interpretation. The
finding that evaluative control structures are property-denoting and lack event
structure is inconsistent with Stowell’s second claim, that the infinitival clause is a
thematic argument of the adjective (Kertz, Laura, 2006). Evaluative adjectives like
smart form a coherent semantic and syntactic class, distinct from „normal’ control
adjectives like eager. Evaluative adjectives are one-place property-denoting
W u l a n d a r i | 21
infinitival clause. These facts are incompatible with a coercion analysis (Stowell
1991) intended to explain a semantic relativization effect observed with these
predicates. Evaluative adjectives combine with two types of adjunct show distinct
syntactic and semantic behaviors.
2.5 Previous studies
This research has three previous studies there are: Firstly from Damayanti,
Maulina with title The study of HelmiYahya’s and Alya Rohali’s Speech Style in
Siapa Berani quiz on Indosiar (2009th). In her study, she focuses on two problems
which are what type of Helmi Yahya’s and Alya Rohali’s speech style and which
speech style is typical to certain context of situation. In her study, she also using
qualitative study and she applied Martin Joos Theory of speech style as her main
theory which combined with Gleeason and Kridalaksana’s theory. Through
analysis she found four types of speech style in that television quiz, they are
formal, consultative, casual and frozen. Moreover from the analysis she also
found that certain speech style is typical to certain context of situation.
Secondly previous study from Pratiwi, Anggit with title Speech Style
performed by the hosts of Master Chef Indonesia season 3 cooking talent shows
(2014th). In her study, she focuses on two problems which are what are types of
speech style that are used by the hosts in Master Chef Indonesia season 3and what
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main theory of speech style by Martin Joos (1967, cited in Broderick 1976) and
also supporting theories of standard – non standard of Bahasa Indonesia by
Kridalaksana (1989) and Chaer and Agustina (2004) as the data of her study are in
the form of Bahasa Indonesia. The result of her study is the type of speech style
that were mostly used by the hosts “consultative style” in 95 (ninety five)
utterance or 66% (sixty six percent), followed by “casual style” in 31 (thirty one)
utterance or 21,5% (twenty one point five percent), and the last is “formal style”
in 18 (eighteen) utterance or 12,5% (twelve point five percent). Finally the result
of speech style that were mostly used in the shows is “consultative style” in 95
(ninety five) utterance 66% (sixty six percent).
And the last previous study from Putri, Amelia Permata with title Speech
Style of Alice Kingsley in the movie Alice in Wonderland (2014th) . In her study
focuses on two problems which are How Alice Kingsley’s Speech Style toward
each characters in the movie Alice Kingsley’s in Wonderland is and What factors
influence Alice Speech Style in that film. In her study, she using qualitative
method and SPEAKING theory proposed by Dell Hymes. Then the result gotten
from this study shows that Alice speaks casually towards the characters in that
movie. She only speaks formally to one character in one of speech event cases of
certain characters. It can be said that Alice also speak casually to 18 (eighteen)
characters in that movie. In that movie Alice also uses two kinds of speech style to
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speech style does not always happen in a formal place or vice versa. This goes the
same with the other aspect of SPEAKING from Dell Hymes theory.
Based on the third previous study above, the writer concludes that used the
same theory from Martin Joos and be needed to know that as main theory which
classifies language style focuses on speech style into fives style, there are frozen
style, formal style, casual style, consultative style and intimate style. The this
study has difference with third previous study above, the writer only focuses on
main characters of women speech style there are Rapunzel and Mother Gothel in
Tangled movie and like with Pratiwi, Anggit the writer also used descriptive
qualitative research and applied of speech style from Joos theory. In this study the
writer not only used from Joos theory of speech style as main theory, but also
which combined with Lakoff (1975) theory because to know that used of women
main characters in Tangled movie and to support the result this study. These
previous studies can helped the present writer to identify the women speech style
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents the way how this study will be arranged and deals
with the method that the writer applied in this study. It comprises research design,
source of data, research instrument, technique of data collection and technique of
data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This study was aim to understanding about women speech style also
associated with language which has relationship with society especially in Tangled
movie and so this study has been conducted in descriptive qualitative research.
This study use descriptive qualitative since it is gathering the data of woman
language style used by the main characters in Tangled movie and another sources
related with the research.
The writer use descriptive qualitative research because the data in the
research in form of words on the dialogue of the movie. This study observed only
focus about how women speak in dialogue Tangled movie and the descriptive
qualitative approach was more relevant to conduct with study since the data source
take from text dialogue of Tangled movie script. The writer used the movie script
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analyses descriptively to describe, investigate and to explain in detail the
phenomena of utterances based on speech style by Joos theory.
3.2 Source of Data
In this study the writer needs data and gets the data from movie entitle
“Tangled” in years 2010th. The source of data was use Tangled movie script and
types of data was the writer choose dialogue especially focus in women main
characters speech. The Tangled movie script downloaded on
www.fullmoviesfreedownload/co>tangled-2010. The primary data of this study
are the main characters’ utterances suggesting speech style. The writer also
downloaded Tangled movie on www.pages.drexel.edu.com to watching and
matching with the movie script.
3.3 Research Instrument
In this study using descriptive qualitative researcher and the writer only
uses human instrument. The writer becomes the human instrument in collecting
the data. In a qualitative research the instrument of the research was the researcher
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3.4 Technique of Data Collection
In this study the writer took a part analyzes the data of this study, and the
writer colleting the data was document analysis. The writer has steps as follow to
get the data which are:
1. Open internet from computer the writer’s, searching in internet with
chooses Google and writes down subtitle of movie.
2. The writer chooses only one article title from Google, then the writer
reading of plot and summary about Tangled movie and saved that.
3. Open new web then the writer typing
www.fullmoviesfree.download.co>tangled-2010.
4. Downloaded Tangled script movie and saved the data in computer.
5. Open new web again to searching Tangled movie and downloaded on
www.pages.drexel.edu.com then saved.
6. Print out Tangled script movie and the writer reading movie script only
focuses on women speech style of main characters.
7. The writer doing classified then find out the speech style of the data
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3.5 Technique of Data Analysis
Technique of Data analysis is the next process after the Technique of data
collection. In this process, the writer did some procedures to get a clear description
of data analysis.
1. To analyzing the data, the writer using print out Tangled movie script and
then the writer analyzed the data only focuses on women speech style in
the Tangled main characters.
2. The writer classified kinds of speech style used by the women main
characters in the Tangled movie script and the writer tends to use main
theory from Joos’ (1967) with the give underline in printout dialogue
women main characters speak in the movie.
3. The writer made drawing the conclusion based on the result of the
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter the writer only focuses on woman speech style used by main
characters those are Rapunzel and Mother Gothel in Tangled movie. By focusing
in this study, the writer’s analysis was based on speech style theory by Joos’
(1976) those are: frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual style, and
intimate style. In the last part of this chapter the writer also presents supporting
theories by Lakoff (1973) of women’s language to provide the purposes of using
speech style used by women main characters in Tangled movie.
4.1 Findings
The writer already presents the finding of this research and in this part the
writer analyzes data of utterances according to theory from Martin Joos’ of speech
style. The five types of speech style there are: frozen style, formal style,
consultative style, casual style and intimate style.
4.1.1 Speech Style
4.1.1.1 Frozen Style
According to Haryanto (2001) frozen style it is a style used commonly for
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is a style used in very formal situation and usually this style always uses long
sentences with good grammatical sentence. According to Joos (1976) frozen style
is a style which is intended to be remembered and used in very formal setting such
as in palace, church ritual, speech for state ceremony and some other occasions.
The setting in Tangled movie is not suitable with this style.
4.1.1.2 Formal Style
Formal style is used by people which in formal situation and uses formal
language such as in a discussion or meeting, in addition formal style almost same
with frozen style. According to Joos (1976) formal style is generally used in
formal situation where there is the least amount of shared background and the
communication in this style is largely one way with little or no feedback from the
audience, for example: in graduation ceremony. That situation always uses the
good grammatical and vocabulary like frozen style. The writer did not find formal
style in the dialogue of Tangled movie, because in this movie nothing formal
situation.
4.1.1.3 Consultative Style
Consultative style typically of dialogue used in the most orally, always
between two persons and at intervals the other give short responses. Joos (1976)
said that consultative style used in semi formal communication used in small
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so and etcetera. This style also the speaker gives too much information to hearer or
partner. In this movie has the situation in two ways participation especially women
main characters conversation. The example is a conversation focus between
Rapunzel and Mother Gothel that used consultative style.
Conversation 1.
Rapunzel : Why can’t I go outside?
Mother Gothel : The outside world is a dangerous place,
Filled with horrible, selfish people. You
must stay here, where you’re safe. Do you
understand flower?
Rapunzel : Yes mommy.
The conversation above tells that Rapunzel asks something or like
complains with Mother Gothel. The consultative style from that conversation is
proved from sentence “Why can’t I go outside. It explains that Rapunzel do not
understand why always her stay in tower home and so her asks to Mother Gothel
to get answers. Those utterances above also used in daily conversation. The
conversation it is an integrative form that used in consultative situation as usually.
The situation above asks and answers in a pair it is called consultative situation.
When Mother Gothel gives answers and then Rapunzel was also give short
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Conversation 2.
Mother Gothel : Rapunzel !! Let down your hair !!
Rapunzel : It’s time. I know, I know, come on, don’t
let her seeyou.
Mother Gothel : I’m not getting any younger down here.
Rapunzel : Coming mother!! Hi. Welcome home,
mother.
The dialogue indicates of consultative style that can be seen from “I know,
I know” and “Hi. Welcome home, mother” sentence. It explains that Rapunzel uses
repeated word “I know” to give short responses her mother, it means she
understand the instruction to do what her mother said. And then, Rapunzel also
uses “Hi. Welcome home, mother” sentence in order this is the standard form in
English to welcome her mother already come home. Those conversations occurred
in the tower home and it represents the consultative style is used semi-formal.
Conversation 3.
Mother Gothel :Then I don’t know why it takes so long !!
Ergh, ho-ho-ho-ho darling. I’m just teasing.
Rapunzel : Hmm, he-he-he. Alright, so mother as you
know tomorrow is a very big day.
The dialogue about Mother Gothel want to asks Rapunzel, and her mother
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understand about how Rapunzel manage to do that every single day without fail.
But above dialogue, Rapunzel only give short responses like “Hmm, he-he-he” and
her also give back asks to her mother uses "Alright, so mother as you know
tomorrow is a very big day” sentence. Rapunzel uses that sentence in order to ask
her partner, so in this dialogue Mother Gothel as a speaker and Rapunzel as a
hearer. It is called consultative situation because the dialogue between two persons
and one of them that is hearer give short responses.
Conversation 4.
Rapunzel : Agh, I want to see the floating lights.
Mother Gothel : Uh-huh. What ??
Rapunzel : Oh. Well, I was hoping you would take me
to see the floating lights.
The conversation shows that Mother Gothel tries to ask Rapunzel about
what she said. It explains that Mother Gothel do not understand about her aim. The
dialogue above is consultative style from the question mark. Mother Gothel used
Uh-huh. What?? Utterance a question to the hearer (Rapunzel). The question mark
also gets answer condition from the partner. In addition, the dialogue shows as the
characteristics of consultative style where there is a word “Oh. Well” that used
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Conversation 5.
Mother Gothel : Oo… you mean the stars.
Rapunzel : That’s the thing. I’ve charted starts and
they’re always constant but these they appear every year on my birthday, mother
only on my birthday. And I can’t help but feel like they’re ….. they’re meant for me. I need to see them mother and not just from
my window. In person, I have to know
what they are.
The women main character (Rapunzel) uses consultative style in dialogue
above can be seen from “they’re ….. they’re” words. Those words explain that
Rapunzel uses repeated word “they’re”, she give a view minutes to break before
she continue the dialogue when she tries to explain more what she mean to her
mother. It also can represent and her mother can understand the information with
explains from Rapunzel. This conversation also used semi-formal language like
daily conversations.
Conversation 6.
Flynn Rider : Huh? (After some unsuccessful attempts,
Rapunzel eventually hides Flynn in closet,
shutting it with a chair)
Rapunzel :Okay, okay, okay. I’ve got a person in my
The characteristics of consultative style reflected in these conversations,
that dialogue between Flynn Rider and Rapunzel occurred in her house. Rapunzel
used “Okay, okay, okay. I’ve got a person in my closet. I’ve got a person in my
closet. I’ve got a person in my closet!!” words. It is response means to express her
resentment to Flynn Rider. In addition she also speak “Well…..……..hmmm
hmmm…….. Tell that to my frying pan. Huh??” but there is no responses from
Flynn Rider. It explains also she has assumption about something which it will be
better.
Conversation 7.
Mother Gothel : I hope you’re not still talking about the
stars.
Rapunzel : „Floating Lights’ and yes,I’m leading up to
that and…
Mother Gothel : Because I really thought we dropped the
issue, Sweetheart.
Rapunzel : No mother. I’m just saying, you think I’m
not strong enough to handle myself out
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The consultative style in this conversation can be seen from Rapunzel
respond. Her response using “yes” means agree with whatever of Mother Gothel
statement. But in those conversation “„Floating Lights’ and yes,” with addition
“No mother. I’m just saying, you think I’m not strong enough to handle myself out
there” Rapunzel using those sentences with high sound to emphasize word to explain what she said and “No mother” explain about Rapunzel to protest or
disagree with her mother statement because her mother always forbid her to looks
lanterns at the birthday time. The conversation above shows that the word “I’m
leading up to that and……….” it is also unfinished statement belong to the
Rapunzel tend to use consultative style to deliver the sentences.
Conversation 8.
Rapunzel :Huh. Okay Flynn Rider, I’m prepared to offer you a deal.
Flynn Rider : Deal??
The utterance above is consultative style, it is showed from Rapunzel
speak “Huh. Okay Flynn Rider”and “I’m prepared to offer you a deal”. Rapunzel
used “Huh. Okay Flynn Rider” it is belong she was already understand about her
partner said. And then when Rapunzel says “I’m prepared to offer you a deal”, it
is means she agree with her partner opinion and she also speak sound less with
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Conversation 9.
Vladimir : What about me? I’m broke. ( Clamour )
Rapunzel : Please, stop!
This conversation shows that between Vladimir and rapunzel. Vladimir
tries to ask Rapunzel about himself condition and his speak with sound high. But
the utterance stated above is consultative style can see of short response from
Rapunzel, she only answer “Please, stop!” to Vladimir. It means that Rapunzel
already understand about complaint of Vladimir when his broke. Rapunzel says
“Please, stop!” because she was no yet has an idea or solution to solve his
problem. Those conversations of I’m broke means gives information and the
feedback give short response “Please, stop!” to answers it.
Conversation 10.
Shorty : I got a dream, I got some dream, I …..
Oooooh, somebody get me a glass, coz I
just found me a tall drink of water.
Mother Gothel : Oh, stop it you big lug. A ha ha ha ha ha.
Where’s that tunnel led out??
Shorty : Knife!!
The conversation above Mother Gothel uses response “Oh, stop it you big
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consultative style to give response from hearer to speaker. And the sentences
“where’s that tunnel led out??” , explain that a question mark (?) from some
initials is “where” . It means Mother Gothel as a hearer asks to Shorty about tunnel
led out, and Shorty answers with short responses. Consultative situation usually
describe or explain question and answer with aim to get some information,
suggestion and assumption from partner in this consulting.
Conversation 11.
Rapunzel : This is all my fault. She was right, I never should
have done this. I’m so…. I’m so sorry, Flynn. Flynn Rider : Eugene.
Rapunzel : What?
Flynn Rider : My real name is Eugene Fitzherbert.
Someone might as well know.
The utterance above tells that Rapunzel said “I’m so…. I’m so sorry,
Flynn”. It explains that Rapunzel to feel has a mistake to Flynn Rider, so she said
I’m so sorry. In addition, Rapunzel also said “what?” with sound less. It is
consultative style, that utterance „what?” explain that Rapunzel to feel confuse
and do not understand with the Flynn Rider said. So Rapunzel used “what?” word
to get information or explains from Flynn about he said. Those conversations used
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This consultative situation is used semi-formal and consultative always consulting
between two people that have a proved question and answer.
Conversation 12.
Mother Gothel : There. It never happened. Now, wash up for
dinner. I’m making hazelnut soup.
Huh. I really did try, Rapunzel. I tried to
warn you what out there. The world is dark
and selfish and cruel. If it finds even the
slightest ray of sunshine, it destroys it.
Rapunzel : (realizes she was the lost princess) Agh…!!!
Those utterances stated above are consultative style. Mother Gothel said
“The world is dark and selfish and cruel. If it finds even the slightest ray of
sunshine, it destroys it” it is means she tries explain to Rapunzel about the world.
Mother Gothel also said “Rapunzel, I tried to warn you what out there” , that
sentence in order to clear up to Rapunzel what her mother said. This conversation
Rapunzel as a hearer and she was get information from her mother. And Rapunzel
only give short response like “Agh… !!!” she said that with angry expression.
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4.1.1.4 Casual Style
Casual style almost same with the consultative style. Casual style usually
conversation between friends or colleagues or sometimes member of family.
Casual style is mostly used by the characters in movie. In casual style have two
features there are ellipsis and slang word. In casual style usually also use daily
language or informal language.
Conversation 1.
Mother Gothel : I love you most (Kisses Rapunzel forehead)
Don’t forget it, you’ll regret it. Mother knows best!! Rapunzel!! I’ll see you in a
bit, my flower.
Rapunzel : I’ll be here.
Those utterance tell when Mother Gothel said “Don’t forget it, you’ll
regret it” it means that Mother Gothel remind Rapunzel about something. She said
forget it and regret it to Rapunzel it is meaning for warning from Mother Gothel
because her child always asks to leave from tower house. Moreover Mother Gothel
also uses “my flower” when said to Rapunzel that is explain when Mother Gothel
give advice and persuasion use it words to make calm her child. And Rapunzel
only give short respect to her mother with disappointed shape face. From these
sentences it can be seen the use of slang is appear in those conversation. The
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Conversation 2.
Rapunzel : I know what I’m saying (puts hand on
chair).
Mother Gothel : Rapunzel
Rapunzel : Oh, come on.
Mother Gothel : Enough of the lights Rapunzel!! You are
not leaving this tower. Ever!!
The conversation between Rapunzel and Mother Gothel above called
casual style. Casual style that is used by Rapunzel said “I know what I’m saying”
utterance. Casual style is used by close relation participant and chat something
informal. It is tells the situation is just making the partner understands with
speaker are talking about. In this situation, Rapunzel speak to her mother with
sound less and uses emphasize sentences. In addition, Mother Gothel receives her
child with fed up intonation and she said “Enough of the lights Rapunzel!! You are
not leaving this tower. Ever!!” utterance. From the conversation above it show
that the situation reflected that Mother Gothel give the forbid response to
Rapunzel.
Conversation 3.
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Rapunzel : All I was gonna say, mother, is that, I know
what I want for my birthday now.
The conversation above indicates casual style because that situation is less
formality when Mother Gothel says “Now I’m the bad guy”. She called herself by
saying bad guy to Rapunzel, actually the use of the sentence to indicate the
participant has close relationship but it is not appropriated to use because the real
life has the higher status than her child. Although Mother Gothel already says bad
guy for herself, but Rapunzel decided disagree with her mother and she answers
“all I was gonna say, mother, is that, I know what I want for my birthday now”. It
means Rapunzel just give information to her mother about what she fells.
Conversation 4.
Mother Gothel : Ugh.. You’re sure you’ll be all right on
your own?
Rapunzel : I know I’m safeas long as I’m here.
The casual style is proved from “You’re sure you’ll be all right on your
own?” utterance. The utterance explains Mother Gothel asks to Rapunzel about her conviction. Sound less of formality the sentences you’re it should be change
W u l a n d a r i | 42
and this style belong to casual style. When Mother Gothel wants to help her child
to control her ability, she answer with confident and said I’m safe as long as I’m
here.
Conversation 5.
Rapunzel :I know why you’re here, and I’m not afraid of you. Flynn Rider : What??
The casual style reflects in the situation above it happens in her tower
home when her mother goes home. From Rapunzel utterance “ I know why you’re
here, and I’m not afraid of you”, she said that to Flynn Rider. It is explain that
Rapunzel want to give her suggestion to Flynn about his purpose come in her
tower home. But Flynn Rider confuses with what she said, so he only answers
with short response and said “what?” to Rapunzel. Casual style is used by close
relation participants and chat something informal situation.
Conversation 6.
Rapunzel : Who are you, and how did you find me?
Flynn Rider : Mm hm… I know not who you are, not how I came
to find you, but may I just say…. Hi. How ya
doin’?The name’s Flynn Rider. How’s your
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From those conversation about Rapunzel and Flynn Rider, they not each
other meet before. So Rapunzel asks to him and said “Who are you, and how did
you find me?”. It is means that Rapunzel asks him to get some information about
what his name and how his find Rapunzel in her tower home did. It tells also the
situation is informal and just making the listener or partner speak understand what
Rapunzel talking about so he want give those some information to Rapunzel. In
addition those utterance use slang words and it is to indicate one of feature casual
style. It can be seen when Flynn Rider give response to Rapunzel asks and he tries
to introduce himself by using informal sentences and he said Hi. How ya doin’?
The name’s Flynn Rider. These characteristics belong to casual style.
Conversation 7.
Mother Gothel : Oh, my precious girl.
Rapunzel : Mother.
Mother Gothel : Are you all right? Are you hurt?
The utterance classified as casual style that can be seen when Mother
Gothel said “Oh, my precious girl” to Rapunzel. Mother Gothel use precious girl
to express that she really to love her child. Rapunzel give short response and said
“mother” with sound less and she to embrace her mother. That it is shows if
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can make someone be happiness like Mother Gothel doing. The casual style also
occurred between Mother Gothel and Rapunzel because they have close
relationship.
4.1.1.5 Intimate Style
Intimate style usually conversation or talk with family, beloved one’s and
very close friends. According Joos (1976) said normally the intimate style is used
in pair. Intimate style is an intimate utterance avoids giving the addressee
information outside of the speakers. Jargon is an included of systematic feature in
intimate style.
Conversation 1.
Mother Gothel : Uh, Rapunzel!! How you manage to do that
every single day without fail!! It looks
absolutely exhausting, darling.
Rapunzel : Oh, it’s nothing.
Those conversation includes an intimate style because the dialogue
between Mother Gothel and Rapunzel in an informal situation. In this data can be
finding from “it looks absolutely exhausting, darling” utterance. Those utterances
mean that they are really close relationship. Mother Gothel said darling to called
Rapunzel and the setting is take place in the tower home. The distinction styles
