Kuliah ... Sejarah Filsafat

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SEJARAH FILSAFAT

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Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan

•• Pemikiran filsafat banyakPemikiran filsafat banyak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan

•• Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India,Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India, Cina) muncul → sifat yg

Cina) muncul → sifat yg religiusreligius •• Di Di uunani (nani (mitos), mitos), India India (!e(!eda,da,

"indu), Cina (confusius) "indu), Cina (confusius) •• Barat# mitos → diganti rasioBarat# mitos → diganti rasio •• India# tidak pernah lepasIndia# tidak pernah lepas

induknya → $gama "in induknya → $gama "indudu

•• Pembagian periodisasi filsafatPembagian periodisasi filsafat Barat → %aman (&uno, $bad Barat → %aman (&uno, $bad Pertengahan, 'odern, &ini) Pertengahan, 'odern, &ini) •• Pembagian periodisasi filsafatPembagian periodisasi filsafat

Cina → %aman (&uno, Cina → %aman (&uno,

Pembaruan, eo&onfusionisme, Pembaruan, eo&onfusionisme, 'odern)

'odern)

•• Pembagian periodisasi filsafatPembagian periodisasi filsafat India → periode (!eda,

India → periode (!eda, !i

!iracarita, *utra*utra, racarita, *utra*utra, *kolastik)*kolastik) •• Periode +ilsafat unani → sangatPeriode +ilsafat unani → sangat

penting → menadi

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Historisitas

•• Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi

Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga,

tiga,

yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri

pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris

•• Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri

Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri

pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris

•• Zaman odern dengan ciri pemikirannya

Zaman odern dengan ciri pemikirannya

yang bercorak antroposentris

•• Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri

Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri

pemikiran logosentris!

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-$I  &-. /*' ' I 0 . * +I1*$+$0 2*'  /' 1 . 3 . * $B$D 043$" 56' 0"4.1.3I $ ( C I 1 1 $ 0 " 4 . 1 . 3 I $ 4 $B$D '.D47 58' 59' $B$D &.04'P.747 :;' 565<' 7 4 ( $ I * * $ ( C 4 $ - + & 1 $ 7 - ( 3 7 $ * I . ( $ 1 I * ' 4 4 ' P I 7 I * ' 4 & 7 I 0 I * I * ' 4 I D 4 $ 1 I * ' 4 P . * I 0 I = I * ' 4 + 4 ( . ' 4 ( . 1 . 3 I * 0 7 - & 0 - 7 $ 1 I * ' 4 ( 4 . P . * I 0 I = I * ' 4 +$&0.7 "4-7I*0I& I1'- C$B$3 $3$'$ +I1*$+$0 +I1*$+$0 BI.1.3I $*07..'I '$04'$0I&$ +I*I&$ &I'I$ *.*I.1.3I &.'P-047 P$7I!I*$0$ D11>

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YUNANI KUNO

MITOS ... - 6SM

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FILSAFAT FILSAFAT Phylo ? menyenangi *ophia ? biaksana MITOLOGI Dongeng, 0akhayul Pertanyaan timbul (ingin tahu) D4'I0.1.3I Dipikirkan (secara kritis) LOGOS (ilmu)

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$pakah ARCHE_{dari segala sesuatu yang ada @} 0hales (/:6  <68 *') $naAimander (/5;  <58 *') $naAimanes (<9;  <58 *') Phytagoras (<8;  <;; *') Demokritos (6/;  2; *') $I7 $P4I7. -D$7$ BI1$3$ $0.'

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*.C7$04* (6/9  299*') P1$0. (6:  26 *') $7I*0.0414* (286  2:: *') Dialektika 7asionalisme 'etafisika 1ogika Biologi 4mpirisme

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• "bad # S $ % 

 Periode +ilsafat unani  $hli filsafatnya 0hales  'enggunakan pola

deduktif

 &emunculan ilmu sangat berkembang

• "bad % $ # 

 Periode &elahiran abi Isa  Pertentangan 3erea  +ilsafat mengalami kemunduran  7aa membatasi kebebasan berfikir

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ABAD PERTENGAHAN

$CI11$ 0"4.1.3I$4

ABAD KEGELAPAN

BAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN

D.3'$ D.3'$ D.3'$ D.3'$ D.3'$ D.3'$ D.3'$ D.3'$ D.3'$

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RENAISSANCE

AUFKLARUNG

(P4C47$"$)

56  5< '$*4"I 58 '$*4"I P47'-1$$ $B$D '.D47 14.$7D. D$ =ICI C.P47IC-* &4P147 3$1I14. 3$1I14I +7$CI* B$C. =.10$I74 > 7.-**4$- '.04*E-I4-I''$-41 &$0

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AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN

$3$'$ DI D$*$7I &4$&I$ (&4I'$$)

+I1*$+$0 DI D$*$7I .14" .1$" PI&I7 (*4&-1$7I*$*I) 7$*I.$1I*'4

4'PI7I*'4 &7I0I*I*'4 ID4$1I*'4 P.*I0I=I*'4

0-'B-" I1'-I1'- C$B$3 (F'4I33$1&$ +I1*$+$0G) BI.1.3I $*07..'I '$04'$0I&$ +I*I&$ &I'I$ *.*I.1.3I

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perkembangan

• "bad #  ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan dongeng&dongeng!

• "bad #&'#  ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin teologis atau anciella theologia! (ilsafat

digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama! • "bad '# zaman modern yang ditandai dengan

renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan!

• "bad )% atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis

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Mythlgy

_{"im of early *reek philosophers is to find}

natural rather than supernatural e+planations for natural practices

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Natural Ph!l"#her"

_{ature of the physical -orld} _Science

_{.hales $ #)/01 $ /2/01 $ *reek colony in "sia}

inor $ first kno- philosopher $ e3erything from -ater $ single basic substance

_{"na+imander $ #'%&/2# 01 $ all created things}

are limited $ that -hich comes before and after must be 4boundless5 & basic stuff could not be as ordinary as -ater

_{"na+imenes $ /6%&/)# 01 $ source of all things}

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Dem$r!tu"

_{2#%&76% 01}

_{4e3erything -as built up of tiny in3isible blocks5 8p!}

279

_{:ach block -as eternal and immutable} _{firm and solid}

_{not all the same $ different shapes and sizes} _{unlimited number}

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H% a$$urate !" Dem$r!tu"

thery t %hat %e &n% t'ay(

_{"toms theory still e+ists}

_{P! ;2 $ the lego horse $ Plato<s idea of the}

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Athen" ) $!r$a *+,

B-_{41ultural center of the *reek -orld!5 8p! #'9} _{(ocus changed from natural philosophy to}

4the indi3idual and the indi3idual<s place in society!5 8p! #)9

_{>emocracy e3ol3ed}

_{"rt of rhetoric $ 4saying things in a}

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Prm!nent Ph!l"#her"

• Sophist $ 4a -ise and informed person5 8p! #)9 $ 4 man and his place in society5 8p! #)95

• 4o absolute norms for -hat -as right or -rong!5 8p! #79

• Protogoras 82;/&2'% 019 4an is the measure of all things5 8p! #)9

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S$rate"

_{26%&7?? 01}

_{there are norms}

_{-rote nothing do-n}

_{greatest influence on -estern thinking} _{taught in the city s@uares}

_{kno-n to us through Plato<s -ritings} _{-e must use our reason to grasp}

4philosophical truths5 p! #/

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S$rate"

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Plat

_{2);&726 01}

_{Pupil of Socrates} _{theory of ideas}

_{yth of the ca3e $}

denies the reality of the natural -orld

_{=e must become}

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Myth . the -a/e

_(rom _{The Republic}

_{=hat -e take in -ith our senses is not real,}

but rather a poor copy of it $ -e see only shado-s $ imprisoned by our senses $ the shado-s are less real than the actual

_{Should take in the -orld intellectually} _{Agnorance is likened to imprisonment}

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Plat an'

Ar!"ttle

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Ar!"ttle

_{7;2&7)) 01}

_{student of Plato}

_{:lemental theory $ fire, -ater, -ind, earth} _{Bejected PlatoCs 4-orld of ideas5}

_{Senses are important} _{=omen as inferior}

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Me'!e/al0Bar1ue

 achia3elli $ '2#?&'/)6 $ control populace $

politics, go3ernment & t-o books, .he Prince is still used today in politics 8Stalin really liked .he Prince9

 Spinoza $ '#7)&'#66 & in *od 8one

substance9 tolerance and free thought $ 4Bationalist ystic5

 Hobbes $ '/;;&'#6? $ materialist $ natural

-orld $ political thinking & .he De3iathan $ 4.he 3alue or -orth of a man is, as of all things, his price!5

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TH2MAS H2BBES

3+4453678

• 4"lam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat

korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman5

• Yang ada hanyalah materi,

• Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia, adalah mesin

• Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang ada dalam kepala manusia!

• Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya setelah mengunjungi *alileo!

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 Docke $ '#7)&'6%2 $ father of empiricism

and liberalism, education! 4"ll mankind is good and ought not to harm one another!5 4o man<s kno-ledge here can go beyond his e+periences!5

 Hume $ '6''&'66# $ nothing is certain

8comple+ity9, empiricist, take actions because of morals

 Deibniz $ '#2# $ '6'# $ rationalist $

borro-ed reality $ 4.here is a reason -hy e3ery fact is as it is and not other-ise!5 $ calculus 8Deibniz or e-ton9

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E9!"tent!al!"m0M'ern!"m

 Kierkegaard $ ';'7&';// $ father of e+istentialism &

indi3idual finds o-n identity a problem $ mystery of o-n e+istence

 de0eau3oir & '?%;&'?;# $ (rench e+istentialist $

Sartre & feminism

 Sartre $ '?%/&'?;% $ fate doesnCt e+ist $ man is

-hat he concei3es himself to be 4Hell is other people!5

 >escartes $ '/?#&'#/% $ father of modern

philosophy $ method of doubt & 41ogito ergo sum & A think therefore A am!5

 1amus$ '?'7&'?#% $ (rench -riter $ absurd that

humans demand significance in an indifferent

uni3erse & 4an is the only creature -ho refuses to be -hat he is!5