An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Dialogue Transcript of “22 Jump Street” Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Adab and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
by:
Nurul Aida
NIM: A83212178
English Department
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of
Sunan Ampel
An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The
Dialogue
Transcript of “22 Jump Street” Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree
of English Department Faculty of Adab and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
by:
Nurul Aida
NIM: A83212178
English Department
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of
Sunan Ampel
ABSTRACT
Aida, Nurul. 2016. An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The Diologue Transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Thesis English Department, Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor:M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Key Words: Conversational Implicature, Generalized Implicature, Particularized Implicature.
This study explains about the analysis of conversational implicature found
in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Data are explained by showing the context of situation, the type of conversational implicature theory of Grice
(1975) and the function of implicature theory of Searle (1975).
The researcher uses the method of qualitative approach. The steps of analysis are reducing, displaying, analysis. First reducing, the resercher selecting
the data that exist in the real transcriptions. Then, display, the resercher identifying and classifying the utterance in table finding to make the researcher
easier to analyze. Next, analysis the data, the resercher analyzing the utterance that have been choosen.The last the researcher drew a conclusion the types of conversational implicature and the function of implicature.
The result of the study describes the process of identifying conversational implicature, There are 30 utterance that have implied meaning include of
conversational implicature. There are 11 utterance that include of generalized and 19 utterance that include of particularized implicature. The mostly finding is
INTISARI
Aida, Nurul. 2016. An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The Diologue Transcript of 22 Jump Street movie. Thesis English Department, Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci: Implikatur Percakapan, Percakapan Umum, Percakapan Khusus Skripsi ini membahas tentang analisis dari implikatur percakapan yang ditemukan dalam transkrip percakapan dari filem 22 Jump Street. Data dijelaskan dengan menujukkan situasi konteks, tipe dari implikatur percakapn teori dari
Grice dan funngsi dari implikatur teori dari Searle.
Peneliti menggunakan metode pendekatan qualitatif. Langkah-langkah
dari analisis skripsi ini adalah data reduksi atau meringkas data, yaitu peneliti memilih data yang ada di transkrip nyata. Kemudian, data displai, peneliti mengidentifikasi dan mengkalsifikasikan ucapan dalam tabel penemuan untuk
memudahkan peneliti dalam menganalisis. Selanjutnya, data analisis, peneliti menganalisis data yang teleh dipilih. Yang terakhir adalah ringkasan, peneliti
meringkas tipe dari implikatur percakapan dan fungsi dari implikature.
Hasil dari analisis ini menjelaskan tentang proses dari identifikasi implikatur. Ada 30 ucapan yang mempunyai makna tersirat yang termasuk dalam
implikatur. Ada 11 ucapan ynag termasuk kedalam percakapan umum dan ada 19 ucapan yang termasuk kedalam percakapan khusus. Paling banyak ditemukan
Examiners Approval Sheet ... vi
Acknowledgements ... vii
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Pragmatic... 10
2.1.1 Implicature ... 11
2.1.1.1 Conversational Implicature ... 13
2.1.1.1.1 Generalized Conversational Implicature ... 14
2.1.1.1.2 Particularized Conversational Implicature ... 15
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1Type of Research Approach ... 21
3.2Instrument ... 22
3.3Data and Data Source ... 23
3.4Data Collection ... 23
3.5Data Analysis ... 24
1. Reduction the Data ... 25
2. Display the Data ... 25
3. Analysis the Data ... 26
4. Verification and Conclusion... 27
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1Finding ... 29
4.1.1 The Conversational Implicature ... 30
1. The type of Conversational Implicature ... 30
2. Implicature and the Function of Implicature ... 30
4.1.2 Analysis... 37
1. Generalized Conversational Implicature ... 38
2. Particularized Conversational Implicature ... 39
4.2Discussion ... 68
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion ... 73
5.2 Suggestion ... 74
REFERENCES ... 75
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents about background of the study, problem of the study,
objective of the study, scope and limitataion, significance and definition of the key terms.
1.1.Background of the Study
Movie is a moving picture that be produced by recording people or objects. Movies are a type of visual communication which use moving pictures
and sound to tell stories or to inform. Usually people watch movie to entertainment or sometimes improve language skill. For some people, movie can
make someone laugh, while to others people it can make someone cry, or feel afraid. Movie is the most popular media and can be watched easly. People can go to cinema to watch the movie, or they can watch the their favorite movie in home
by DVD or download. Stoehr (2002: 2-4) state that movie has the innate capacity, much like that of novels and poetry, to stimulate our thinking and knowledge
acquisition as our reason and imagination are called forth to participate directly in a human creted “world”. Movie is closely releted to traditional painting in terms
of their visual presentation of shape and images upon two dimensional canvas (in the case of cinema, upon a motion picture screen)”. Therefore, in this study, the
researcher uses movie as object to analyze. In this case, the movie that coosen by
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22 Jump Street movie is the sequel to the 2012 movie 21 Jump Street, based on the television series of the same name in 1987 by Stephan J. Cannell and
Patrick Hasburgh.Wikipedia state that 22 Jump Street movie is a american action comedy movie directed by Phil Lord and Cristopher Miller, written by Jonnah
Hill, Michael Bacall, Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman. The movie production in 2014 by colombia Pictures and Metro Goldwyn Mayer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Jump_Street).
The movie who produced and starred by Jonah Hill (as Schmidt) and Channing Tatum (as Jenko) tells about the two police officers, Schmidt (Jonah
Hill) and Jenko (Channing Tatum). They will recive a new assignment from their Deputy and their Captain. Before that, their assignment is undercover as college students and locate the supplier of a drug that usually called by student collage with “WHY-PHY” (Work Hard, Yes, Play Hard, Yes) that killed a student that
named cinthya. They both masquerade as collage students to facilitate
investigation.
The reason why the researcher is interested to choose movie is because movie provides the language phenomena within its dialogue transcript such like implicature. Then, why “22 Jump Street” movie is because this movie rich humor
and Jokes and in dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie have utterance that include of
implicature expecially utterance of conversational implicature.
The researcher focuses on utterances that include of implicature. Analyzing utterances that include of implicature in 22 Jump Street movie can use
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the relationship between context and meaning. Yule (1996:3) stated that pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker
and interpreted by a listener. There are many advantages of studying pragmatics as stated by Yule in his book “Pragmatics”: The advantage of studying via
pragmatics is that one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their
assumptions, their purpose or goals, and the kind of actions (for example, request) that they are performing when they speak (1996: 5).
Furthermore, there are many topics of pragmatics they are speech act theory, cooperation and implicature, persuposition and etc. In this study, the
researcher uses theory of implicature that focused in conversational implicature. Grice (in Putrayasa, 2014:65) says “implikatur percakapan sebagai salah satu
aspek kajian pragmatik yang perhatian utamanya adalah mempelajari maksud
suatu ucapan sesuai dengan konteksnya”. (Conversational implicature as one of
aspect in the study of pragmatics that the main concern was to learn the implied
meaning of an utterance in context). The philosopher Grice introduced the term conversational implicature. Grice sets out four conversational maxims that he asserted people generally follow when communicating efficiently. They are
Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Relevance and Maxim of Manner. The category of Quality is governed by a supermaxim: “Try to make your contribution one that is true”. The category of Quantity relates to the quantity
of information to be provided. The category of Relation has a single maxim, “Be
relevant”, while the final category of Manner has a short “super” maxim “Be
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According to Grice (1975), There are two types of Conversational Implicature, they are Generalized Implicature and Particularized Implicature.
Generalized implicature is a conversational implicature that is inferable without reference to any special context. Particularized Implicature is conversational
implicature that is derivable only in specific context. Beside that, the researcher also focused on the function of implicature based on the theory of speech act classification which is proposed by Saerle (1975). Saerle intruduces five function
of the implicature based on the theory of speech act classification. These function of implicature are representative, directive, commissive, declarative, and
expressive.
In this research the writer uses Yule’s book as guide to analyze and solve
the problem of the study. The reason why the writter choose George Yule’s book
entitled “Pragmatic” as guide to analyze is because in pragmatic’s book by George Yule published 1996, George Yule unchange but to support the more
academically oriented introductions to linguistic, to prepare the conceptual ground. Moreover, in his book Yule explains about parts of pragmatic. Grice’s
theory about cooperation and Implicature in George Yule’s books explained one
by one, the begining from cooperation that explain about cooperative principle and Implicature that explain about type of Implicature and type of converational
implicature. In type of conversational implicature George Yule adds about Scalar implicatures. In other book such us Grice’s book entitled “Studies in the Way of
Words” published1989 and Gerald Gazdar’s book entitled “Pragmatic
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not choose to use this book as guide to analyze because in the book only explains specific part of Implicature and special part of Conversational Implicature that is Generalized Conversational Implicature. In Gazdar’s book did not explain
generally type of conversational Implicature. Either Yule’s book, Grice’s book or
Gazdar’s book have each leftover and shortage about implicature.
The writer finds several reseachers who used theory of pragmatic in the term grice’s maxims of cooperative principle especially in conversational
implicature. They have the same topic or subject, but different in using the way and how to apply it. Some of these thesis have each purpose to analysis. The
following previous study that used theory of conversational implicature.
Firstly from Makin (2015) the research is about “The Analysis of Conversational Implicature and its Violation Maxims in the Movie Grown Ups 2
2013. The researcher analyzes utterances that contain of conversational implicature and violation maxims in the data. His research uses qualitative
method. It is used to interpret the data discriptively based on conversational implicature and cooperative principle theory proposed by Grice. The data is explained by showing the context of situation, the implicature of utterance, and
the maxims. This research deals with collecting and analyzing unstructured information which is messy and uninformative. Then, classifying data based on
the type of utterances, describing and analyzing the conversational implicature and its violation maxims in the movie “Grown Ups 2 2013”, and the last drawing
the conclusion and suggestions based on data analysis. The rusult of this research
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conversational implicature and 13 data Particularized conversational implicature. the most violation maxims is maxim of quantity which is 44% or 11 data.
Whereas, the others are 24% or 6 data for maxim of quality, 12% or 3 data for maxim relation, and 20% or 5 data for maxim of manner.
Secondly from Muvida (2015) this research is about “The Conversational Implicature that is used by the three main character in Hotel Transylvania
movie”. Data are explained by showing the context of situation, the types of
conversational implicature, the maxim that can be considered, and the implicature of the utterance. This research use a descriptive qualitative method to explain the
problems statement. To inform the questions, the researcher collects the data, the basic units or building blocks of information. The result of this research fouded there are 278 data. There are 234 utterances included as Generalized
Conversational Implicature, and 44 utterances are included as Particularized Conversational Implicature. In generalized conversational implicature, 46
utterances are included as scalar conversational implicature.
The previous research above have simmilar theories that are being applied in their thesis. They use theory of Cooperative Principle and use theory of
Conversational Implicature that is proposed by Grice (1975). The previous studies above use qualitative approach to analyze the data and both of the previous study
above used movie as object. In this thesis the researcher also uses the Conversational Implicature theory by Grice (1975). The different from the research with the previous studies above is the writer not only discuss the
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function of implicature based on the theory of speech act classification which is proposed by Searle (1975). So, from the background of the study above can
conclude that the writer use implicature as theory of this research and entitled is “An Analysis of Conversational Implicature Found in The Dialogue Transcript of
22 Jump Street Movie”.
1.2Research Problem
Based on some reasons that explained in the background of the study and
to make this research easier to be solved, some questions to answer in this research stated below, they are:
1. What are the type of conversational implicature that found in the dialogue transcript of “22 Jump Street” movie?
2. What are the function of each implicature that found in the dialogue transcript of “22 Jump Street” movie?
1.3Objectives of the Study
In relation the problem of the study is try to answer two problems above.
This study is aimed:
1. To find the type of each conversational implicature that is found in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
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1.4Scope and Limitation
This study focuses on conversational implicatures as found in the dialogue
of 22 Jump Street movie, its intended of type of conversational implicature that is the utterance of conversation to classified in types of implicature. Type of
conversational implicature that include generalized implicature and particularized implicature. Then, those utterance identyfied in function of conversation implicature.
1.5Significance
This research analyzes the conversational implicature and function of
implicature in the movie of 22 Jump Street, it hopefully can be useful and give contribution either theoretically nor practically.The theoretically significant of this research is this research useful to give explaination and information about
implicature expecially in type of conversational implicature and function of implicature. This research would give advantage and useful for the reader as next
reference of linguistic to undersatand about study of pragmatic expecially in implicature. In addition, this research will increase our understanding about the implied meaning in the utterance of the speakers that include in implicature.
The practially significant of this research the, researcher want to show the implied meaning of the utterance that found in dialogue transcript of “22 Jump
Street” movie. The reeader of this research would be understand the menaing of
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1.6Definition of Key Terms
Conversational implicature is the proposition or statement which may be interpreted, implied or intended by the speaker, different from what was actually said by the speaker (Gazdar 1979: 38).
Generalized implicature is when no special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning (Yule, 1996: 130).
Particularized Implicature is an additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge (Yule, 1996: 132).
22 Jump Street Movie is a 2014 american action comedy movie which is written
by Jonah Hill, Michael Bacall, Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman. The movie is about two police who undecover as student collage in MC state university
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer reviews some theories which are related to this
study. This review is very important because it is used as the basic of the analysis of the study. This chapter discusses the explanation of the theories connected with
implicature. There are some theories used to analyze the data. They are implicature, conversational implicature, type of conversational implicature (that include of generalized and particularized conversational implicature) and speech
act. The following are the explanation.
2.1Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a part of linguistic that learning about the relationship between context and meaning. The science of pragmatic is learning about how the convey of meaning not only depends on linguistic knowledge from the speaker
and the listener, but also from the narattive context, and implied purpose of the speaker. Yule (1996: 3) states that pragmatic is concerned with the study of
meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. Consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterance than what the words or phrases in those utterance might mean by
themselves. Levinson also defines of pragmatics that is the study of those relations between language and context that grammaticalized, or encoded in the
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Pragmatics have some branch, they are speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction, presupposition, cooperative principle and etc. In
this case, pragmatics explains about how language users are able to overcome apparent changing of uttarance. The researcher take one of pragmatic branch as
theory to analyze this study and only focus on the utterance that include of implicature and type of conversational implicature.
2.1.1 Implicature
Implicature is one of the concept of pragmatics that most protruding. The word implicature is derived from the verb “to imply”. Imply means that when we are communicate, we want to express our idea or feeling, but without saying it
directly. Mey state that to imply means to fold something into something else (from the Latin verb plicare to fold) hence, that which is implied is folded in, and
has to be unfolded in order to be understood (2001:45). Implicature itself means that a language phenomena that explain about the different that happend in conversation, such as what speaker said unsuitable with what will be applied by
listener. Gazdar defined implicature that is an implicature is a proposition that is implied by the utterance of a sentence in a context even thought that proposition is
not part of nor an entailment of what was actually said (1979: 38).
Therefor, implicature is a form of speech that implies something and
different with the actually spoken. So, implicature is the purpose, desire or expressions of hidden heart. The term implicature is used by Grice (1975) to account for what a speaker can implay, suggest, or mean as distinct from what the
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implicature is generated intentional by the speaker and may (or may not be understood by the hearer (2006:70). In other hand, sometimes hearer do not
undersatand about the discussed by speaker. furthermore, the hearer must understand the speaker said and interpret the speaker implied. In the below is one
example of implicature.
Example:
Rendi: Do you want to come to the rani’s home?
Joko: I'm finish homework today.
In example above, Joko is not actually answering the question of Rendi. He does not actually say Yes or Not he will go to the rani’s home with Rendi. The
implicature of his response is that, Joko is not coming. Joko has conveyed a meaning, intentionally, without explicitly stating it.
Grice distinguishes between two types of implicatures, they are conventional implicature and conversational implicature. Yule (1996: 227) states
that Conversational implicatures is pragmatic implication that implied in a conversation. Conventional implicatures is implicature obtained directly from the meaning of the word not from the conversation principle.
In this research, the researcher focused in type of conversational implicature. So, the researcher more explain in conversational implicature, but the
researcher bit explain about definition of conventational implicature. Below the reseracher would like to explained type of conversational implicature. Before that,
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2.1.1.1Conversational Implicature
Conversational implicature is pragmatic implications contained in the
conversation that appear as a result of violation of the conversation principle. Yule (1969: 227) states that conversational implicature an additional unstated
meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle. Conversational implicature it is a proposition or statement, namely what might be interpreted, implied or intended by the speaker, which is different from what was
actually said by the speaker in a conversation (Gazdar 1979: 38). Mey state that one could say that conversational implicature concerns the way we understand an
utterance in conversation in accordance with what we expect to hear (2001:46). Thus, when speaker ask a question, a response from the hearer it doesnot appropriate with the intended by speaker make.
In the below is an example of utterance in a conversation that contain an conversational implicature.
A: Your mobile phone is new. Why you do not buy iPhone?
B: The price is more expensive.
Implied meaning in B’s utterance state that mobile phone that bought by A
is cheap while the price of iPhone is more expensive than mobile phone that bought by A. B’s statement not say No or say Yes, B only say the price is more expensive means that B’s statement do not want to buy the mobile phone is
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Grice introduces a distinction between two of spesific types in conversational implicature: Generalized Implicature and Particularized
Implicatures
2.1.1.1.1 Generalized Conversational Implicature
Generalized Conversational Implicature is when no special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning. Levinson (1983: 126) defines Generalized conversational implicatures occur without
reference to any particular features of the context. Appearance of generalized conversational implicature in conversation do not need special context. In other words, special background knowledge or inferences are not required in calculating
the additional conveyed meaning. Grice (1989:37) states that this type of implicature is characterized by the application of a certain form of words in an
utterance (in the absence of special circumstances) would normally carry such implicature. For example:
Aqilah walked into a house today and saw a flower.
The expression implies of the Aqilah’s utterance above state that the house is not
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Anathor example that include of generalized conversational implicature as following:
David : Did you invite Bella and Riko in your party tonight?
Lenita : I inveted Bella.
From the utterance of David and Lenita there is no special context of the Lenita’s statement. Yet, when David ask to Lenita about whether Lenita invite
Bella and Riko in her party. Lenita only say if she invite Bella, she does not say invite Riko also. It means that Lenita does not invite Riko, she only invite Bella.
When no special knowledge is requares in the context to calculate conveyed meaning, it is called generalized conversational implicature.
2.1.1.1.2 Particularized Implicature
Paltridge (2006:70) state that particularized conversational implicatures, however are derived from a particular context, rather than from the use of the
words alone. These result from the maxim of relation. That is, the speaker assumes the hearer will search for the relevance of what they are saying and
derive an intended meaning. Yule (1996: 234) states that particularized conversational implicature an additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge. Particularized conversational implicature is an implicature
where some assumed knowledge is required in very specific contexts during a conversation. Futhermore, in this case particularized conversational implicature is
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For example:
Ana : Hey, coming to the willy’s party tonight?
Samuel : My parents are visiting
From these utterance above, where Samuel’s respon does not appropriate
with Ana’s question. Samuel does not say Yes or No, moreover he say if his
parent came to visiting him. In order to make relevant between Ana’s question
with samuel’s respon, Samuel must say to Ana “No, I can not came to the willy’s
party to night because my parent come to visiting me. Samuel will be spending
that evening with his parents, and time spent with parents is quiet and consequently Ana not at party. In short the implicature that rely much on the
special context, it is can be classified into particularized conversational implicatures.
2.1.2 Speech act
Speech act theory was developed by philosopher John Austin in an effort
to explain how particular utterances operate within natural language. Yule state that speech act an action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate
(1996: 239).Thus, can conclude that the speech act has psikologis function and social function when we are communicating. Beside that, speech act have function as a means to do something through the actions that said through orally.According to the book of “The Study of Language by Yule (2010: 133) the term of speech
act is to describe action such as requesting, commanding, questioning, or
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you say I will be there at six, you are not just speaking, you seem to be performing the speech act of promising. Theory of speech act explain how this done. When you want to say toward someone if “in the closet there is a
sheepdog”. You not only say something but you warn also (Fromkin, Robert and
Hyams, 2009:215).
Speech act in linguistic is an utterance that has performative function in language and communication. Utterances produced in the process of
communication consist of some different functions. They cannot only be seen structurally, but other possible functional uses of language are also involved.
Therefore, Searle (1976) state that there are just five basic kinds of action that one can perform in speaking, by means of the following five types of utterance.
2.1.2.1Representative
Representative is speech acts that commit a speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition and to the truth of something. Yule (1996:92) also state
that representative is kind of speech act that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. (eg: critisizing, asserting, informing, claiming, reporting.
For example:
a. The materials for learning today is about language phenomena in pragmatic .
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The A’s statement above include of Representative which is informing.
While the B’s statement which is asserting. In using representative, the speaker
makes words fit the world (true statement).
2.1.2.2Directive
Directive is a speech acts that are to cause the hearer to take a particular action, or when the speaker expects the listener to do something as a response. Putrayasa (2014:91) state that directives which are attempts of the speaker to
encourage the hearer to do something. Such us ordering, commanding, requesting, and etc.
For example:
a. Rani: Could you lend me a pen, please? b. Fera: Close the window!
The Rani’s utterance above include of Directive which is requesting, while
in Fera’s utterance is commanding. In using directive speaker trying to adjust the
world with word (through listener)
2.1.2.3Commissive
Commissive is speech acts that commit a speaker to some future action.
Yule (1996: 94 ) define that commissiveare those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. Commissive express
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For example:
a. I promise, I will came back tomorrow
b. I don’t want to do things that you command
In example above that include of Commissive but different purpose. the A’s utterance is about promise and B is about refusing. In using commissive,
speaker trying to adjust world with word (through speaker).
2.1.2.4Expressives
Expressives is speech acts that express the speaker's attitudes and emotions towards the proposition. In the pragmatic’s book Yule state that expressivesare
those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels (1996:93). Expressive is to express the psychological state about affairs. Express our psychological states like pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, sadness, and joyfull, thanksfull, greating
apologizing , praise, etc.
For example: Excellent idea!
The expression above which is praise. In using expressive, speaker adjust
words with the world (with our fealling)
2.1.2.5Declarative
Speech acts that change the reality in accord with the proposition of the
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For example:
Priest : I know pronounce you husband and wife.
In using declaration speaker changes the world with the our utterance.
The process of conveying message in communication can be in form anything,
either verbal nor implied. When speaker conveys the message through the verbal it means that the speaker convey the message is directly. Yet, when the speaker convey the message through the implied means that the speaker convey the
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the researcher method used in this
research. This chapter consist of four section. The first section explains the type of research used in conducting the study. The second section is instrument. The third
section is about data and data source. The four section explains the method of collecting data, and the last section describes a method of analyzing data.
3.1Type of Research Approach
The study used descriptive qualitative approach as the research design. The researcher chooses qualitative as research approach because the researcher describes and analyzes the type of conversational implicature in dialogue of 22
Jump Street movie and analyze the function of implicature. Descriptive qualitative is the type of research that analyzes the data by using explanations or discussion
questions. This method is usually used to describe about language phenomena. Denzin and Lincoln offer defined about qualitative researche that adapted
in the Handbook of Qualitative Research: second edition (in Ritchie and Lewis, 2003: 2) that Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that makes the
world visible. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the
meanings people bring to them (2000: 3). Beside that, Bryman (in Ritchie and
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Lewis, 2003: 3) said that the way in which people being studied understand and interpret their social reality is one of the central motifs of qualitative research.
According to Mason (2002: 3) state that qualitative research was grounded in a philosophical position which is broadly “interpretivist” in the sense that it is
concerned with how the social world is interpreted, understood, experienced, produced or constituted. While different versions of qualitative research might understand or approach these elements in different ways (for example, focusing
on social meanings, or interpretations, or practices, or discourses, or processes, or constructions).
Qualitative research design is the research method that usually use comprehension of the researcher to analyze the data. It means that the research design of a qualitative study differs from quantitative study started with an
understanding to be tested, where must make the hypothesis first and required the special scope to make right hypothesis. Therefore, qualitative research is
interpretative approach that concerned with understanding the meanings.
3.2Instrument
The instrument of this research is the researcher herself, because this
research is used qualitative descriptive approach which focus on theoretical to collect the data and analyze the data. In descriptive qualitative research, the most
important instrument used is the instrument of observation, interpration, and documentation. Mukhtar (2013: 109) state that ourself is a instrument or rool of direct observation, because all sense of researcher is essentially a tool of
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3.3Data Sources and Data
Mukhtar defined the data source, according him the data source is Data
sources are the sources that enabled a researcher to get some information or data that is needed in a study (2013: 107). Mason, Jenifer also state that data source is
important to begin a few words in analysis. Data sources in the sense are repositories of knowledge, experiences, feelings or whatever, which are relevant to your research (2002: 53). Source of data is the source from which the data is
taken. In this research, the source of data is transcript the 22 Jump Street movie. This study concerned with the conversational implicature. Mukhtar
explains about the understanding of data. Data is the all of empirical information and documentative that obtained in the field as a construction science in scientifically and academically. (2013: 99). The data of this research were
utterences in the dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie which are indicated conversational implicature. The researcher limited the data only on utterances that
related with conversational implicature in 22 Jump Street movie. The data occured in the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
3.4Data Collection
In this case, the researcher collected the data related to utterances in dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie. Creswell (2014) state that the data collection
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method is a method of collecting data in form of notes, transcript, book, newspapers, minutes of meetings, personal journals and diaries, letters, e-mails,
etc. The writer uses transcript to collect the data. Thus, there were some ways of collecting the data in order to complete this study:
1. The first step, the researcher watching the movie of 22 Jump Street and listen carefully of each conversation in 22 Jump Street movie to check the accurates of English transcription with motion picture.
2. The second step, the researcher read the transcription movie to choose the utterence of implicature in dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie.
3. And the last the researcher classified the utterence include generalized or particularized conversational implicature that
include in type of conversational implicature. This step is done to easier the researcher to analyze the data.
3.5Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the researcher uses Grice’s theory to find the type of
conversational implicature. Then, the writer also uses the theory of speech act
classificaton which is proposed (by Searle, 1975 to find the function of implicature. Miles and Huberman (in Denzim and Lincoln, 1994: 429) state that
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There are some steps to analyze the data, in the following below the researcher will be explain those steps:
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction is is the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying,
abstracting, and transforming data that exists in the real transcriptions. In this frist step, the researcher choose some relevant utterances in the dialogue of 22 Jump Street movie. The researcher only focused on the
utterances which include of conversational implicature.
Data Utterance Implicature
1.
What are you talking
about? Look around. This
is our city. What do we
want to be in collage for?
We can do everything in
this city, without must to be the real student
collage.
2.
3. Data Display
Miles and Huberman explain about data display that adapted on the qualitative data anlysis: a sourcebook of new methods is an organized
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conclusion. In data display the researcher classified these utterances based on the type of conversational implicatue and the function of implicature.
Data Utterance Implicature
GCI : Generalized Conversational Implicature
PCI : Particularized Conversational Implicature
4. Data Analysis
After showing and classified the utterance according to type of
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Sample of analyze the utterance in dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie stated below.
Dantum 1
Context: Schmidt and Jenko are watching the lecture on their
iPad as they stand by their car in a parking lot.
Jenko: What are you talking about? Look around. This is our city. What do we want to be in collage for?
Analysis
Jenko gives the information which is not true. Jenko state that they can do everything in their city without they must in collage first. They
must not going in actual collage just in onlain collage, listening to coded messages and lecturer. They are a cap, so they can do everything. The type
of implicature belongs to Generalized conversational Implicature since inference can be drawn from general features of the context and
world-knowledge and does not depend on particular features of the context .
The function of implicature is Representative. This function is used to describe the world or reason about it. Jenko claims that that is their city,
so they can do everything without being the real of student collage.
5. Conclusion Drawing or Verification
In this step explain about conclusion drawing and verification.
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to decide what things mean, is noting regularities, patterns, explanations, possible configurations, causal flows, and propositions (Miles and
Huberman, 1984:22). In the last step, the researcher drew a conclusion in relation to process of forming implicature, the types of conversational
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter, the researcher presents two points, the first point is the
research findings and the second point is discussions. This chapter the researcher analyze all of the main character’s conversation that happen. In data findings there
is table of types of conversational implicature and the function of implicature that is appeared on dialogue transcrip of 22 Jump Street movie. In this chapter the researcher will give brief explanation and interprets the types of conversational
implicature. There are two the type of conversational implicature, they are generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational
implicature. Then, the researcher provides the interpretation of the function of implicature, they are representative (assertive), derictive, commissive, expressive
and declarative.
4.1Findings
This sub chapter illustrate the findings is derived from the research
problem, which is the first concerns on the type of conversatioanl implicature based on Grice’s theory of implicature (1975), and concerns on the function of
implicature based on speech act theory which proposed by Searly (1994). Beside
that, the writer provides the table of the type of conversational implicature. In the table contain utterance on the dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie that
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conversational implicature and the function of implicature that is appeared on the
dialogue transcript of 22 Jump Street movie.
4.1.1 The Type of Conversational Implicature and The Function of
Implicature
In this part, the data occurs as result of the implicature that include to type of conversational implicature based on the theory of implicature which proposed by Grice and the function of implicature wich correlate with speech ct theory wich
proposed by searle. To make easy understandable, the explanation will be elaborated by the researcher more complete in the table below 4.1.1.
4.1.1 Conversational implicature classification based on type of
conversational implicature and The function of implicature based on
16. Covalent bonds Yeah, what? √ Directive, ask
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Why am I always
getting hurt around
you?
allright. I don’t
want to around you.
painfulness, or illness
Note:
GCI: Generalized Conversational Implicature
PCI: Particularized Conversational Implicature
According to the table above, there are 30 conversational
implicatures occur in the Dialogue of 22 Jump street movie. there are 11 utterance of conversational implicature that include to Generalized
Conversational Implicature and 19 utterance of conversational implicature that include to Particularized Conversational Implicature. Then, there are 13 that include to representative function, there are 5 implicature that
include to directive function, 2 implicature that include to coomissive function, 10 implicature that include to expressive function, and the last
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4.1.2 Analysis of The Data
Dantum 1
Context: Schmidt and Jenko head to Metro City and Schmidt
notices the wanted drug lord, the Ghost.
Schmidt: That’s the Ghost.
Jenko: The Ghost?
Schmidt: Lousten Nilsen. The biggest trafficker of illegal goods in Mexico City. Then he teamed up with the Mexican cartel and running all this shit though the poor. What the hell are we supposed to be buying.
Analysis
In conversation above Jenko’s statement not an answer to
Schmidt’s question. Jenko’s utterance is not relavant with the Schmidt’s
utterance. Jenko even repeat Schmidt’s utterance. Schmidt first try to
describe who is the Ghost to Jenko because the question of Jenko contain
of implied meaning if the Jenko do not know who is the Ghost. Utterance’s Jenko is “The Ghost” the utterance have many significance.
Before the Jenko’s utterance, Schmidt say to Jenko “That’s the Ghost” and
Schmidt answer “The Ghost”. Jenko should say “who is the Ghost”.
Therefor the utterance above include of the type of conversational
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The function of implicature is Derective function. Directive means speaker expects the listener to do something. The utterance of Jenko
include ask of Directive. Jenko ask Schmidt about the Ghost.
Dantum 2
Context: Schmidt starts buttoning up his shirt
Jenko: What are you doing?
Schmidt: Huh? I got a new identity that’s gonna be killed. I’am
going to be throwing it to you to make it legit.
Jenko: Okay.
Analysis
In conversation above not appropriate with the rule of conversation. when the Jenko said the schmidt “what are you doing” and
schmidt answer “Huh? I got a new identity that’s gonna be killed. I’am
going to be throwing it to you to make it legit”. So schmidt violating
maxim of conversational implicature. The utterance above include of Generalized conversational implicature. Referred to Generalized Conversational Implicature because Jenko’s utterance not appropriate.
Schmidt should answer to Jenko’s question with “I was do camouflage to
be a killed....”. but here the Schmidt not answer like that.
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Schmidt’s utterance is about inform or advise. Schmidt advise Jenko if he
was camouflage as killed.
Dantum 3
Context: Schmidt cloeses his eyes and puts his fingers by the
bridge of his nose to concentrate.
Jenko: Can you give me like a head start on character...
Schmidt: I need absolute silence. I need absolute silence.
Analysis
The utterance above include of particularized Conversational Implicature. In the Schmidt’s atatement is not answer Jenko’s question.
When Jenko ask to Schmidt, can Schmidt give Jenko a heard start a
character. Because Schmidt want to change his character to camouflage when meet the Ghost. The Ghost is the one of criminal who pursued by police. Schmidt change the character to be a killed. Schmidt begin to form
the character with the closes his eyes and puts his fingers by the bridge of his nose to concentrate. The Schmidt try camouflage to find out what is
being brought by The Ghost in the big tracks. While Jenko ask to Schmidt, Schmidt not answer the Jenko question, Schmidt just say “I need absolute silence. I need absolute silence.” It’s mean that Schmidt need
consentration to his mask. And Schmidt command Jenko to silence.
The function of implicature is Directive function which means that
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request, asking, invited, command and recommend. The utterance above indirectly Schmidt command Jenko to silence because he need
consentration.
Dantum 4
Context: Jenko and Schmidt walk toward warehouse where there
the Ghost Scarface and subordinates of the Ghost.
Schmidt: Oh, shit. Yoh, sleepy! What’s up homie? You know my cousin Savoy?
Scarface: I think you’ve got the wrong guy, homes?
Analysis
Scarface remark’s is include of Particularized Conversational
Implicature, because which do require spesific contexts. Spesific context in Scarface’s remark is “the wrong guy”. Scarface regard that Schmidt
have been wrong guy and intended by schmidt is not him. Yet, in
conversation above Schmidt was pretending known Scarface. So, it can be conclude that Scarface’s remark implies “No, homes. I didn’t recognize
him”.
The function of implicature is Representative function. Representative which meant of Scarface’s utterance is about refuses.
Scarface refuses what Schmidt said, because he did not know the causin of
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Dantum 5
Context: Jenko and Schmidt are talking with the Scarface, at the
time Jenko looks uncomfortable.
Schmidt: Oh, man! When you were telling the story last night, you had so much detail. The details was so rich...it was rich detail. Go into incredibely descriptive details of the story so that we all know.
Jenko: Oh, yes. Uh ...it was Dora and Diego and Swiper.
Analysis
In conversation above include of Particularized Conversational Implicature, because which do require such specific contexts. Spesific contexts in utterance above is “Dora, Diego and Swiper”. Schmidt asking
Jenko to tell the story about crazy adventure but Jenko do not tell the story about crazy adventure but rather mention “Dora, Diego and Swiper” that
tell about child advanture. Actually Jenko do not know what the Schmidt say?. So, Jenko spontaneously say what any in his mind. “Dora, Diego and
Swiper” is the name of player from child animation adventure television
series. The name of the television series is “Dora the Explorer”. Wikipedia
state that “Dora the Explorer” is an American education animated TV
series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh, and Eric Weiner. Dora is the main chracter in Dora the Explorer, Dieogo is the Dora’s cousin and
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should tells the story which about challenging adventure movie not adult adventure.
The Jenko’s utterance is about affirming. Affirming is include in
representative function which is used to describe the world and reason
about it. The utterance of Jenko reffered informing because Jenko advise Schmidt what the Schmidt asked about adventure.
Dantum 6
Context: The Ghost pulls out a switchblade and ejects the blade,
then the Ghost places the edge of knife against Schmidt’s throat for a
moment.
The Ghost: Can’t believe the punks I have to deal with these days.
Really makes me miss the 90s. When we has
professional around. You want to check out the goods?
Check it out. And shut up, right?
Schmidt: Where did you find this gringo, man? The fucking Mumfrod & Sons concert and shit?
Analysis
The Ghost’s utterance intend to convey implied meaning to the
Schmidt. The Ghost tries to remember abot last when the Ghost and his subordinates are bring goods and any someone who want to check out his goods is about 90s, they are punks. The Ghost intimidate Schmidt to say
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conclude that The Ghost’s remark implies “Don’t courteous talk. I’m
gonna ask you to stop talking. If you wanna check out the goods, please check it out. And don’t say any one, right?. The implicature above is
include of Generalized Conversational Implicature since inference can be
drawn from general features of the context and world-knowledge and does not depend on particular features of the context.
The function of implicature is belongs to Commissive function. In the Ghost’s utterance is about threat which the Ghost try to threat Jenko
and Schmidt by knife to do not say anyone and to keep secret that they
have seen.
Dantum 7
Context: When the Ghost and Scarface in truck of carriying
goods, they want to Shoot Jenko and Schmidt who were catch up
them.
The Ghost: Shoot him!
Scarface: I’m all out!
The Ghost: You stupid moron!
Analysis
The utterance above include in implicature of Particularized
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of the Ghost) to Shoot Jenko and Schmidt because they (Jenko and Schmidt) try to foil the project of The Ghost and the Ghost know if the
Jenko and Schmidt is a police that want to catch him (The Ghost and the Subordinates of the Ghost). The scarface can not Shoot they (Jenko and
Schmidt) because bullets in his gun has been empty.
The function of the implicature is Representative function. Representative function which is commit the speaker to the truth of
something, for example asserting, claiming, affirming, etc. The utterance above is about affirming which Scarface state that the bullet in the guns is
used up and Scarface can not shoot Jenko and Schmidt.
Dantum 8
Context: Schmidt turns his head to reveal massive marks on the
side of his neck.
Deputy Chief Hardy: Is that Hickey?
Schmidt: Oh, this uh...this was actually uh...an octopus from the incident. Um...I opened a crate, and
uh..the octopus had leapt onto face and it
has...apparently they have many many arms.
Um...
Analysis
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say yes or no. Because in utterance of Deputy Chief Hardy need answer yes or no. Yet Schmidt interpret in his statement Deputy Chief Hardy
which meaning yes or no. The answer of Schmidt is not simple, his answer is more prolixity. The type of Schmidt’s utterance above is belongs to
Particularized Conversational Implicature since the inference worked out while drawing totally on the specific context of the utterance.
The Function of Implicature is Representative function. The function is used to discribe the world or reason about it. Schmidt’s
utterance means to inform the turth about the his neck was get incident.
Dantum 9
Context: In the office Schmidt and Jenko sit in front of Deputy
Chief Hardy, who simply stares at Schmidt and Jenko.
Deputy Chief Hardy: Yeah. Well, the commissioner’s convinced this debacle happened because you were’t doing the same undercover student thing you did the first time. She doesn’t get that it’s always worse the second time around. You settle into worn out roles. One gets possessive, the other suns away. You begin a slow painful unraveling as all of the good things that came before begin to be crushed by the trash compactor of sadness.
Schmidt: That doesn’t sound like us. I mean..
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Analysis
Statement of the Deputy Chief Hardy tell about Jenko and Schmidt which has failed undercover became senior high school student. Jenko and
Schmidt not aware if the Deputy Chief Hardy were talking about them. they thought that if the deputy Chief Hardy were talking about someone else. Schmidt said that “That doesn’t sound like us. I mean..”. After
Schmidt say like that, Deputy Chief Hardy respond Schmidt’s statement,
Deputy Chief Hardy said “I’m getting a divorce”. Deputy Chief Hardy say
like that to make Schmidt and Jenko sympatic and not protest to what he had to say about them. So, the Hardy’s remark above include of
particularized Conversational Implicature. Particularized Conversational Implicature since the inference worked out while drawing totally on the specific context of the utterance.
The function of the implicature is Representative function. Representative function which is commit the speaker to the truth of
something, for example asserting, claiming, affirming, etc. The utterance above is about affirming which Deputy Chief Hardy state he was not joking. The discussed by Deputy Chief Hardy is Jenko and Schmidt not
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Dantum 10
Context: In the office room, Jenko simultaneously bust through
the palm of his hand with the other hand and chant.
Jenko: We don’t want to do the same thing. We want to burst through our ceiling, you gotta find another ceiling and
you gotta burst throughthat one. And you just gotta
keep hammering ceilings.
Schmidt: Okay, okay, okay.
Analysis
Jenko’s utterance intended to convey implied meaning to the
leadership (Deputy Chief Hardy). The implied meaning of the Jenko
utterance is he want to stop to do undercover that command of Deputy Chief Hardy, because Jenko and Schmidt want to become a normally cop. The implicature of Jenko’s utterance is “burst through our ceiling”. Jenko use “burst through our ceiling as a representation to inform that
Jenko and Schmidt did not want to do camouflage and they want to be
theirself, do anaything that they want. The type of implicature is belongs to Generalized Conversational Iplicature since the inference can be drawn from general features of the context and world-knowledge and does not
depend on particular features of the context.
The function of implicature is belongs to Commissive function.
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is include of refusing or rejecting. In Jenko’s utterance state that he
rejecting to do what the Deputy Chief Hardy instructed.
Dantum 11
Context: Schmidt and Jenko walk over to Captain Dickson.
Captain Dickson: How you bitches like Jump Street now?
Schmidt: Hey.
Analysis
Schmidt’s statement is not answer the Captain Dickson’s question.
In fact, Schmidt say “Hey” to Captain Dickson. Word of “Hey” used to
attract someone's attention or to express surprise, joy, or angry and usually to greeting of someone. But in conversation above not relevant between
what the Captain Dickson say and Schmidt say. Captain Dickson ask to Schmidt “How you bitches like Jump Street now?” it means that Dickson
ask to Schmidt and Jenko about the office of 22 Jumpt Street, is better than previous 21 Jump Street. Yet Schmidt answer the Dickson’s question with
greeting, that is not relevant with the Dickson’s Question. The utterance
above include of Particularized Conversational Implicature since the inference worked out while drawing totally on the specific context of the
utterance.
The function of implicature is Expressive function. Expressive function is speech act that expression our feeling through utterance like
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above is include of greeting. Schmidt say “hey” to Captain Dickson,
because they have been long time no see.
Dantum 12
Context: Captain Dickson reffering to the interior of the
headquarters.
Captain Dickson: You all see this shit! 22 Jump Streetis the lick. And I gotta big ass raise to babysit you two fuckers again. Designed it myself. We got espresso bar, thinking about a shark tank over there.
Jenko: Ooh, I like sharks.
Analysis
Jenko’s gives information which is less informative. He says
something about Shark but he does not say anything about Espresso. Captain Dickson say “We got espresso bar, thinking about a shark tank over there”. Dickson made self espresso bar and shark tank but Jenko’s
statement just say about Shark. Jenko just like about Shark and he does not
like about espresso. Jenko does not say Espresso he just refer to Shark. The implicature belong to Generalized Implicature since the inference can be drawn from general features of the context and world-knowledge and
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The function of implicature is Expressive. It report feeling of speaker toward something. The utterance of Jenko include of think liked
means that Jenko like Shark tank than espresso bar.
Dantum 13
Context: Jenko and Schmidt are sat in Dickson’s office. Dickson
throws a folder to Schmidt and Jenko.
Jenko: We’re going back to high school?
Captain Dickson: Your ass look like you’re about fifty. You’re
going to MC State.
Analysis
The implicature can be found in Captain Dickson’s utterance, by
saying “your ass look like you’re about fifty. You’re going to MC State”.
Captain Dickson give information which less that required and less contribute. Captain Dickson should say “No, you’re come back to became
student collage not high school. The term of “you look like about fifty”
and “MC State” is a spesific context which had implied meaning.
Dickson’s remark try to judge Jenko if he old and (tidak muda lagi)
inappropriate to become student of high school. So, he undercover become student collage in Mc State university. The implicature is belongs to
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The function of implicature is Representative function and include of informing. Informing which is when speaker say something and speaker
believe any something that happened. In Captain Dickson’s utterance state that Schmidt and Jenko did camouflage as student collage in one of
university.
Dantum 14
Context: Jenko and Schmidt walk in the hall class and looking at
their classes timetable.
Jenko: Dude, in Human sexuality do you get to fuck or do you just get to watch people fuck?
Schmidt: Neither.
Analysis
The Schmidt’s utterance is belongs to Generalized Conversational
Implicature since the inference can be drawn from general features of the context and world-knowledge and does not depend on particular features of the context. Implicature in Schmidt’s utterance is “Neither”. Schmidt
use “Neither” as a representation to inform that in Human sexuality
Schmidt do not get to fuck or get to watch people fuck. Neither means that did not get both of that Jenko said. Schmidt should answer to Jenko’s
statement with “I did not get to fuck or get to watch people fuck.
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believed that said by speaker. in Schmidt’s utternace is a asserting toward
Jenko if Schmidt did not get to fuck or get to watch people fuck.
Dantum 15
Context: Jenko sees the football in Rooster’s hand.
Jenko: Hey, you guys play football?
Rooster: No, this is actually my laptop. Yeah, I’m taking notes
right now, huh?. I’m kidding, it’s a football.
Analysis
The implicature can be found in Rooster’s utterance, by saying
“No, this actually my laptop. Yeah, I.m taking notes rightnow, huh?”, he
gives information which is less than required and les contribute. He actually kidding to Jenko, dengan mengatakan jika yang di bawa itu bukan bola melainkan laptop dan dia sedang mengetik. It also raises an
implicature that implied “Yeah, this is my football and we are play football”. The type of that implicature belongs to particularized
implicature because the inference can be drawn by knowing the context of utterance. Special context in Rooster”s utterance is “this is my laptop and
I’m taking note”.
The function of implicature is Representative function. Representative function which is commit the speaker to the truth
