i v
T C A R T S B A
i n i a r g g n
A ,T. .G (2015) TheAnalysi sofCode-SwtichingPhenomenain i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs.Yogyakatra :SanataDharmaUniverstiy.
e h t f o e n o s i a i s e n o d n
I countire swtih mulitilngua lsociety .Indonesians d
n e
t to mix t wo l anguagesi n t heridaliycommunicaitons .Duet o tis um litilngua l stiuaiton , a socioilnguisitc phenomenon called code-swtiching happened in
a i s e n o d n
I .Code-swtiching i sa proces so fpeople to swtich one language to ,
h g u a h d r a W ( e g a u g n a l r e h t o n
a 2010 .)
y n a m n
I o fIndonesian’ sbig ciites ,Engilsh i staugh ta sa compulsory .
s l o o h c s n i t c e j b u
s MostI ndonesians aref amiila rt o Engilsh frislty a sal essoni n l
o o h c
s .Engilshi sacompulsorysubjec tatjunio rhighschool ;butt hech lidrenare o
s l
a inrtoduced to Engilsh through television programs. Since they are famiila r h
ti
w Engilsh ,they star tto code-swtich .Finally ,people a tthe regiona ldist irc t e
d o c e h t y p o
c -swtiching habi tdone by the people from big ciites .Nowadays , e
l p o e
p code-swticht heirl ocallanguages ,no tonlyBahasaI ndonesiat oEngilsh. e
z y l a n a h c r a e s e r s i h
T s the code-swtiching phenomena in 3 2 campursa ir s
g n o
s .Thi sresearch had two research quesiton sto be answered .They were 1 ) e
d o c f o s e p y t e h t e r a t a h
w -swtiching i n campursari songs? and 2 )wha taret he e
d o c r o f s n o s a e r e l b i s s o
p -swtichingi ncampursarisongs? s
a w d e s u d o h t e m e h
T socioilnguisitcsanalysis(Holmes ,1992) ,qualtiaitve h
c r a e s e
r (Denzin & Lincoln ,2005) ,and content analysi s(Fraenkel and Wallen , )
8 0 0
2 .Thep irmaryinsrtumen twast hewrtie.rI nordert oassistt hedatagatheirng , e
h
t wrtie rused observaiton checkilst developed based on McCormick (1994 ) s
e ir o e h
t .Thestepst o conductthisr esearch werechoosing t hesongs ,making t he ’
g n o s e h t f o t p ir c s n a
rt s ly ircs , ilsitngt hesentence swhichcontaincode-swtiching , e
d o c f o s e p y t e h t f o t s il k c e h c e h t g n il li
f -swtiching ,andf liilngt hecheckils toft he e
d o c r o f s n o s a e r e l b i s s o
p -swtiching, analyzing the data , and making the .s
n o i s u l c n o c
n if e h
T ding s showed tha t there were 4 7 code-swtiching cases in 3 2 i
r a s r u p m a
c songs .Thewrtierf oundt hatt hemostf requen tcode-swtichingt ypei n i
r a s r u p m a
c song swere metapho irc and single-word code-swtiching .The mos t s
n o s a e r e l b i s s o p t n e u q e r
f fo rcode-swtichingi nthoses ong swast hearitsitcaspect. e
d o
C -swtiching can enhance Engilsh learning process .I tcan boos tthe e
t a ir p o r p p a e h t n e h w s s e c o r p g n i n r a e
l code-swtiching wtih correct Engilsh i s d
e t n e s e r
p to t hel earners .Learner scan possibly learn moref romt heuseo fcorrect r
a m m a r g d n a , y r a l u b a c o v , n o it a i c n u n o r
p from t he code-swtichi .ngOtherwise , the e d o c t c e r r o c n i r o e t a ir p o r p p a n i e h t f o e s u a c e b d e r e d n i h e b n a c s s e c o r p g n i n r a e
l
. g n i h c ti w s
: s d r o w y e
ii v
K A R T S B A i
n i a r g g n
A ,T. .G (2015) TheAnalysi sofCode-SwtichingPhenomena in i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs .Yogyakatra :UniverstiasSanataDharma
s h a l a s n a k a p u r e m a i s e n o d n
I atu negara dengan etni syang beragam ,ha l i
n
i mendukung adanya masyaraka tyang mulitilngua .l Masyarakat Indonesia g
n u r e d n e
c menggunakan dua bahasa dalam percakapan seha ir-har i mereka. n
a g n e
D masyaraka tyang mulitilngual, terjadliah suatu f enomena ilnguisitkyang t
u b e s i
d a -ilh kode . Ailh-kode merupakan suatu proses dimana pembicara e
k a s a h a b u t a u s n a k h il a g n e
m bahasal ain(Wardhaugh ,2010 .)
a t o k k a y n a b i
D besa rdiIndonesia ,Bahasa Inggri sdiajarkan sebagai h
a u b e
s m ata pelajaran waijb d isekolah .Kebanyakan orang Indonesia famiila r a
n e r a k s i r g g n I a s a h a b n a g n e
d Bahasa Inggri smerupakan mata pelajaran wa ijb k
a j e
s Sekolah Menengah Pertama ,bahkan anak-anak sudah mulai mengenal Bahasa Inggris dar iprogram televise. Karena semakin akrab dengan Bahasa
t a k a r a y s a m , s i r g g n
I mulai melakukan a -ilh kode . Awalnya masyarakat hanya h
il a g n e
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s a h a
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e n e
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s a h a b r e
b Jawa .Terdapa tduabuahpe tranyaanyang akan djiawabd ipeneilitan h
il a e p it ) 1 i n
i -kodeapa saja yang t erdapa tdilagu campursari? 2 )kemungkinan h
il a n a s a l
a -kodeapas ajayangt erdapa td ilagucampursari?
s i s il a n a h a l a d a i n i n a it il e n e p n a k u k a l e m k u t n u n a k a n u g i d g n a y e d o t e M
k it s i u g n il o i s o
s (Holmes ,1992) ,peneilitan kualtiait f(Denzin & Lincoln ,2005) , n
a
d anailsi skonten (Fraenkel and Wallen ,2008). Instrumen utamanya adalah n
a k a n u g g n e m a g u j s il u n e P . i r i d n e s a y n s il u n e
p observaiton check ilst yang
i r o e t i r a d n a k g n a b m e k i
d Holmes( 1992)danMcCromick( 1994)untukmembantu k
a l e m s il u n e P . a t a d n a k l u p m u g n e
m ukan beberapa langkah untuk melakukan
e
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a k u m e ti
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il
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t n a s a l a n a n i k g n u m e k n a k u m e n e m s il u n e
P rbesa r untuk ailh-kode d i lagu
i r a s r u p m a
c tersebu tadalahalasanaritsitk . m
t a p a d e d o k h il
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n u d n a g n e
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P tanggal :24Ap ir l2 5 01
, n a k a t a y n e m g n a Y
a k i
i v
T C A R T S B A
i n i a r g g n
A ,T. .G (2015) TheAnalysi sofCode-SwtichingPhenomenain i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs.Yogyakatra :SanataDharmaUniverstiy.
e h t f o e n o s i a i s e n o d n
I countire swtih mulitilngua lsociety .Indonesians d
n e
t to mix t wo l anguagesi n t heridaliycommunicaitons .Duet o tis um litilngua l stiuaiton , a socioilnguisitc phenomenon called code-swtiching happened in
a i s e n o d n
I .Code-swtiching i sa proces so fpeople to swtich one language to ,
h g u a h d r a W ( e g a u g n a l r e h t o n
a 2010 .)
y n a m n
I o fIndonesian’ sbig ciites ,Engilsh i staugh ta sa compulsory .
s l o o h c s n i t c e j b u
s MostI ndonesians aref amiila rt o Engilsh frislty a sal essoni n l
o o h c
s .Engilshi sacompulsorysubjec tatjunio rhighschool ;butt hech lidrenare d
o rt n i o s l
a uced to Engilsh through television programs. Since they are famiila r h
ti
w Engilsh ,they star tto code-swtich .Finally ,people a tthe regiona ldist irc t e
d o c e h t y p o
c -swtiching habi tdone by the people from big ciites .Nowadays , e
l p o e
p code-swticht heril ocal languages ,no tonlyBahasaI ndonesiat oEngilsh. e
z y l a n a h c r a e s e r s i h
T s the code-swtiching phenomena in 3 2 campursa ir s
g n o
s .Thi sresearch had two research quesiton sto be answered .They were 1 ) e
d o c f o s e p y t e h t e r a t a h
w -swtiching i n campursari songs? and 2 )wha taret he e
d o c r o f s n o s a e r e l b i s s o
p -swtichingi ncampursarisongs? s
a w d e s u d o h t e m e h
T socioilnguisitcsanalysis(Holmes ,1992) ,qualtiaitve h
c r a e s e
r (Denzin & Lincoln ,2005) ,and content analysi s(Fraenkel and Wallen , )
8 0 0
2 .Thep irmaryinsrtumen twast hewrtie.rI nordert oassistt hedatagatheirng , e
h
t wrtie rused observaiton checkilst developed based on McCormick (1994 ) s
e ir o e h
t .Thestepst o conductthisr esearch werechoosingt hesongs ,making t he ’
g n o s e h t f o t p ir c s n a
rt s ly ircs , ilsitngt hesentence swhichcontaincode-swtiching , e
d o c f o s e p y t e h t f o t s il k c e h c e h t g n il li
f -swtiching ,andf liilngt hecheckils toft he e
d o c r o f s n o s a e r e l b i s s o
p -swtiching, analyzing the data , and making the .s
n o i s u l c n o c
n if e h
T ding s showed tha t there were 74 code-swtiching cases in 3 2 i
r a s r u p m a
c songs .Thewrtierf oundt hatt hemostf requen tcode-swtichingt ypei n i
r a s r u p m a
c song swere metapho irc and single-word code-swtiching .The mos t s
n o s a e r e l b i s s o p t n e u q e r
f fo rcode-swtichingi nthoses ong swast hearitsitcaspect. e
d o
C -swtiching can enhance Engilsh learning process .I tcan boos tthe e
t a ir p o r p p a e h t n e h w s s e c o r p g n i n r a e
l code-swtiching wtih correct Engilsh i s d
e t n e s e r
p to t hel earners .Learner scan possibly learn moref romt heuseo fcorrect r
a m m a r g d n a , y r a l u b a c o v , n o it a i c n u n o r
p from t he code-swtichi .ngOtherwise , the e d o c t c e r r o c n i r o e t a ir p o r p p a n i e h t f o e s u a c e b d e r e d n i h e b n a c s s e c o r p g n i n r a e
l
. g n i h c ti w s
: s d r o w y e
ii v
K A R T S B A
i n i a r g g n
A ,T. .G (2015) TheAnalysi sofCode-SwtichingPhenomena in i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs .Yogyakatra :UniverstiasSanataDharma s
h a l a s n a k a p u r e m a i s e n o d n
I atu negara dengan etni syang beragam ,ha l i
n
i mendukung adanya masyaraka tyang mulitilngua .l Masyarakat Indonesia g
n u r e d n e
c menggunakan dua bahasa dalam percakapan seha ir-har i mereka. n
a g n e
D masyaraka tyang mulitilngual, terjadliah suatu f enomena ilnguisitkyang t
u b e s i
d a -ilh kode . Ailh-kode merupakan suatu proses dimana pembicara e
k a s a h a b u t a u s n a k h il a g n e
m bahasal ain(Wardhaugh ,2010 .) a
t o k k a y n a b i
D besa rdiIndonesia ,Bahasa Inggri sdiajarkan sebagai h
a u b e
s m ata pelajaran waijb d isekolah .Kebanyakan orang Indonesia famiila r a
n e r a k s i r g g n I a s a h a b n a g n e
d Bahasa Inggri smerupakan mata pelajaran wa ijb k
a j e
s Sekolah Menengah Pertama ,bahkan anak-anak sudah mulai mengenal Bahasa Inggris dar iprogram televise. Karena semakin akrab dengan Bahasa
t a k a r a y s a m , s i r g g n
I mulai melakukan a -ilh kode . Awalnya masyarakat hanya h
il a g n e
m -kode Bahasa Indonesia ke Bahasa Inggris ,sekarang bahasa daerah ; a
s a h a
B Jawapundiailh-kode ek BahasaInggris . l
e n e
P iitan in i menganailsa fenomena a hil -kode d i lagu campursa ir a
s a h a b r e
b Jawa .Terdapa tduabuahpe tranyaanyang akan djiawabd ipeneilitan h
il a e p it ) 1 i n
i -kodeapa saja yang t erdapa tdilagu campursari? 2 )kemungkinan h
il a n a s a l
a -kodeapas ajayangt erdapa td ilagucampursari?
s i s il a n a h a l a d a i n i n a it il e n e p n a k u k a l e m k u t n u n a k a n u g i d g n a y e d o t e M
k it s i u g n il o i s o
s (Holmes ,1992) ,peneilitan kualtiait f(Denzin & Lincoln ,2005) , n
a
d anailsi skonten (Fraenkel and Wallen ,2008). Instrumen utamanya adalah n
a k a n u g g n e m a g u j s il u n e P . i r i d n e s a y n s il u n e
p observaiton check ilst yang
i r o e t i r a d n a k g n a b m e k i
d Holmes( 1992)danMcCromick( 1994)untukmembantu k
a l e m s il u n e P . a t a d n a k l u p m u g n e
m ukan beberapa langkah untuk melakukan e
p neilitan ini ,yatiu memiilh lagu- ulag ,membua ttranskrip lriik lagu ,mendata t
a m il a
k -kailma tyang mengandung a ilh-kode ,mengis icheckilst jeni sailh-kode , i
s i g n e
m checkilst kemungkinan alasan ailh-kode ,menganailsa hasi lpeneilitan , n
a
d membuatkesimpulan . n
a k u m e ti
D 4 h7 a -il koded i3 2lagu campursari. Penuil smenemukan j eni s h
il
a -kode terbanyak d i lagu campursari adalah metapho irc code-swtiching . e
t n a s a l a n a n i k g n u m e k n a k u m e n e m s il u n e
P rbesa r untuk ailh-kode d i lagu
i r a s r u p m a
c tersebu tadalahalasanaritsitk . m
t a p a d e d o k h il
A eningkatkanprose spembelajaranBahasa I nggris .A hil -e
d o
k dapa tmendukung pembelajaran Bahasa Inggri sapablia ha -il kode tersebu t g
n u d n a g n e
m Bahasa Inggri syang t epat .Pelaja rdapa tbelajar lebih cepat d ari n
a a n u g g n e
p pelafalan ,kosakata ,dant ataBahasaI nggri syangbenar ho le pelaku h
il
a -kode .Seba ilknya ,ailh-kodedapa tmenghamba tprose spembelajaranapab lia BahasaI nggri syangdipaparkan itdakt epa.t
: i c n u k a t a
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T
S TEMENTOFWORK’SORIGINALITY ... iv I
S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ...........................................v T
C A R T S B
A ... vi K
A R T S B
A ...............................................................................................................v i i S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ...v i ii S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... xi S
E L B A T F O T S I
L ... ix i A
F O T S I
L PPENDICES ...x ii i
N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H C
.
A ResearchBackground ... 1 .
B ResearchProblems ... 4 n
o it a ti m i L m e l b o r P .
C ... 4 s
e v it c e j b O h c r a e s e R .
D ... 4 s
ti f e n e B h c r a e s e R .
E ... 5 s
m r e T f o n o it i n if e D .
F ... 6
I I R E T P A H
C . REVIEWONRELATEDLITERATURE n
o it p ir c s e D l a c it e r o e h T .
A ... 7 .
1 Mulitilnguailsm ... 7 .
2 Biilngua mil s ... 8 .
3 Code-Swtiching ... 9 .
a TheNatureo fCode-Swtiching ... 9 .
b TheType so fCode-Swtiching... 12 e
d o C r o f s n o s a e R e l b i s s o P e h T .
c -Swtiching ... 16 .. k
r o w e m a r F l a c it e r o e h T .
x I
I I R E T P A H
C . METHODOLOGY .
A ResearchMethod ... 23 g
n it t e S h c r a e s e R .
B ... 24 C .ResearchSubjects ... 24 D .InsrtumentsandDataGathe irngTechnique ... 25 E .DataAnalysi sTechnique ... 72 F .ResearchProcedure ... 82
V I R E T P A H
C . RESEARCHFINDINGSANDDISCUSSION .
A TheType so fCode-Swtiching ................................................................31 .
1 Meaning-BasedSwtiching ... 32 .
a Diglossia ... 32 .
b Stiuaitona lCode-Swtiching... 34 .
c Metapho ircCode-Swtiching ... 53 .
2 Srtuctural-BasedSwtiching ... 7....3 .
a Conversaitona lCode-Swtiching ... 73 .
b Single-WordCode-Swtiching ... 83 d
r o w n a o L d e t a r g e t n I .
c ... 40 ..
e h T .
B PossibleReasonsf o rCode-Swtiching ... 14 .
1 Lacko fFaclitiy ... 24 .
2 Lacko fRegiste rCompetence ... 44 .
3 Moodo fSpeaker ... 54 .
4 Addres sDfiferen tAudience ... 6..4 5 .Atrtac tAtteniton ... 64 6 .AritsitcAspect... 74
s g n i d n i F r e h t O .
i x V
R E T P A H
C . CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS
A .Conclus s ion ... 51 B .Recommendaitons ... 53
S E C N E R E F E
R ... 5....5
S E C I D N E P P
ii x
S E L B A T F O T S I L
e l b a
T page
e l b a
T 3.1 .TheObservaitonCheckils tofMeaning-basedCode-swtiching in i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs... 27 3
e l b a
T .2.TheObservaitonCheck ils to fSrtuctural-basedCode-swtichingi n i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs... 72 3
e l b a
T .3. TheObservaitonCheckils toft hePossibleReasonsf o rCode-swtiching n
i CampursariSongs ... 72 e
l b a
T 4 1.. Numbe ro fMeaning-basedandSrtuctural-basedCode-swtichingin i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs... 23 e
l b a
T 4.2.Numbe ro fPossibleReasonf o rCode-swtichingPhenomenai n i
r a s r u p m a
ii i x
S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L x
i d n e p p
A P ea g
f o s n o it p ir c s n a r T : 1 X I D N E P P
A t heLy ircsf romCampursariSongsWhich e
d o C n i a t n o
C -SwtichingPhenomena... 60 O
e h T : 2 X I D N E P P
A bservaitonCheckils to fMeaning-basedCode-Swtiching in i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs... 78 X
I D N E P P
A 3 :TheObservaitonCheckils to fSrtuctural-basedCode-Swtiching in i
r a s r u p m a
C Songs... 91 X
I D N E P P
A 4 :TheObservaitonCheckils to fPossibleReasonsf o rCode -n
i g n i h c ti w
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
r e t p a h c s i h
T provide sthe inrtoduciton o fthe chosen topic .Thi schapte r h c r a e s e r , n o it a ti m il m e l b o r p , s m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r , d n u o r g k c a b h c r a e s e r e h t s r e v o c
.s m r e t f o n o it i n if e d d n a , s ti f e n e b h c r a e s e r ,s e v it c e j b o
.
A ResearchBackground
Mulitilnguailsm and biilnguailsm are the socioilnguisitc s event s in a 6
9 9 1 ( r a h d ir S . y t e i c o s l a u g n il it l u
m )a sctied in McKay & Hornberger (1996), e
t a t
s s tha tmos tcount ire sarebiilngual ;wtih mulitilngual-people areusing more e
g a u g n a l e n o n a h
t in thei rcommunicaitons .I n any mulitilngua lcommuniites , e
l p o e
p use more than one language .Grosjean (1989) a sctied in Bhaita and ,)
4 0 0 2 ( e i h c ti
R note s tha t al l o f the mulitilngua l speake 'r s language s are y
l s u o e n a tl u m i
s used and acitvated wheneve rthe speaker speaks ,even in case s .
d e r e t n u o c n e e r a e g a u g n a l e n o y l n o m o r f s m r o f e r e h w
r i e h t h c ti w s y lt c e ri d o t e l p o e p l a u g n il it l u m r o l a u g n il i b r o f e l b i s s o p s i tI
o t e g a u g n a l t s ri
f thei rsecond ort hridl anguage .Thi sphenomenoni scalled code .
g n i h c ti w
s Herk (2012 )states ,“[]i sa common phenomenon when people who s e g a u g n a l ) e r o m r o ( o w t e s u d n a r e h t e g o t t e g e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m e r a h
s r(o
e t a c i n u m m o c o t ) s e d o
c ”. Herk ( 2012 )alsodescirbestha tcode-swtichinghappen s s
a e l t a n e e w t e b e t a n r e tl a e l p o e p n e h
.s e ir a d n u o b e s u a l c r o s e c n e t n e s s s o r c c
a A sswtiching the language ,i ti s n i h ti w e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m f o s t n e m e l e e h t e s u s r e k a e p s e h t t a h t e l b a e c it o n
. e c n e t n e s e n o
n a c l a r u tl u c it l u M . d lr o w e h t n i s e ir t n u o c l a r u tl u c it l u m y n a m e r a e r e h T
e n o d n I . m s il a u g n il it l u m e t o m o r
p siai st hepefrec texampleoft hemulitilnguailsm it
l u m r e p u s s ti e c n i
s cutlurailsm .Nababan (1984 )states tha t ti i savery pubilcly f
o n o n e m o n e h p n o m m o
c Indonesian people using more than one language to s
a h c u s , e t a c i n u m m o
c BahasaI ndonesiaandlocallanguages. Thi scondiitonl ead s e
d o c o
t -swtichingacrosst henaiton. s
’ a i s e n o d n I n
I big ciites ,Engilsh becomesthe thrid language. Indonesian e
s u d n a n r a e
l Engilsh fo rmany speci ifc reasons ,such as fullifilng the job i
d e t s e r e t n i g n i e b , d a o r b a y d u t s o t g n i n n a l p , s t n e m e ri u q e
r nt hel anguage tisefl ,and s
n o s a e r r e h t o y n a
m . Engilsh i salso taugh tin the elementary schools up to e
g e ll o
c s o r universiites in Indonesia . A s the resutl , Engilsh in lfuences n
a i s e n o d n
I s y’w s a ofs peakingi nt hei rdaliycommunicaiton .s p
u o r g y n a m , a i s e n o d n I n
I s o fsocieiteso tfen doI ndonesian-Engilsh code -n
a i s e n o d n I , t s ri F . g n i h c ti w
s -Engilsh code swtiching moslty happen samong the ll
e
w -educated group so fpeople (Nababan ,1984) .The reason i stha tthe well -y
e h t e c n i s h s il g n E o t d e s o p x e r o t h g u a t e r a e l p o e p d e t a c u d
e studied a tschool .
e m o c e b y e h
T famiila rwtih Engilsh vocabulairesand expression swhich t hey can y
li a d r i e h t n i e s
u conversaitons . Othe r group s o f people who tend to do n
a i s e n o d n
r e n g i e r o f t e e m o t m e h t s d n a m e
d o rinternaitona ltou irs tsuch a stou rguide and .)
1 0 0 2 , i d r a h a R ( r e ll e s e s i d n a h c r e
m
d n o c e
S ,Indonesian acknowledge sthe Bahasa Indonesia-Engilsh code -N
. g n i h c ti w
s o , w therei sa new version o fEngilsh co -deswtiching wtih t he l oca l e
s e n a v a J e h T . e g a u g n a
l -Engilsh code- iswtching i s the language phenomenon e
d o c e h t s w o n k y t e i c o s e s e n a v a J . d e s s u c s i
d -swtiching rtend frislty from the a
i s e n o d n I a s a h a
B -Engilsh t hrough t he t elevision ,newspape rand o fcourse daliy n
o it a c i n u m m o
c .TheBahasaI ndonesia- gEn ilshcode-swtichingalso happenint he e
d o c , k c i m m i g w e n e h t s A . s l o d i n a i s e n o d n I y n a m y b s g n o
s -swtichinginsidet he
y
l irc i svery catchy . Thus ,many campursari song-wrtier suse the Javanese -h
s il g n
E code-swtichinginsidet heris ongs . y n a m f o e c n e r r u c c o e h t o t e u
D Javanese-Engilsh code-swtiching a
n e m o n e h
p in t hosesongs, t hewrtie rwasi ntirgued toi dentfiythet ype so fcode -i
s n e p p a h g n i h c ti w
s nt hecampursar isongsandalsot hepossibler eason so fcode -w
h c r a e s e r s i h t , tl u s e r e h t s A . g n i h c ti w
s o uld be able to add informaiton abou t e
d o
c -swtiching phenomenon in the Javanese society into the code-swtiching a
e rl
a dyexistedknowledge. .
B ResearchProblems
e r e h
T a re two research problem sin thi sresearch .The research quesiton s e
w ref ormulatedasf ollows: .
1 Wha tare the type so fcode-swtiching phenomena occur sin campursar i s
g n o s ? .
.
C ProblemLimtia iton
h c r a e s e r s i h
T wa s ilmtied to ifnd ou tthe type sand possible reasons fo e
d o
c -swtiching i n t het argeted campursar isongs .Thewrtie rused 23 campursar i e
s e n a v a J n i a t n o c h c i h w s g n o
s -Engilsh code-swtiching to be analyzed .In those g
n o s e h t , s g n o
s -wrtie ro tfen swtiche s thei rlanguage sfrom Javanese to Engilsh .
a i s e n o d n I a s a h a B o t e s e n a v a J d n
a The research w s a ilmtied only fo r the e
s e n a v a
J -Engilshcode-swtiching. .
D ResearchObjecitves
h c r a e s e r e h t f o s e v it c e j b o e h
T a reasf o llows: .
1 To ifndoutt het ype so fcode-swtichingi ncampursar isongs. .
2 To ifndoutt hepossibler eason sf orcode-swtichingi ncampursar isongs. .
E ResearchBeneftis
.
1 EngilshEducaitonStudyProgramStudents e
b l li w h c r a e s e r s i h
T usefu lfo rthe Engilsh Educaiton Study Program d
e t s e r e t n i e r a o h w s t n e d u t
s in learning abou tcode-swtiching in depth .Thi s s
e
r earch provide s knowledge abou t co -deswtiching . I t wli l elaborate fu trher s
o p d n a s e p y t e h t t u o b a n o it a n a l p x
e sible reasons o fcode-swtiching i n Indonesia .
y t e i c o s e s e n a v a J n i y ll a i c e p s e
.
2 FutureResearchers r e ti r w e h
T hopes thi sresearch can provide sufifcient i nformaiton for t he e
d o c e r u t u
f -swtiching researcher .Thi sresearch will i nsp rie and guide t hefuture s
’ h c r a e s e r s c it s i u g n
il e hnt usias tin ifnding othe rcode-swtiching phenomena yet .
s r e h c a e T h s il g n E . 3
r e ti r w e h
T hopesthisr esearchcan providenewand sufifcienti nformaiton e
h t r o
f Eng ilsh t eacher saboutt henew phenomenaon socioilnguisitc ,especially e
d o
c -swtiching .Thisresearch willi nsp rieEngilsh t eachert osuppo trt hestudent s e
d o c h g u o r h t h s il g n E n i s n o it a c i n u m m o c e r o m g n i o d n
i -swtiching .The Engilsh l
u r r a m m a r g t c e r r o c h ti w s t n e d u t s e h t e d i v o r p n a c s r e h c a e
t es i n ordert o do t he
e d o
c -swtichingpropelry. .
F De ifniitono fTerms
.
1 Code-Swtiching
e t a t s ) 0 1 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a
W s tha tthe term ‘code ’refer sto the paritcula r n o it a c i n u m m o c r o f d e s u m e t s y s a , s e s o o h c n o s r e p a t a h t e g a u g n a l r o t c e l a i d
n e e w t e
b t woo rmoreparites .Codecanbede irvedf romt hes mallestt ot hel onges t s
e d e H . g n i k a e p s n i s e c n a r e tt
u cr sibe tha tcod -e swtichingi saproces swhenpeople .
e d o c r e h t o n a m o r f e d o c e n o g n i h c ti w s n
i According to McCormick (1994 in 4
9 9 1 , r e h s
A ) code-swtichingi s“thej uxtaposiitono felementsf romt wo( o rmore )
. ” s t c e l a i d d n a s e g a u g n a l
.
2 Campursa irSong
r a n o it c i D n a m g n o L o t g n i d r o c c
A y o fContemporary Engilsh ,song si a .
g n i s u o y t a h t s d r o w h ti w c i s u m f o e c e i p t r o h
s Song ist hecommunicaiton media t
a m r o f n i r o y r o t s a s ll e t t a h
t ion t hroughsounds .Songha smanyfunciton ssuch a s d
n a , s d o g e h t g n i s i a r p , g n i n i a tr e t n
e givingi nformaitont ot he ilsteners. ,
) 2 1 0 2 ( a n E o t g n i d r o c c
A campursarii sakindo f rtadiitona lmusicwhich x
i
. e n o t f
o Ena( 2012)s tatest hatcampursa iri sat ypeo fmusicwhichcombinemany t
n e m u rt s n i c i s u
m s ;ilkegamelanast he rtadiitonalJ avanesemusici nsrtument sand n
r e d o m y n a
m musici nsrtuments .Campursa ir si alsoamixo fpentatonict oneand .
e n o t s ’ c i s u m n r e d o m d n a l a n o it i d a rt s n a e m h c i h w , e n o t c i n o t a i
d Campursar ii s
h ti w d e m r o f r e
p gamelan; the rtadiitona l music insrtument ilke gendhang , ,
n o r a s , g n il u r e
s from cenrta lJava and some modern music insrtuments such a s e
n o t c e l
e /keyboard ,gutia,r and drum .s According to Larasat i(2012) ,K iNatro c
i s s a l c f o r e d n u o f t s ri f e h t s i o d b a
S Campursar iwhliedoing hi sJavanesepuppe t s
u o h t n a M . w o h
s in 1993 statrs the modern Campursar iwtih more pop-modern .
e n o t e h t n i e c n e u lf n
i Nowadays ,Campursar ii sgetitngmoreopent oanychange s s
d n a m e d t e k r a m e h t o t g n i d r o c c
a , in t hist hesist hemarke tdemand i sabou tcode .
7 I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
h c s i h
T apte r provides two main points , theoreitca l descirpiton and .
k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h
t Theoreitca l desc irpiton summairzes the descirpiton o f u
g n il it l u
m a mils , t hedescirpitono fbiilnguailsm,t henatureo fcode-swtiching,t he e
d o c f o s e p y
t -swtiching , and the possible reason s fo r code-swtiching. The w
n o it p ir c s e
d i ll be taken from the expetrs ’theo ires .The theoreitca lframework e
z ir a m m u
s s al lmajo rrelated t heo ires ,which wi llassistt he wrtie ransweirng the .
s m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r
n o it p i r c s e D l a c it e r o e h T . A
n o it c n u f n o it p ir c s e d l a c it e r o e h
T s togiveexac texplanaitonanddescirpiton t n e s e r p n o it p ir c s e d l a c it e r o e h T . s i s e h t s i h t f o c i p o t e h t o t d e t a l e r s e ir o e h t e h t f
o s
e h
t descirpiton o fmulitilnguailsm, t he descirpiton o fbiilnguailsm, t henature fo e
d o
c -swtiching ,the type so fcode-swtiching ,and the possible reason sfo rcode -g
n i h c ti w
s .
.
1 Mulitilnguailsm
n i e fi l f o t c a f r o j a m a s e t u ti t s n o c m s il a u g n il ir u l p t a h t t b u o d o n s i e r e h T “
u g n il ir u l P . y a d o t d lr o w e h
t ailsmi sno tsuchar arephenomenon;t hereare, i n f ac t ” .s l a u g n il o n o m e r a e r e h t n a h t d lr o w e h t n i s r e k a e p s l a u g n il it l u m r o l a u g n il i b e r o m
a it a h B
( & Rtichie (2013 ) states the term o f ‘plu irilnguailsm ’ to meniton .
m s il a u g n il it l u m d n a m s il a u g n il i
s i t a h t e g a u g n a l e n o n a h t e r o m e v a h s e ir t n u o
c spokenbys igniifcan tporitonoft he n
o it a l u p o
p s and mos tofl anguage shavesigniifcan tnumber so fspeakers i n more y
rt n u o c e n o n a h
t ”.
u
M litilngua li sthe use o fthree o rmore languages ,which relfect sthe d n a e g d e l w o n k e h t n o h c r a e s e r f o s r a e y t h g i e t s a l e h t r e v o t n e m p o l e v e d c it a m a r d
a l e r o m r o e e r h t f o e s
u nguage s (Bhaita & R tichie (2013) . Mulitilngua l a
s e it i n u m m o
c irsei n numerou sways .Accordingt oEdwardsa sctiedi nBhaita& e
i h c ti
R (2013 ,)t hecontact swtihi mmigrant sandt her esul to fpoilitca lunion can r
a h d ir S o t g n i d r o c c A . y t e i c o s l a u g n il it l u m a e s u a
c (1996), cutlura l contact , a m r o f n a c s r e k a e p s e h t f o s e i c n e d n e t l a c i g o l o n h c e t d n a c if it n e i c s , l a i c r e m m o c
u g n il it l u
m als ociety . 2 8 9 1 ( n a e j s o r
G ) once proposes type so fmulitilnguailsm are as t errtio ira l m
s il a u g n il it l u m f o e l p i c n ir
p and personailty p irnciple o f mulitilnguailsm . l
a ir o ti r r e
T p irnciple o fmulitilnguailsm i swhen mulitilnguailsm happen sin a n
o i g e r/ y rt n u o
c consist s of severa l language groups . Indonesia i sone o fthe .
e p y t m s il a u g n il it l u m s i h t f o s e l p m a x
e Personailty p irncipleo fmulitilnguailsm i s n
e h
w biilnguailsm i sthe of ifcia lpoilcy o fcounrty and mos to findividual sare .l
a u g n il it l u m
.
2 Biilnguailsm i
B ilnguailsm i s the sub- ifeld o f mulitilnguailsm phenomena . Some s
t s i u g n
il state the understanding o fbiilnguailsm in d fiferent subjects .In 1935 , s
e d u l c n o c d l e if m o o l
B biilnguailsm a sthe naitve-ilke con rtol o ftwo languages . s
r e m a
e h t f o s r e b m e m e m o s y b d e s u y l n o m m o c s e g a u g n a l o w t t s a e l t a e b t s u m e r e h t
y ti n u m m o
c ”. According to Mackey (1968) ,biilngua lcommun tiy mean stha ta o
h w e l p o e p f o p u o r
g use o f two o r more languages . In the conclusion , a
s i m s il a u g n il i
b ilnguisitc sphenomenon which occur sin the society of people y
o l p m
e i ngtwol anguagest ocommunicate. ) 2 0 0 2 ( l l e w k c o t S o t g n i d r o c c
A , ht ere are two type s o f biilngual; o
c d n a l a u g n il i b d n u o p m o
c -ordinatebiilngual .Compoundbiilngualhappens when t
s i u g n il f o e c n e u q e s e ti n if e d a s i e r e h
t ic s competence .The example i stha t s
a n r o b s t n e d u t s n a i s e n o d n
I Indonesia’s language naitve speakers then go to O
. h s il g n E y d u t s d n a l o o h c
s n the othe rhand, oc -ordinate biilngual sare the s
n o it i d n o
c where people are born into famiiles whose daliy communicaiton s y
o l p m
e twoo rmorelanguage .s .
3 Code-Swtiching e s e h
T seciton s wli l cove r the explanaiton abou t the nature o f code -e
d o c f o s e p y t e h t , g n i h c ti w
s -swtiching , and the possible reason fo r code -i
h c ti w
s n g . .
a TheNatureo fCode-Sw tiching e
d o
C -swtiching phenomenon i s a par t o f discussion from the s
c it s i u g n il o i c o
s .Theroo to fcode-swtiching phenomenai sfrom t heexistence o f d
n a l a u g n il it l u
m biilngua lcommuniites .Theuse fo two o rmorel anguagesin t he y
ti n u m m o
c causedt hecodes wtichingtobehappened. (
h g u a h d r a
W 2010) statestha tcodei st heparitcula rdialec torl anguagetha t e
s u o t s e s o o h c n o s r e p
t c e l a i d e n o n a h t e r o m e s u o
t o rlanguage instead o f one language in thei r s
u h T . s e c n a r e tt
u ,people star tcommunicaitng wtih more than one paritcula r d
n a , e g a u g n a l r o t c e l a i
d tii scalleda scode-swtiching. e
d o c s u o ir a v e r a e r e h
T -swtiching de ifniiton sstated by some ilnguists . n
a w s c a
M (2013 )deifne scode-swtiching as t he atlernati ve use of t wo (o rmore ) e
m a s e h t n i h ti w s e g a u g n a
l utterance .s Stockwel l(2002 )declare sthat ,”[c]ode s d r o w f o g n i w o r r o b e h t h c i h w h g u o r h t m s i n a h c e m c if i c e p s e h t n e tf o s i g n i h c ti w s
” .s n e p p a h s n o it c u rt s n o c d n
a Hoffmann (1991 )also notes code-swtiching a sthe e
v it a n r e tl
a useoft wol anguage so r ilnguisitc sva ireite swtihin t hesameutterance e s a r h p s s o r c a s r u c c o e g n a h c e g a u g n a l e h t h c i h w , n o it a s r e v n o c e m a s e h t g n ir u d r o
.s e ir a d n u o b e c n e t n e s r
o Based on those deifniitons ,code-swtiching requriestwo r i e h t h c ti w s y a m e l p o e P . e c n a r e tt u e l g n i s a n i d e s u e b o t s e g a u g n a l e r o m r o
e g a u g n a l e h t w o r r o b d n a , e c n e t n e s o t e c n e t n e s r o e s a r h p o t e s a r h p m o r f s e g a u g n a l
e c n e t n e s r o , e s u a l c , d r o w s a h c u s s t n e m e l
e fromotherl anguagest o beswtiched -p
u wtiht hei rnaitvel anguage . e
d o
C -swtiching phenomenon depend son t he condiiton of t hesociety ,a s 0
1 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a
W )state stha t“[c]ode-swtiching i sno ta un fiorm phenomenon ; e
b t h g i m t a h w n e v e , p u o r g o t p u o r g m o r f y r a v s m r o n e h t ,. e
.i regardeda sasingle
” . y ti n u m m o
c I ti ssuppo tred by Gumperz (1982 )that, “each communicaitng g n i w o r r o b h t o b o t t c e p s e r h ti w s n o it n e v n o c n w o s ti h s il b a t s e o t s d n e t p u o r g b u s
e d o c d n
a -swtiching ,and tha tfactor ssuch a sregion o fo irgin ,loca lresidence , c
o
e d o
C -swtiching possesse sa numbe ro ffuncitons .Gal (1988 )state sthe e
d o c f o n o it c n u
f -swtichinga s“aconversaitonals rtategyusedt oestabilsh ,cros so r c
o t ; s e ir a d n u o b p u o r g y o rt s e
d reate ,evoke ,o rchangei nterpersonalr elaiton swtih h
g ir r i e h
t tandobilgaitons” .Fo rexample ,whenagroupJavanesemeets,t heyt end m
o r f e g a u g n a l ri e h t h c ti w s o
t Indonesiant oJ avaneset ocreatet hekinshipnuance . s
r e y
M -Scotton( 1993 )a sctiedinKay & Hornberge r(1996 )notest hatt hef unciton e ri o tr e p e r e h t n i e g a u g n a l e n o y n a f o e s u e h t n e h w y ti l a rt u e n f o y g e t a rt s e h t “ s i
r o y d o b e m o s o t n w o d g n i k l a t s a h c u s , e g a s s e m g n o r w e h t t s e g g u s t h g i m
u n a g n it s e g g u
s nculitvatedperson”.
According t o Kay & Hornberge r(1996 ,) t hefunciton so fcode-swtiching y
ti t n e d i s a e r
a marking ,styilsitcfunciton, socio-cu tlura land t extua lfunciton .A s y
a K , g n i k r a m y ti t n e d i n
a & Hornberge r(1996 )say s“[a ]speake rmay use a g
i s o t e d o c r a l u c it r a
p na la speciifct ype of i denttiy”. Styilsitc funciton relates t o e
h
t styleofl anguageusagei nt hevairou scondiitons .BasedonKay & Hornberge r a
r u tl u c o i c o s ,) 6 9 9 1
( landt extualf unciton sa refuncitoning sa expressiono fcetrain e
p x e l p m o c f o s e p y
t rsonailite s and communiites; sa a powerfu l expressive .
s e c n e ir e p x e l a r u tl u c it l u m y e v n o c o t e c r u o s e r
tt a e h
T tiude to code swtiching i srather unique since Wardhaugh (2010 ) s
e s o p o r
p tha tpeoplemigh tno tbeawaret hatt hey swtich ce train codet o discus s tr
a p a w o ll o f r
o iculart opic .Holmes( 1992 )hast hesamet hough twtihWardhaugh e
d o c y e h t t a h t t c a f e h t f o e r a w a n u n e tf o e r a e l p o e p “ t a h
t -swtich.”A sanexample ,
e d o c f o s s e n e r a w a n u e h
e p s e h t t a h t o s , e g a u g n a l t e g r a t f o n o it a l s n a rt e l b i s s o
p ake runconsciously and
y ll a c it a m o t u
a swtichesi ntoanotherl anguage. .
b TheType so fCode-Swtiching k
c i m r o C c
M (1994) de ifnes six type so fcode swtiching according to the s
e c n a r e tt u d e s o p a t x u j f o h t g n e
l ,which are diglossia ,stiuaitona lcode-swtiching , e
d o c c ir o h p a t e
m -swtiching , conversaitona l code-swtiching , single-word code .
d r o w n a o l d e t a r g e t n i d n a , g n i h c ti w s
)
1 Diglossia
k c i m r o C c M o t g n i d r o c c
A (1994 )a sctied in Asher (1994) ,the term t
a h t s e d o c o w t s t s e g g u s ’ a i s s o l g i d
‘ feature prominenlty i n t hecommun tiy ,which h
n o d e s u s i e n
o igh occasion (H )and t heotheri sused forl owe rstatu sfunciton .
) L
( Diglossia i s a language vairaiton tha t serve s a s socia l clas s indicator . 2
0 0 2 ( ll e w k c o t
S )suppo tr sMcCormick’st heory by explicaitngt hat, ”[o]neoft he g
n il f o s t n a n i m r e t e d x e l p m o c t s o m o s l a d n a t n a c if i n g i s t s o
m uisitc vairaiton i s
s s a l c l a i c o
s ”. Therefore ,diglossia o tfen becomes t he weatlh ,presitge ,economic .t
i o d n e tf o o h w e l p o e p e h t r o f n g i s r e w o p d n a , s u t a t
s Fo rexample ,Indonesian s
g n i y a s e s u a c e b a p s r o n o l a s e h t o t o g y e h t n e h w ’ t n e m t a e rt ‘ y a s o t d n e
t perawatan
. c i h c s s e l d n u o s d l u o w
)
2 Stiua itona lCode-Swtiching i
b n
I ilngua land mulitilngua lcommuniites, disitnciton among occasion s o
n e r a s e d o c d n
a tp irmarliy hierarchica l so the code smay be perceived a s d
e u l a v y ll a u q e t u b y lt n e r e f fi
d (McCormick ,1994) .Ast her esutl ,when t herei sa e
d o c l a n o it a u ti s , n o it a r e tl a n o it a u ti
, 0 1 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a
W )t ha t“[s]tiuaitonalcode-swtiching occur swhen t hel anguage s e
h t h c i h w n i s n o it a u ti s e h t o t g n i d r o c c a e g n a h
c conversant ifnd t hemselves: t hey c i p o t o N ” . e n o t n e r e f fi d a n i r e h t o n a d n a n o it a u ti s e n o n i e g a u g n a l e n o k a e p s
l o v n i s i e g n a h
c ved i n t hist ype .Fo rexample ,a Bailnese tou rguideswtichest he h
w h s il g n E o t n i e g a u g n a
l enhet alkst ot heAmeircantou irs.t
)
3 MetaphoricCode-Swtiching k
c i m r o C c
M (1994) statest ha tmetapho irccode-swtiching occursi nwhole e
d o c c ir o h p a t e M . p i h s n o it a l e r e l o r e n o n i h ti w h c a e , s n o it a s r e v n o
c - iswtching
u c c
o r swhen a change o ftopic i srequried .Wardhaugh (2010 )also add stha t e
d o c l a c ir o h p a t e
m -swtichingha sanaffecitvedimensiont ha tyouchanget hecode n
o it a u ti s e h t e n if e d e r u o y s
a - formal t o i nformal ,ofifcial t o personal ,seiroust o ,
s u o r o m u
h and poltienesst o soildartiy .The examplei swhen an Engilsh t eache r k
a e p
s sEngilsh whlie teaching ;then when i tturn sinto joking ,someitme sthe e
s e n a v a J r o n a i s e n o d n I s e s u r e r u t c e
l tochanget henuance. )
4 Conversa itona lCode-Swtiching k
c i m r o C c
M (1994 )a sctied in Asher (1994) state stha tconversaitona l e
d o
c -swtiching happensi n whole conversaitonalt urns ,chunk so rclausewtihin a r o c i p o t s ’ r o t u c o lr e t n i f o e g n a h c a n o t n e d n e p e d t o n s i e c n e r r u c c o e h T . n r u t
o it a s r e v n o c n i h ti w d n u o f e b o t s i tI . n o it a u ti
s n sand no tnecessarliyonlybetween h
c ti w
s e smayt akeplacewtihinones peaker’st urn .Theexampleo fconversaitona l e
d o
c -swtiching happensin awholeconversaiton .Fo rexample ,”Aku pulang dulu a
y .Seeyout omorrow”. )
e l g n i
S -word code-swtichingi saswtichingt ha toccur swtihin t hesentence f
o m r o f e h t n
i only a single word. I t i s also known a s lexica lborrowing . s
o s l a ) 0 1 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a
W tates, ”Thet ype oft hi sswtiching i nvolve ssingleword- n
u o n y l n i a
m - and i ti smoitvated by lexica lneed. I tmean stha tthe naitve -e
g a u g n a
l vocabulary canno tfuflli lthe speake sr ’lexica lneed ,so they insisted r
e h t o g n i s
u language to make the conversaiton swi tf and meaningful . F or ,
e l p m a x
e anI ndonesian woman says ,”Akumau creambathdulu ya”. Thewoman s
m r e t h s il g n E e s u o t s d n e
t “creambath” rathe r than look fo rthe Indonesian ,
n o it a l s n a
rt whichi suncommonanddfiifcutlt o ifnd. )
6 IntegratedLoanwords a o l d e t a r g e t n
I nword occurs wtihin morphemes (McCormick, 1994 .) y
b n r o H o t g n i d r o c c
A (1974), morphemei st hesmallestt hingmeaningfu lpatri nto m o r f d r o w e h t f o n o it i s o p a t x u j e h t s i g n i h c ti w s s i h T . d e d i v i d e b n a c d r o w a h c i h w
m o r f s e x if f a d d a d l u o c e n O . e g a u g n a l r e h t o m o r f s e m e h p r o m e h t d n a e g a u g n a l a
i e r o f m o r f d r o w a o t e g a u g n a l e v it a
n gnl anguage ,sucha saddingI ndonesian afifx i
d- to Engilsh word ‘hack’ .The resul twould bedihack .The othe rexample sare g
n e
m upload ,anddidownload. ) 2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o
H suggests fou r type s o f code-swtiching , which are i
s , g n i h c ti w s g a t r o g n i h c ti w s c it a m e l b m
e tuaitona l swtiching , metapho irca l .
g n i w o r r o b l a c i x e l d n a , g n i h c ti w s
)
1 Emblema itcSwtichingorTagSwtiching )
2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o
“ s i g n i h c ti w s g a t r o c it a m e l b m
e Fo ryou rinformaiton ,dia sudah l ulu skuilah.” “
d n
a Byt heway ,akus udaht ahukok. ” )
2 Stiua itona lSwtiching
e b n a c h c i h w s n o s a e r r o f r e h t o n a o t e d o c e n o m o r f h c ti w s e l p o e p n e h W “
s A ) 6 3 . p , 2 9 9 1 , s e m l o H ( ” . g n i h c ti w s l a n o it a u ti s d e ll a c s e m it e m o s s i ti , d e if it n e d i
t o n s e o d r e k a e p s e h t , e g a u g n a l e h t g n i h c ti w
s needt ochanget het opic . 3 )Metaphorica lSwtiching
r o c c
A ding to Holme s(1992) ,metapho irca lswtiching can expres sthe l
e e
f ing saboutt het opicdiscussedi nt hecommunicaiton . ,
e c n a t s n i r o
F people tend to swtich thei rlanguage when they are in a .
d o o m r a l u c it r a
p
4 )Lexica lBorrowing s
i h
T swtichinghappen swhen peopleborrow anotherl anguaget omeniton e
m a n
a -usuallyanoun ,whichi st irggered by l ack o fvocabulary( Holmes ,1992) . o t e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a m o r f s d r o w w o r r o b o s l a y a m e l p o e ] p [ “ , s d d a ) 2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o H
o n a e b ir c s e d r o t p e c n o c a s s e r p x
e bjec tfo rwhich there i sno obviou sword li
a v
a ablei nl anguaget heyareusing”. Theexamplei s“Akumauwaxingdis alon”. o
p n a i s e n o d n I d n if o t d r a h s i ti e c n i
S ssible rtanslaiton o fwaxing ,mos to fpeople .
e g a u g n a l l a n i g ir o e h t n o h c a tt a l li t s
Romaine (1989 ) also propose s three type s o f code-swtiching : tag -h c ti w s l a it n e t n e s r e t n I . h c ti w s l a it n e t n e s a rt n i d n a , h c ti w s l a it n e t n e s r e t n i , g n i h c ti w s
s i h c ti w s l a it n e t n e s a rt n I . e c n e t n e
s actuallys imliart ol exica lborrowingands ingle -g
n i h c ti w s d r o
w .
.
c ThePossibleReasonsf orCode-Swtiching
e d o c r o f s n o s a e r x i s s e s o p o r p o s l a ) 2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o
H -swtiching, t hey areas
s w o ll o
f :
)
1 TheChangei nParitcipan tFeatures h c ti w s s e m it e m o s e l p o e P
“ codewtihinadomain o rsocia lstiuaiton .When s i ti , n o s r e p w e n a f o l a v ir r a s a h c u s , n o it a u ti s e h t n i e g n a h c s u o i v b o e m o s s i e r e h t
n i a l p x e o t y s a
e the swtich” (Holmes , 1992 .) F or instance , there i sa group a
h c e l p o e p e s e n a v a
J itng i n aJ vanesel anguageand then aSundaneseperson j oin c
e h
t onversaiton,t heJ avanesegroupswticht heril anguagei ntoBahasaIndonesia. )
2 EthnicI denttiyMarker o t s d n e t r e k a e p s e h
T uset heword so rphraset o showt hei rethnici denttiy . l
a c o l e h t n
I society,t herearemanyword so rphrase swhichareknownasi denttiy .
s r e k r a
m The example o fCenrta lJavanese ethnic identtiy marke ri sa sfo llow s “Lhapiyet oyokoki songono? ”Anothe rexamplef romSundaneseethnici denttiy
“ s w o ll o f s a s i r e k r a
m Init ehmakananapaatuh?” )
3 Expres sSoildartiy e l p o e
P tend t o code-swtich t heril anguageinordertoexpres ssoildartiyt o o
w t n e h W . s e s s e r d d a e h
t E -ast Javanesepeoplemee,tt heys omeitmess wticht heri e
g a u g n a
l s toJ avaneses ucha s“Halo ,piyer ek?” )
2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o
H )statest hat ,”peoplemayswtichcodewtihinaspeecheven t c
i p o t r a l u c it r a p a s s u c s i d o
t ”. Holmes( 1992)alsoaddst ha tbiilnguals ifndi teasie r r
e tf i w s d n
a todiscus sparitculart opicsi nonecoder athert hananother .Therearea f
o t o
l Engilsh t erm sfound more famiilar rfo some speciifc topics i n Indonesian s
n o it a s r e v n o
c ,such a s“Dia memang styilsh. ” and “Ktia ke coffeeshop yuk”. In e
l p o e p , e s a c s i h
t tendt ochanget hel anguagef romI ndonesian t o Engilshbecause e
h t f
o changei n t opic.In Javanesesociety ,peoplealsot end t o swticht hei rcode , “
s a h c u
s Ayo tuku rot ining bakery”. The change in topic requrie ssome term s e
h t d n if o t tl u c if fi d s i ti e c n i s h s il g n E m o r
f exac tandprope r rtanslaitoni nBahasa a
J d n a a i s e n o d n
I vanesel anguage. )
5 Quo itngSomeone’ sWords e l p o e p , y lr e p o r
P en edt ocode-swtich when quoitngsomeone’ sword from s
e g a u g n a l r e h t
o .Holme s(1992 )states t hat, thespeake rmay give the inaccurate n
