Rulers in Asia (1683 – 1745): a preliminary study of the chronology of their reign

Rulers in Asia (1683 – 1745): a preliminary study of the chronology of their reign

By Maarten Manse

The enormous amount of rulers and their various titles and names in the database can lead to a lot of confusion. The ruling dynasties in the Indonesian Archipelago and other parts of South- and Southeast Asia can be incredibly complicated to comprehend.

Many rulers were mobile, sometimes regencies merged together or partitioned, some rulers ruled different regencies during their lifetime and some of them were exiled by the VOC-government. On top of that, spelling of their names by natives and VOC- clerks was inconsequent and can nowadays be very hard to perceive. Most of the names in the database of Diplomatic Letters are directly derived from the Daghregisters and transcribed into modern spelling.

However, some of these rulers can be found in secondary sources, either printed or online. Verification of those rulers that can be found online is not fully guaranteed. There are also names that so far have been left

untranscribed. Ideally, all of these rulers will eventually be traced and verified, but therefore much more research is required. We therefore gladly invite anyone who has more information on any of these persons or locations to contribute to or comment on this list.

Rulers, as mentioned in the Daghregisters, 1683 – 1745:

Europe

Lisbon:

Senado Real Português

London:

King Charles II (29 May 1660 – 6 Feb. 1685)

Africa

Abessynia (Gondar):

Iyasu I (19 Jul. 1682 – 13 Oct. 1706)

Tekle Haymanot I (27 Mar. 1706 – 30 Jun. 1708) Cape of Good Hope (exiles):

Nizam ad-Din Abd al-Basir (Sultan Abdul Basi/Abdul Radja/Abdul Lasi), Sultan of Ternate, exiled in 1697

Son of Raja Sultan Abdul Basi

Pangeran Arya Purbaya, exiled in 1716 Raden Sake, exiled in 1716

Raden Suryakasuma (Saloringpasar), exiled in 1715

Middle East/Persia/Arabian Peninsula

Persia (Isfahan):

Shah Suleiman I (26 October 1666- 29 July 1694)

• Sheikh Ali khan Zangeneh (1669 – 1691; Grandvizier).

Sultan Husayn (29 July 1694- 11 Sep. 1722)

• “de hoofden van de boloeds“

• The "Bgler Begie" of Persia Yemen/Mocha:

Muhammad II bin al-Mutawakkil 'Ala Allah Ismail (29 Jun 1681 - 27 Apr 1686), Imam of Yemen Muhammad III un-Nasir bin (27 Apr 1686 – 1718), Imam of Yemen

• The Governor of Mocha: "Sheikh Sal"

• Governor/viceory of Mocha: “den gouverneur Sjeech Saleh bin Alip Horebij in Mocha”

• den Mochase gouverneur Tacgui Abdul Sjinsjell

• den coopman Cassim Ter...?

• den schrijver Abdoel Alla

• Warlord Mansyur Bila

• Abdul Allah, writer in Mocha

Qasim II ibn Husain (1718 – 1723), Imam of Yemen Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq (1723), Imam of Yemen Qasim II ibn Husain (1723 – 1727), Imam of Yemen

Muhammad IV al-Hadi al-Majid ibn Ali (1727 – 1728), Imam of Yemen Mansur ibn Qasim (1728 - 6 Mar 1748), Imam of Yemen

• Imam Emohadix, Imam of Mocha [?]

• Siri Ibrahim, son of he Imam¹ [?]

East Asia

Japan (Edo [Tokyo]):

Emperor Reigen (9 Jul. 1654 – 24 Sep. 1732)

China:

Amoy (Xiamen):

Bu Yuan (Zongdu/governor-general; viceroy) of Xiamen: “d’Edele heer Sisiancon gouverneur en admiraal van Aymuy”

Governor Kao Chi Chuo[?]

Governor of Amoy: “den Campou Talauja ontfanger van Cuichieeuw en Aymuy”

Governor Kao Chi Chuo[?]

A governor of Xiamen (“den Campou Talauja ontfanger van Cuichieeuw en Aymuy”)

1 See: N. Um, The merchant houses of Mocha: trade and architecture in an Indian Ocean port (Washington: University of Washington Press 2009).

Beijing (Qing-empirors):

Kangxi Emperor (5 Feb. 1661 – 20 Dec. 1722) Yongzheng Emperor (27 Dec. 1722 – 8 Oct. 1735) Qianlong Emperor (8 Oct. 1735 – 7 Feb. 1796/1799)

• Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers (or: Council of Princes and High Officials/Assembly of Princes and High Officials)

The “Tjontok Tsialou”

The Hoppo of Beijing

The Hoppo of Beijing "Chia Toala"

Canton (Guangzhou):

Bu Yuan (Zongdu/governor-general; viceroy) Wu Xingzuo of Guangdong and Guangxi (1681 – 1689)

Bu Yuan Shi-Liu (1689 – 1702)[?]

Hoppo Kuan-Yin-Pao

An apostle in Canton, mentioned in 1710 The Governor of Canton

Fuzhou:

Bu Yuan (Bu Yuan; Zongdu/governor-general) Yao Qisheng of Fujian The Governor of Fuzhou (“den Hoeje Combon of stadhouder in Hoccieuw”) The Bu Yuan of Fuzhou

Quintang[?]:

the Mandarins in Quintang The Hoppo of Quintang The Governor van Quitang

A merchant[?] from Quintang[?] (“den Tsjontok Toealo”)

South Asia India/Ceylon:

Calicut (Kerala):

The Zamorin of Kerala Cochin/Kochi:

Veera Kerala Varma V (1663 – 1687) Rama Varma III (1687 – 1693) Ravi Varma II (1693 – 1697) Rama Varma IV (1697 – 1701) Rama Varma V (1701 – 1721) Ravi Varma III (1721 – 1731) Rama Varma VI (1731 – 1746)

• Babba Porbu (merchant)

• The Cochiniese Warlord "Paljette Cami"

• a missionary from Cochin

• Jesuit Johannes Sibert from Sinoa, Cochin China

• The Chansellor at Cochin Colombo (exiles):

Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (Sheikh Yusuf), exiled in 1694.² Raja ‘Bea’ of Gorontalo, mentioned 1689 – 1696 Arung Teko, exiled in 1702

Pangeran Arya Purbaya, exiled in 1716³ Raden Sake, exiled in 1716

Panji Surengrana (Arya Wiranegara), exiled in 1723⁴

Daeng Mangala, commander of the milites on the fleet of Paulus Huntum Pangeran Arya Mankunegara

Golconda (Hyderabad):

Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (1672 – 1687) Mirza Nizamuddin (governor)

• After the fall of Golconda on September 22, 1687, it became a part of the six Mughal provinces in the Deccan

Hooghly:

The Duwani of the Deccan Kanara (Arkat/Arcot/Carnatic):

Nawab Dost Ali Khan (1732 – 1740) Kandy:

Rajasinghe II (1629 – Nov./Dec. 1686 [6 December 1687 according daghregisters]) Vimala Dharmasurya II (1687 – 4 Jun. 1707)

Viraparakkama Narendrasimha (4 Jun. 1707 – 13 May 1739)

• den pretendent der Candise kroon:

Unambuve Bandara

Sri Vijaya Rajasimha (13 May 1739 – 11 Aug. 1747) Kirtisri Rajasimha (11 Aug. 1747 – 2 Jan. 1782) Sri Rajadhirajasimha ( 2 Jan. 1782 – 12 Aug. 1798) Sri Vikrama Rajasimha (1798 – 17 Feb. 1803) Kayamkulam:

The Raja of Kayamkulam Machilipatnam:

Reccapally Hayapa Chetim[?]

Malabar:

2 K. Ward, Networks of empire. Forced migration in the Dutch East India Company (New York: Cambridge University Press 2009): 207.

3 Daghregisters, 25 July 1717.

4 Ward, Networks of empire: 207; M.C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981, 2^nd ed.

1993): 87.

The King of Malabar Mughal Empire (Delhi):

Aurangzeb

Bahadur Shah I (1707 – 1712) Jahandar Shah (1712 – 1713) Farrukhsiyar (1713 – 1719)

Rafi-ul Darjat (28 feb. 1719 – jun. 6 1719) Shah Jahan II (6 Jun. – 19 Sep. 1719)

Muhammad Shah (Roshan Akhtar) (27 Sep. 1719 – 26 Apr. 1748)

• Governor Codja Ibrahim[?]

Patani:

Raja Nuh (1729 – 1750) Arakan [Rakhine] (Launggyet/Mrauk U):

King Thiri Thudhamma Fort Sindhudurg :

Shivaji Pandit Surat:

o Mughal Governors and Merchants:

Governor Aytbar Kahn (1680 – 1683) Governor Sahamat Khan (1683 – 1685)

Governor Mirza Sjah Allah (Sayh Alla) (1685 – 1687) Governor Salabat Muhammed (1687 – 1690) Governor Governor Nayabat Khan (1690 – 1693) Governor Dilawar Khan (1693 – 1701)

Governor Niyat Khan (1701 – 1707)\

Governor Itibar Khan

Governor Amanat Khan (1707 – 1713) Governor Dayana Khan (1713 – 1714) Governor Dayanat Khan (1713 – 1714) Governor Haj ‘Abd al-Hamid Khan (1714) Mahatarim Khan (1714 – 1715)

Mumin Khan (1715 – 1716) Saiyid Aslat Khan (1716 – 1717) Hyadar Quli Khan (1717 – 1719) Tahavar Khan (1719 -1723) Rustan Ali Khan (1723 – 1725) Suhrab Khan (1725 – 1731) Tag Baht Khan (1731 -1746) Rigsigdas (merchant) Birsigdas (merchant)

Mohammed Mahasan (merchant?) Benjan in Surat (merchant?)

Southeast-Asia

Cambodja (Oudong/Udong):

Preah Bat Samdech Chey Chettha IV (1675 – 1695, 1696 – 1699, 1700 – 1702 and 1703 – 1706)

Preah Bat Samdech Outey I or Narai Ramathipadi II (1695 – 1696)

Preah Bat Samdech Barom Ramadhipati or Kaev Hua III (1699 – 1700 and 1710 – 1722)

Preah Bat Samdech Thommoreachea III or Sri Dhamaraja III (1702 – 1703, 1706 – 1709 and 1738 – 1747)

Maguindanao (Cotabato):

Sultan Barahaman (Sultan Muhammad Shah Minulu-sa-Rahmatullah) (1671[?] – 1699) Sultan Kahar ud-Din Kuda (Maulana Amir ul-Umara Jamal ul-Azam) (1699 – 1702)

Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar (Maruhom Batua; Dipatuan Jalal ud-Din Mupat Batua [posthumously]) (1702 – 1736)

• The Viceroy of Maguindanao

• The Syahbandar of Maguindanao

Siam:

Ayutthaya (Kings of Ayutthaya/Siam):

Somdet Phra Narai (1633 – 11 Jul. 1688; death acknowledged by VOC Jan. 2 1689) Phra Phetracha Ramesuen II (1688 – 1703)

Somdet Phra Sanphet VIII (King Petraja, Luang Sorasak "Phra Chao Sua"; Suriyenthrathibodi) (1703 – 1709)

Sanphet IX (Phumintharacha "Thai Sa") (1709 – Jan. 1733)

Borommakot Maha Dharmaracha II (Somdet Phrachaoyuhua Borommakot / Somdet Phra Boromaracha Dhiraj III) (Jan. 1733 - 13 Apr. 1758)

• Praya Chula Rachamontri IV (“Chen”)

• Phra Sinorat[?]

• Resident Kon Man Wanit

• Oya Sebertibaan

• A certain “abdul latieff van het gepasseerde tot lingij” (lingga-riau)

• Phra Chula Raya[?]

• Oya Prakhlangs:

o Phra Khlang Chao Phraya Kosathibodi (? – 1693) o Unknown Prakhlangs (1693 – 1745)

• Syahbandar Uluwang Cudek Rasati[?]

Ligor:

The Viceroy of Ligor

Vietnam:

Annam (Phú Xuân/Huế) (Nguyen lords; in VOC documents: Quinam):

Nguyễn Phúc Trăn (1687 – 1691) Nguyễn Phúc Chu (1691 – 1725) Tonkin (Hanoi) (Trịnh lords):

Chúa Trịnh Căn (Dinh Vuong) (1682 – 1709)

• Prince Trịnh Vịnh[?]

• Prince Amangkock [?]

• Trịnh Bính (Grandson of Trịnh Căn)

Chúa Trịnh Cương (greatgrandson of Trịnh Căn) (1709 – 1729)

Malaysian Peninsula

: Johor:

Ibrahim Shah (16? - 1685)

• Sri Paduka Tun Pikrama Tun Habib ‘Abdu’l Majid bin Tun Mat ‘Ali, Dato’ Bendahara Sri Maharaja (1677), regent/Chief minister of Johor (1688 – 1697)

Mahmud II of Johor (1685 – 3 Sep. 1699)

• Sri Paduka Tun Sulong ‘Abdu’l Jalil, Dato’ Bendahara Paduka Raja. Son of Paduka Tun Pikrama, succeeded Mahmud II as:

Abdul Jalil IV (Bendahara Abdul Jalil) (1699–1720)

• Dato Laksamana Orang Kaya Abdul Jamil (Dato’ Laksamana Paduka Raja)

• Orang Kaya Sri Naraderaja[?]

• Syahbandar Orang Kaya Raja Indra Bongsu Abdul Majid (Styled Orang Kaya Raja Indra Bongsu (1699 – 1708), Dato’ Shahbandar (1707 – 1708) and Yang di-Pertuan Muda from 1709)

• Dato Tumenggung Paduka Tuan of Muar (Paduka Tuan)

• Panglima Laut[?]

Raja Kechil (usurper) (1719 – 1723)

Sulaiman Badr ul-Alam Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah (1721 – 20 Aug. 1760)

• Daeng Marewa[?]

Malacca:

Yudaningrat

The Syahbandar of Malacca

Java/Bali

:

Bali/Klungkung:

Anglurah Agung (of Gelgel) (1665 – 1685) Dewa Agung Jambe I (1686 – 1722)

• Kapitan Waeng … [?]

• Kapitan Prompok[?]

• Sahang Lura Panji[?]

Dewa Agung Gedé (Suryavira) (1722 – 1736)

• The Regent of Tangapura, mentioned in 1728 Dewa Agung Made (1736 – 1760)

Dewa Agung Sakti (ca. 1760 – ca. 1790)

• Regent: Dewa Agung Panji (1769 – 1790) Dewa Agung Putra I Kusamba (ca. 1790 – 1809) Surapati and his heirs

Gusti Kader Karaeng

Gusti Panji Danur Darastra of Samaya The "Sangangura on Bali"

Badung:

Gusti Made Hubud Bandung (Timbanganten):

Dalem Tenjolaya Demang Timbanganten (1681 – 1704) Raden Ardisuta (Tumenggung Anggadiredja I) (1704 – 1707) Tumenggung Anggadiredja II (1707 – 1747)

Hida Dewa Hanum Gusti Made Hubud Ombul Dipanegara[?]

Banjar:

Pangeran Suria Angsa (Sultan Tahlilullah bin Sultan Saidullah) (1660 – 1700)

Sultan Rakyatullah (Ri'ayatullah) / Sulthan Achmat-ollah (Sultan Ahmatullah) (1700 – 1714) Banten:

Sultan Agung Tirtayasa, (Pangeran Surya) (1651 – 1683)

• Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (Sheikh Yusuf), advisor of Sultan Agung, exiled in 1684 to Colombo and from there to the Cape Colony

Sultan Haji (Sultan Abu Nasr Abdul Kahhar/Abu ‘n-Nasr ‘Abd al Qahhar; Sultan Haggi) (1682 – 1687)

• Pangeran Dipaningrat (Prime minister, mangkubumi/wazir [wazīr] under Sultan Haji), (1682 – 1690)⁵

• Pangeran Arya Purbaya, exiled in 1716

• Raden Sake, exiled in 1716 Sultan Abdul Fadhl (1687 – 1690)

• Pangeran Ingajogya

• Pangeran Depati (son of Sultan Haji)

• Pangeran Depati’s mother: Isa Sultana (wife of Sultan Haji)

• Pangeran Tajudin

• Pangeran Mohammed Salim

• Ki Arya Sutawicastra

• Ki Arya Natasedana

• Pangeran Yudanegara

• Pangeran Raxanegara

• Kyai Arya Jayasedana

• Arya Natawijaja, rijksbestierder

• Arya Dutantaka

• Radja Aron Boodja

• Pangeran Adipati

• Pangerang Arya Tisnanegara

• Pangeran Arya Tisnamangala

• Arya Purbanata

Sultan Abul Mahasin Zainul Abidin (1690 – 1733)

• Depati Humbanegara[?]

• Pangeran Arya Purbanegara, rijksbestierder

• Pangeran Adipati Kasuma

• Pangeran Citrayuda

• Syahbandar

• Raja Arung Bujung

• A certain Muhammed Ali (Mochamadali; mentioned 1731)

• Pangeran Cisnayuda

• Kyai Arya Wangsa Utam

5C. Guillot, Banten: sejarah dan peradaban abad X-XVII (Jakarta: KPG 2008): 194; J. Thalens, ‘Het sultanaat Banten en de VOC’ in: E. Locher- Scholten and P. Rietbergen (eds.), Hof en handel, Aziatische vorsten en de VOC 1620-1720 (Leiden: KITLV Press 2004).

• Kyai Arya Sacadimarta

Sultan Muhammad Wasi Zainifin (1733 – 1750)

• Pangeran Arya Kusuma Ningrat

• Pangeran Tajul Alam

• Pangeran Tajuddin[?], rijksbestierder

• Ki Arya Suta Wisastra Bangil (Pasuruan):

Tumenggung Jajalalana Batang:

An “Omar” of Batang Magat Suka Raja Raja Ajerhaje The Ombols of Batang Bekasi:

Hu Yong Tiau[?], (Chinese merchant[?] Bekasi) Blambangan:

The regent of Balambangan Mas Angapati Janingjasastra den jongen Sangangoera op Baly

Bojong Lopang:

Tumenggung Wira Mantri Brebes:

The widow of the regent of Brebes Ciamis:

Tumenggung Japati Tumenggung of Ciamis Demang Warganagala Tumenggung Yudanegara Tumenggung Wirahutama Cianjur:

Arya Wiratanu I (c.1640 – 1686) Aryia Wiratanu II (1686 – 1707) Arya Wiratanu III (1707 – 1727) Adipati Wiratanudatar IV (1727 – 1761) Adipati Wiratanudatar V (1761 – 1776) Adipati Wiratanudatar VI (1776 – 1813) Ciasem:

Ngabehi Kartayuda

Princes and regents of Ciasem/Pamanukan Ki Arya Wirasaba

Mas Wirasuta Cibalagung:

Arya Natamangala Cigalugur:

Kyai Sutanegara

Cileungsi

Nayawangsa Cirebon:

The lineage of Cirebon was split up under influence of Banten into three different Kraton’s. In 1705 it became a VOC-protectorate.

Kraton Kasepuhan (Princes as Sultan Cirebon)

• Sultan Sepuh I Syamsuddin (Prince Martawijaya; Sultan Sepuh Abil Makarimi Muhammad Samsudin) (1662 – 1697)

o Pangeran Arya Cirebon Abu Muharram Kamar ad-Din, becomes:

• Sultan Sepuh II Jamaluddin (1697 – 1723) o Pangeran Martawijaja o Pangeran Adipati Anum

• Sultan Sepuh III Muhammad Zainuddin I (1723 – 1754)

• Sultan Sepuh IV Muhammad Zainuddin II (1753 – 1773)

• Sultan Sepuh V (1773 – 1781)

• Hasanuddin Sultan Sepuh VI (1781 – 1791)

• Djoharudin Sultan Sepuh VII (1791 – 1816) Kraton Kanoman (Princes as Sultan Anum)

• Sultan Anom I Badruddin (Prince Kartawijaya; Sultan Anom Abil Makarimi Muhammad Badrudin) (1662 – 1703)

• Sultan Anom II Pangeran Dipati (Pangeran Dipati Hallar ad-Din) (1703 – 1706)

• Raja Kusuma (1706 – 1719)

• Sultan Anom III Muhammad Alimuddin (1719 – 1732)

• Raja Tumenggung (1732 – 1744)

• Sultan Anom IV Muhammad Khairuddin II (1744 – 1797)

• Sultan Anom V Khairuddin (1797 – 1819) Kraton Keprabonan (Princes as Panembahan Cirebon)

• Panembahan Cirebon I Muhammad (Prince Wangsakerta; Pangeran Abdul Kamil Muhammad Nasarudin or Panembahan Tohpati) (1677 – 1714)

o The widow of Panembahan Cirebon I Muhammad o Pangeran Mas Cirebon (son of Panembahan Cirebon I)

• Raja Tumenggung Secadipura (1714 – 1725)

• Panembahan Cirebon II Muhammad (1725 – 1731)

• Raja Tumenggung Secadipura (1731 – 1752)

• Panembahan Cirebon III Muhammad Tair Jariri Sabririn Tajul Arifin bin Muhammad Akbaruddin (1752 – 1773)

Syahbandar Ki Arya Martanata Unverified nobles in Cirebon:

• Raden Arya Suryadipura

• Tumenggung Citradipura of Cirebon

• Pangeran Depati Topati

• Ngabehi Prana Dinatra

• Pangeran Arya Cirebon

• Tumenggung Intipraja

• Tumenggung Wiratmaka

• Depati Imbanegara

• Pangeran Suryanegara

• Arya Milipraja

• Demang Neranata

• Wiratmaka

• Tumenggung Wiradinata

• Pangeran Rajaningrat

• Tumenngung Niti Raja

• Pangeran Ratu[?]

• Pangeran Muhamed

• Tummenggung Saijadipura

• Pangeran Depati Topati

• Ngabehi Prana Dinatra Damar Besar/Edam /Damar Tengah:

Pangeran of Damar Besar Demak:

Tumenggung Patmanegara of Demak and his mother (?) Ni Tumenggung Suranata

Ngabehi Wiranegara Ngabehi Martawidjaja Mey Hageng[?]

Raden Arya Suranata

Wife of Ni Tumenggung Suranata[?]

Tumenggung Suranata Pangeran Patmanegara Gabang:

Pangeran Sutajasa

Gresik:

Raden Ngabehi Naladita/Naladika Raden Tumenggung Puspanegara Raden Ngabehi Suriya Vikrama Imbanagara (Ciamis):

Regent of Imbanegara Depati ImbanegaraSalim Indramayu:

Ki Wirantaka

Jampang:

Ngabehi Nayawangala Jepara:

Capain of the Malay “Intje Salim”

Raden Arya Sunduraja Tumenggung Martapura Tejanapura, governor of Jepara Kyai Adipati Tumenggung Citrasuma Depati Sejanapura

Jipang:

Kapitan Sutawangsa The Native officials of Jipang Kalitanjung:

Arya Intrapaya Karawang:

Raden Anom Wirasuta (1677 – 1721)

Raden Jayanegara (Adipati Panatayuda II) (1721 – 1731) Raden Singanegara (Adipati Panatayuda IV ) (1752 – 1786) Adipati Panatayuda

Arya Mangala

• Tumenggung Panatayuda

• The lurah's of Suta Juda in Karawang

• Ombol Wirabaya[?]

• Commissionary of the natives Ragamarta

• The Ombols

• Kapitan Anganata

• Kapitan Sutajaja Kediri:

Depati Jajaningrat Limbangan:

Wangsadita Demang Martasinga Surengrana Ranga Limbangan Madiun:

Banyakpatra/Raden Temenggong Karta Negara, husband of Raden Ayu Rangga Kaliwungu, daughter of Pangeran Arya Blitar IV. Bupati of Madiun (1704 – 1709)

Madura (Bangkalan):

Panembahan Cakraningrat II (Raden Undakan), (1648 – 1707)

Pangeran Cakraningrat III, (1707 – 1718)

• Tumenggung Surayadinata

• Depati Suryadiningrat Pangeran Cakraningrat IV (1718 – 1746) Angajiwa

Mataram: (see: Surakarta) Pekalongan:

Kyai Adipati Jajadiningrat Depati Cakraningrat Adipati Diningrat Pamekasan:

Kanjeng Pangeran Ario Cakranegara II (Pangeran Romo) (1678 – 1709)

Kanjeng Raden Tumenggung Wiromenggolo (Raden Purwonegoro) (1709 – 1721) Puspa

Raden Arya Adikara

Raden Ayu[?] Adikara, mother of Raden Arya Adikara Raden Sasena

Raden Arya Pulangjiwa Raden Ayu Biskara Raden Nayubaskara Mantri's

Pamanukan:

Ngabehi Wangsatanu Ngabehi Nangatanu Raden Arya Adikara Ki Mas Angsasuta Panaruban:

Ombol Kentol Patra Parakan Muncang:

Tumenggung Tanubaya Ngabehi Concuko Pasisir/Pekadengan:

Ngabehi's of Pasisir and Pekadengan[?]

Pemalang:

Arya Cakranegara Priangan:

Arya Surawinata Sampang:

Raden Suderma

Pangeran Depati Cakraningrat Semarang:

Sura Adimangala I (1682 – 1721) Setra Vijaya (1723 – 1741) Adipati X Martupura Adipati Danuraja Adipati Asrtrawijaja Ki Ranga Yudawangsa Adipati Suradimangala

• Sons of Adipati Suradimangala Sayadimarta[?]

Depati Jajadiningrat Ngabehi Astrawijaja Ngabehi Martayuda

Raden Tummengung Trianegana Adipati Aura Dimangala Adipati Seja Napura Sibalagon:

Arya Natamangala Sukapura:

Tumenggung Wiradedaha Gianyar (Sukawati):

Ida Dewa Anum Sumedang:

Pangeran Kusumahdinata VI (Pangeran Panembahan/Pangeran Rangga Gempol III) (1656 – 1706)

• Adipati Rangga Gede (1680 – ?)

Bupati Dalem Tumenggung Tanumaja (1706 – 1709) Bupati Pangeran Karuhun (1709 – 1744)

• Pangeran Rangga Gempol Dalem Adipati Tanumaja (1706 – 1737) Adipati Kusumadinata (1737[?] – 1748) Sumenep:

Kanjeng Pangeran Ario Yudanegara (1671 – 1684)

Kanjeng Raden Tumenggung Pulangjiwa, Kajeng Pangeran Seppo (1684 – 1702) o Ngabehi Brajapati (Ngabhi Prajapati Pandi Wixangaraxa[?]), provisional regent o Ngabehi Lingajaja Joxo, provisional regent

o Mas Sewanegara

Kanjeng Pangeran Ario Cakranegara II (Pangeran Rama) (1702 – 1705) Raden Suderma (1705 – 1707)

Kanjeng Pangeran Ario Cakranegara II (1707 – 1737) Ario Cakranegora III Pangeran Jimat (1737 – 1750)

o Raden Arya Dipaningrat

o Raden Arya Suradiningrat

o The Chinese Syahbandar of Sumenep Surabaya:

Surapati Viranegara I (1696 – 1706) Viranegara II (1706 – 1707)

Kyai Adipati Jangrana I (Anggawangsa) (1677 – 1705)

• Ki Panta Serangrana[?]

• Ki Demang Wangsanegara

• Kyai Adipati Jangrana II (Panembahan Panatagama) (1705 – 1709), rijksbestierder

• Raden Tumenggung Sastranegara

• Suryanegara

• Depati Surabaya

• The Captain at Surabaya

Surabaya split up in 1709 into two Kratons: ‘Kasepuhan’ and ‘Kanoman’

Kasepuhan: Arya Jayapuspita

The mother of Arya Jayapuspita Kanoman: Ngabehi Jangrana III

• Tumenggung Cacrajaja tot Sourabaya, rijksbestierder

• Raden Panji Surengrana (Arya Wiranegara), exiled to Colombo in 1723

• Kartayuda

• Pangeran Puspaningrat Raden Arya Cokronegoro Ngabehi Yudanegara Ngabehi Pulandara Tumenggung Suramarta Tumenggung Surawijaya Surakarta:

Susuhunan Amangkurat II (1677 – 1703)

• Radin Amirang Kusuma[?]

• Tumenggung Surawikrama

• Raden Arya Linduraja, rijksbestierder

• Raden Mas Sutikna; son of Amangkurat II, becomes:

Susuhunan Amangkurat III (1703 – 1705),

• Raden Suryakasuma (Saloringpasar) exiled to Cape of Good Hope in 1715

• Pangeran Mangku Negara/Pangeran Arya Vira Mangala

• Radin Mas Gusti Sudhama/Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Blitar

• Radin Mas Gusti Sasangka/Pangeran Adipati Purbaya

• Adipati Sejanapura

• Adipati Jajaningrat

• Tumenggung Cakrajiya

• Tumenggung Cartanegara[?]

• Tumenggung Sitrasoma[?]

• Untung Surapati

• The sons of Surapati, exiled to Ceylon

Susuhunan Pangeran Puger, Sri Susuhunan Pakubuwana I (1704 – 1719)

• Tumenggung Yudanegara

• Kyai Adipati Surya Adiningrat

• Banyakpatra/Radin Temenggong Karta Negara, husband of Radin Ayu Rangga Kaliwungu, daughter of Pangeran Arya Blitar IV. Bupati of Madiun (1704 – 1709)

• Tumenggung Cakranegara

• Tumenggung Cacrajaja

• Citrawangsa

• Martakara

Susuhunan Amangkurat IV (22 Feb. 1719 – 20 Apr. 1726)

• Adipati Danuraja, rijksbestierder

Susuhunan Paku Buwono II (20 Apr. 1726 – 30 Jun. 1742) Susuhunan Amangkurat V (30 Jun. 1742 – 24 Dec. 1742) Susuhunan Paku Buwono II (24 Dec. 1742 – 11 Dec. 1749) Susuhunan Paku Buwono III (11 Dec. 1749 – 26 Sep. 1788)

• Pangeran Jajadiningrat

• Danu Raja, rijksbestierder

• Arya Sinduraja Talaga:

Pangeran Adipati Sacanata Tangerang:

Kyai Arya Bayadimarta Tegal:

Captain Ismael Officers of Tegal Tembuko:

The king of Tembuko (“Tambucco”) Utama:

Sutapatra Wanayasa:

Demang Suradicara

Moluccas

:

Banda Neira:

Raden Suderma, exiled[?], send from Madura to Banda 1690, returned between 1694 and 1703⁶ Bacan:

Sultan Alauddin II (1660 – 1706)

• Kaicili Musum[?]

Sultan Musa Malikuddin (1706 – 2 Jan. 1715)

• The princes of Bacan

• The rijksbestierder of Bacan Sultan Kie Nasiruddin (1715 – 17 Feb. 1732) Sultan Hamza Tarafan Nur (1732 – 1741)

6See: Daghregisters, 24 January 1690 and 20 October 1694.

Sultan Muhammad Sahadin (1741 – 1780) Ceram:

A 'Lokman' of Ceram, mentioned in 1686 Ternate⁷:

Sultan Mandar Syah (1648 – 1675)

Kaicili Sibori Sultan Amsterdam (January 1675 – Apr. 27, 1689), born at Ternate in 1654 as Kyai Chili Sibori [Prince Amsterdam], as eldest son of Sultan Mandar Shah

Wives of Sultan Amsterdam:

1. Tuari, a lady from Falahu or Sulawesi 2. ?

3. a daughter of the Prince of Tabukan or Sangi. m. 1675.

4. a daughter of the Prince of Siau

5. H.H. Jou Ma Boki Ruze, daughter of his uncle, Kyai Chili Kalamata, m. at Makassar, 1675 (div.

1676)

6. a Chinese widow

7. Yaru, daughter of Katib Meau Bidulu 8. Kini, daughter of Tamir Hamsara 9. a sister of the Sangaji of Ngofagita

Sultan Said Fathu'llah (SultanSiad Kaicili Toloko/Tolukki) (27 Apr. 1689 – 12 Aug. 1714), born in 1657 as Kyai Chili Tolukki [Prince Rotterdam], fifth son of Sultan Mandar Shah by his eighth wife, Ainun, daughter of Miru, succeeded on the death of his elder brother, 27^th Apr. 1689

Wives of Sultan Said Fathu’llah:

1 Mariam, of Markian

2 Jou Ma Boki Baksua, daughter of Kyai Chili Dudu, of Tidore. m.

3 Boki Auro, daughter of Kyai Chili Duko ibni al-Marhum Sultan Magian Said ud-din, of Tidore 4 Sayira, daughter of the Khatib of Jailolo

5 Sia, a Chinese lady

Amir Iskandar Zulkarnain Saifuddin (1714 – 1751) born at Ternate in 1680, as Kyai Chili Sehe, eldest son of Sultan Said Fathu'llah by his fourth wife, Sayira. Raised to the title of Raja Laut by his father. Succeeded on the death of his father, 8^th December 1714.

Wives of Sultan Saifuddin:

1. Jou Ma Boki Mariam [Maria van Vorst], elder daughter of Sultan Sibori ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mandar Shah, Sultan of Ternate, by his first wife, Tuari

2. Khairun, a lady from Dorari

Other functionaries in Ternate:

• Kyai Chili Kalamata, son of Paduka Sri Sultan Muzaffar Shah I ibni al-Marhum Sultan Said ud-din Barakat Shah

• Kyai Chili Pankula, son of Kyai Chili Kalamata, married with Boki Mauludu (1660), eldest daughter Sultan Mandar Shah

• Kyai Chili Baressi, son of Sultan al-Hamza Hajah Amir ul-Mu'minin Barfi ul-Alam Illahi Shah Musalih un-Nasir ud-din ibni al-Marhum Kyai Chili Tolu Suki (1627 – 1648)

• Wife of Sultan Amsterdam (later widow): Tuari of Falahu (?)

• Kyai Chili Hukum, son of a Gorontolese slave

• Boki Mahir Gammalamo, daughter of Maya, Jogugu (1679 – 1684)

• Gogugu Pancala Suara

7 See: L.Y. Andaya, The world of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the early modern period (Honolulu 1993); Ch.F. van Fraassen, Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische archipel: van soa-organisatie en vierdeling: een studie van traditionele samenleving en cultuur in Indonesië (Leiden: KITLV Press 1987).

• Hukum Marsaoli Bobaca

• Marsaoli Panjala

• Kapitan Laut:

• Kyai Chili Reti (1662 – 1689)

• Kyai Chili Khoja (Kapita Laut during the reign of Sultan Said Fathu'llah)

• Kyai Chili Bian, son of Sayira Tidore:

Sultan Hamzah Fahruddin (1674 – 1705) Sultan Abdul Fadhlil Mansur (1705 – 1708) Sultan Hasanuddin Kaicil Garcia (1708 – 1728)

Sultan Amir Bifodlil Aziz Muhidin Malikul Manan (1728 – 1757) Sultan Muhammad Mashud Jamaluddin (1757 – 1779)

• Sangaji Patani

Sulawesi

: Bone⁸:

Arung Palakka (1672 – 6 Apr. 1696)

• Sira Daeng Talele Karaeng Ballajawa (16 Mar.[?] 1665/68 – 22 Aug. 1710[?]), second wife of Arung Palakka

• Palacca Karaeng Laipatau

La Patau Paduka Sri Sultan Idris Azim ud-din (Matinroe-ri Nagawuleng/Matinroa ri Nagaulang Idris) (6 Apr 1696 – 16 Sep. 1714), born as Matinroa ri Nagaulang Idris

• Karaeng ri Patukangang, first wife of Patau Paduka

Bata-ri Toja Daeng Talaga Arung Timurung Datu-ri Chitta Sultana Zainab Zakiyat [Matinroe-ri Tipuluna] (16 Sep. 1714 – 5 Aug. 1715)

Bata-ri Toja Daeng Talaga Arung Timurung Datu-ri Chitta Sultana Zainab Zakiyat [Matinroe-ri Tipuluna] (5 Aug. 1715 – 20 Jan. 1720) Born as Puanna I Mattaq Suleman

La Parappa To' Aparapu Sappewali Daeng Bonto Madanrang Karaeng Anamonjang Paduka Sri Sultan Shahab ud-din Ismail ibni al-Marhum Sultan Idris Azim ud-din [Tumamenanga-ri Sompaopu] (16 Dec. 1721 – 8 Jan. 1724)

• Aru Petus of Bone[?]

La Panaongi To' Pawawoi Arung Mampua Karaeng Bisei Paduka Sri Sultan Abdullah Mansur ibni al-Marhum Sultan Idris Azim ud-din [Tuammenang-ri Bisei] (8 Jan. 1724 – 28 Jun. 1724) I-Danraja Siti Nafisah Karaeng Langelo binti al-Marhum (10 May 1738 – 30 Dec. 1741)

Bata-ri Toja Daeng Talaga Arung Timurung Datu-ri Chitta Sultana Zainab Zakiyat (31 Dec. 1741 – 2 Nov. 1749)

• [Tobok? Carre Lifoang?] of Bone Buton:

Sultan Zainuddin (1680 – 1689) 1689 – 1695: unknown

La Dini Sultan Syaifuddin (second time); Sultan Syaifuddin (1695 – 1702)

• The rijksbestierder of Bouton

La Rabaenga Sultan Syaiful Rijali Sultan Syamsuddin (1702) La Sadaha Sultan Syamsuddin (1702 – 1709 )

La Ubi Sultan Nasiruddin (1709 – 1711)

8W.P. Cummings, The Makassar Annals (Leiden: KITLV Press 2010).

La Tumparasi Sultan Muzhirudddin Abdul Rasyid (1711 – 1712) Sultan Sakiyuddin Duurul Aalam (1711 – 1750)

Gorontalo:

Raja of Gorontalo

Raja ‘Bea’ of Gorontalo, exiled before 1689 to Colombo Gowa⁹ (Makassar):

Sultan Mohammad Ali (Karaeng Bisei) Tumenanga ri Jakattara (1674 – 1677), born as Karaeng Bisei Tumatea ri Jakattaraq Muhammad Ali

• Daeng Talele Karaeng Kampongberu, first wife of Sultan Mohammad Ali

I Mappadulung Daeng Mattimung Karaeng Sanrobone Sultan Abdul Jalil [Tumenanga-ri-Lakiung]

(16 Sep. 1677 – 17 Sep. 1709)

• Karaeng ri Lengkeseq (Mammaliang Daeng Pole) (14 Oct. 1627 – 10 Apr. 1695), prince, son of tumailalang Karaeng Cenrana, Viceroy of Gowa

• Prince Daeng Mangalle (I Aduluq),

• Daeng Tasannging (Karaeng Bontosunggu)

• Prince Arung Teko, send into exile in 1702

• Daeng Nisayu, widow of Arung Teko

• Tumamenang ri Passiringanna Abdul Kadir (Mappajanji)

La Parappa To' Aparapu Sappewali Madanrang Daeng Bonto Karaeng Anamonjang Paduka Sri Sultan Shahabuddin Ismail (Tumenanga-ri-Sompaopu/Matinroe ri Somba Opu/Tumamenang ri Somba Opu) (18 Sep. 1709 – 30 Aug. 1712), born as Karaeng Anaq Moncong Ismail, son of Patau Paduka Sri Sultan Idris Azim ud-din and Karaeng ri Patukangang

• Karaeng Bontosongo, rijksbestierder

I Mappaurangi Karaeng Kanjilo Paduka Sri Sultan Sirajuddin [Tuammenang-ri-Pasi] (31 Aug. 1712 – 22 Jan. 1739)

• Karaeng Bontosunggu Tumamenang ri Taenga (1644 – 1726)

I Malawangau Sultan Abdul Khair al-Mansur Shah [Tumenanga-ri-Gowa] (22 Jan. 1739 – 28 Jul.

1742)

I Mappaba'basa Sultan Abdul Kudus [Tumenanga-ri-Kala'birana] (28 Jul. 1742 – 21 Dec. 1753) o An Inquisitor of Goa, mentioned 1720

o Mantri’s Makassar (see Gowa):

Kapitan Daeng Matara

Tumamenang ri Passiringanna Abdul Kadir (Mappajanji) Mantri’s

Sopping:

La Tenrisenge Towesa (1676 – 1691 )

We Adda (Datu ri Soppéng, We Adda Datu ri Watu) (1691 – 1705) La Tenrisenge Towesa (1705 – 1707)

La Patau (1707 – 1714) La Padang Sajati (1714 – 1720)

Sumatra

:

9W.P. Cummings, The Makassar Annals.

7 Kota’s:

Penghulu’s 8 Kota’s:

Penghulu’s 9 Kota’s:

Penghulu’s 13 Kota’s:¹⁰

Regents (Penghulu’s[?]) Ayer Haja[?]:

The Raja of Ajerhaja The regents of Ajerhaja Bangka:

Pangeran Dipati Anum The Syahbandar of Bangka Barus¹¹:

The Raja of Barus The regents of Barus The Pengulu’s of Barus Raja Kecil (ca. 1670 – 1700)

Sultan Marah Tulang (ca. 1700 – 1730) Sultan Munawar Shah (1730 – 1756) Raja Baros: Radja Ibrahim van Baros Raja Ibrahim (1739 – [?])

Sultan Marah Pangkat (1765 – [?]) Magat Zegat[?]

Bataa:

Raja Magat Sukat and the regents of Bataa Raja Bataa

Raja Magat Sukat and regents Raja Bongsu

Yangdipertuan Ragina Sultan Bongsu The regents of Bataa

Bayang:

The regents of Bayang The Penghulu’s of Bayang

10The names of these Kota’s are unknown: this is how they are called in the Daghregisters.

11J. Drakard, A Malay Frontier: Unity and Duality in a Sumatran Kingdom (Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University Press 1990).

Bintanganteng[?]:

The regents of Bintanganteng Empat Suku[?]:

The Raja and regents of Empat Suku[?]

Inderapura:

Sultan Muhammed Syah (1660 – 1691) Sultan Mansur Shah (1691 – 1696) Raja Pesisir (1691 – 1760) Raja Pesisir II (1760 – 1790) Jambi:

Sultan Ingalaga (1679 – 5-9-1687) Sultan Kiai Gede (1687 – 1719)¹²

• Pangerang Pringgabaya, 2^nd son of Ingalaga, actual ruler of Jambi 1708

• Kyai Demang Arsamanggala

• Pangeran Purbanegara

• Pangeran Mankopraja

• Pangeran Dipaningrat

• Sukarta Mankubumi (rijxbestierder)

• Pangeran Depati

• Pangeran Adipati

• Syahbandar Kiay Arya

• Pangeran Sutawijaja

Sultan Astra Ingalaga (Raden Astrawijaya) (1719 – 1725)

• Suriadinata, son of Kiai Gede; opposes Astra Ingalaga

• Pangeran Depati Suryanegara Sultan Muhammad (1726 – 1727) Sultan Astra Ingalaga (1727 – ?)

• Pangeran Nataningrat

• Pangeran Nata Agama[?]

Unknown Sultan of Jambi

• Raden Pamuk Mai Mas Depati[?]

• Pangeran Nataiwijaja Mankunegara

• Bagus Surya[?]

• Pangeran Sutawijaja

• Raden Bakam Kambang:

The regents of Kambang Kampung Baru:

12In the VOC Daghregisters Sultan Kiai Gede is still referred to as ‘Pangeran Depatti’, even after the VOC installed Sultan Kiai in 1687 to overrule his father, Sultan Ingalaga. See: B. Watson Andaya, ‘Cash cropping and upstream-downstream tensions: the case of Jambi in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’ in: A. Reid (ed.), Southeast Asia in the early moder era: trade, power, and belief (Ithaca and London:

Cornell University Press 1993): 91-122.

The regent of Kampung Baru Kota Tangah:

10 Penghulu's Lampung:

Jalaludin Raja Muda Regents

Pangeran Tanulaga Pagaruyung (Minangkabau):

Raja Alam XXVI (Tuanku Perkasa Alam Pemangku) (1680 – 1695)

• Sultan Indermasyah (1674 – 1730)[?]

Pemangku Raja Alam XXVII (Tuanku Sultan Raja Bagewang II) (1695 – 1719) Raja Alam XXVIII (Tuanku Sultan Arif Badaeunsyah) ( 1719 – 1739) Raja Alam XXIX (Tuanku Raja Alam Muningsyah I) (1739 – 1780)

Palembang:

Sultan Ratu Abdurrahman Khalifatul Mukminin Sayidul Imam (1662 – 10 Dec. 1706), according to Dagregisters he ruled as Susuhunan Ratu from 19 Sep. 1701 onward.¹³ Also, though Sultan Ratu died in 1706, his rulership was maintained until 1710.¹⁴

Sultan Muhammad Mansyur Jayo Ing Lago (segon sultà) (1706 – 1714) Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I (1724 – 1757)

Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin I (1757 – 1776)

• Pangeran Sinepati

• Pangeran Mancanegara

• Ki Demang Suradinata

• Kyai Ngabehi Nitayuda

• Kyai Mas Pangatitajiwa

• Pangeran Dipati

• Pangeran Dipati Anum

• Pangeran Dipakusuma

• Pangeran Kusumajaja

• Pangeran Arya

• Pangeran Macanapura

• Pangeran Adipati Mankubumi

• Syahbandar Gerard van de Voorde

• Pangeran Purbaya

• Pangeran Ratu Sinapati

• De gesanten van Palembang: [envoys from Palembang]

• Syahbandar of Palembang

• Pangeran Adewijaja

• Ki Demang Suradinata,

• Damad Ibrahim[?]

Padang:

Maharaja Indra

13Dagregisters, 19 September 1701.

14 B.W. Andaya, To live as brothers: Southeast Sumatra in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 1993):

126-127.

Panglima Raja Alam[?]

Panglima Maharaja Laut[?]

12 Penghulu’s of Padang

Raja Parampuan, widow of Panglima Raja Alam[?]

Dato Bendahara Raja Dangholla[?]

Raja Ingse[?]

Dato Maharaja Sultan Mangus Orang Kaya Siri Amar[?]

Panglima Raja Darat Panglima Sultan Bajang Panglima Sultana Mas Maharaja Besar Panglima Mahara Laut Datuk Maharaja Pariaman:

Kyai Mas Pancar[?]

the regents of Pariaman Pauh:

14 Penghulu's Raja Putri[?]

The nine Penghulu's of Pao Silebar (Selebar):

Dipati Payung Negara (a. 1650 – 1695) Dipati Bangsa Radin (c. 1668)

Pangeran Nata Diraja I (Pangeran Ingalaga) (1695 – 1710) Pangeran Intan Ali (1710 – 1720)

Pangeran Nata Diraja II (1720 – 1762) Pangeran Nata Diraja III (1762 – 1765) Pangeran Nata Diraja IV (1765 – 1831) Sillida:

Panglima Nara[?] and his penghulu's Panglima Serinegara

Panglima Serinara[?]

Semangka:

Sultan Ratu Mahmud Semak Shahdul Arafin[?]

Susan:

The regents of Susan Solok:

Mahmud Badaruddin King of Solok

Telaga:

Pangeran Dipati Sacanata Tiku:

The regents of Tiku

Tobo:

The regents of Tobo Tarusan:

Radja Hitam of Trusan Ulakan:

The regents of Ulakan The Raja of Ulakan The Penghulu’s of Ulakan

Kalimantan/Borneo:

Banjermassin:

The rijksbestierder of Borneo

Sultan Amrullah Bagus Kasuma bin Sultan Saidullah (1679 – 1700)

Sultan Tahmidullah I/Sultan Surya Alam bin Sultan Tahlilullah/Sultan Amrullah (1700 – 1717)

• Arung Bujung

• Manatuli

• The Chinese Captaint of Banjer

Panembahan Kasuma Dilaga bin Sultan Amrullah (1717 – 1730)

Sultan Hamidullah/Sultan Ilhamidullah/Sultan Kuning bin Sultan Tahmidullah I (1730 – 1734) Sultan Tamjidullah I bin Sultan Tahlilullah (1734 – 1759)

• Panembahan Kusuma Alam

• Pangeran Kusuma

Tanjung Pura (Matan/Sukadana):

Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin/Pangeran Muda (1659 – 1725)

• Depati Tumenggung Panatayuda Pangeran Agung (1710 – 1711)

Pangeran Agung Martadipura (1725 – 1730), son of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin

• Ngabehi Nilipraja

Pangeran Mangkurat/Sultan Aliuddin Dinlaga (1728 – 1749), son of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin Pangeran Ratu Agung (1735 – 1740), son of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin

• Tumenggung Diraja

Sultan Muazzidin Girilaya (1749 – 1762), son of Pangeran Ratu Agung Panembahan Siri Dilaga

West- and East Nusa Tenggara:

Dompu:

Abdul Rasul I Bumisorowo (1686 – 1701) Usman Sultan Manuru Goa (1701 – 1702) Ahmad Syah II (1702 – 1717)

Abdul Kadir Daeng Manambung (1717 – 1727)

Samsuddin Sultan Mawaa Sampela Abdul Yusuf (1727 – 1737) Kamaluddin (1737)

Abdul Kahar Daeng Mamu (1737 – 1746) Larantuka (Flores)¹⁵:

Dom Constantino (1625 – 1661) Dom Luís, mentioned in 1675

Dom Domingos Vieira, mentioned in 1702 Olla (1732 – 1759)

Rote¹⁶:

An unknown regent[?]

Regencies/villages/princedoms (nusak) on Rote¹⁷: o Baä

o Batuisi (alias Oepau) o Bokai

o Bilba o Dengka o Korbaffo:

Pikkatih (ca. 1691 - ?) Ola Fuliha (? – ?) Christian Leuanan (? – ?) Kolanian Bibikate (? – 1852) o Landu:

Geolima Bulecama (1737 – 1758) Bane Dai Lafa (1758 – 18..) o Lole

o Oenale

15 H. Hägerdal, Lords of the land, lords of the sea; Conflict and adaptation in early colonial Timor, 1600-1800 (Leiden: KITLV Press 2012).

16 J.J. Fox, ‘A Rotinese dynastic genealogy: structure and events’ in: T. O. Beidelman (ed.), The Translation of Culture: Essays to E.E. Evans- Pritchard (London: Tavistock Publications 1971, reprinted 2013): 37-77; J.J. Fox, ‘The discourse and practice of precedence’ in: Michael P.

Vischer (ed.) Precedence: Social Differentiation in the Austronesian World ( Canberra: ANU Press 2009): 91-110; J.J. Fox ,‘Traditional Justice and the ‘Court System’ of the Island of Roti’ in: The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 8:1 (2007): 59-73.

17Ibidem/P. Truhart, Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present. Part 3: Asia &

Pacific Oceania (München: K.G. Saur, 2^nd revised and enlarged ed. 2003).

o Ringgou

o Termanu/Termane:

Kiu Lusi (? – 1654[?]) Seni Tola

Kila Seni (1662 – 1673[?]) Pelo Kila (1681 – 1691[?]), ‘regent’

• Pelo Sira

• Sadok¹⁸ Sadu Kiu, ‘mede-regent’

Sinlae Kila (VOC: ‘Sinlay Kiera’ 1700 – ?) o Thie:

Messakh Mbura (1679 – 1697) May Messakh (1697 – 1703) Nale Messakh (1703 – 1717)

• Regent: Messakh Moy (c. 1717) Mbura Messakh (1718 – 1728)

Benjamin Foe Mbura (1728 – 1748) Messakh Pah (c. 1752)

Foukay Pah (p. 1747 – 1777) David Mbura foukay (1777-1790) Paulus Pah Mbesialu (c. 1790 – 1811) o Sangaji’s of Wasing, Lamalata, Adinara and Turang[?]

Solor (Lohayong)¹⁹:

Nyai Cili (1646 – 1664), widow

Nyai Cili Muda (1664 – 1686), granddaughter of Nyai Cili Poro I (1686 – 1687)

Sangaji Cili (1687 – 1700), nephew of Poro I[?]

• Kapitan Poro [?]

Poro II (1700 – 1703) Villages on Solor/Adonara²⁰:

o Adonara:

Sangaji of Adonara Kapita Paro/Poro Damang Rouamang o Lamahala:

Sangaji Bolo of Lamahala

o Lamakera:

18Daghregisters, 20 Augustus 1690.

19Hägerdal, Lords of the land, lords of the sea.

20Ibidem.

Sangaji Dasi of Lamakera (or: sangaji Dasi) (1665 – 1701[?]) Sangaji Karaeng of Lamakera[?]

Jacob Dasi, son of Sangaji Dasi o Lohayong:

Sangaji Cili of Lohayong o Terong:

Sangaji Damet[?]

Sumbawa:

Sultan Hasanurrasyid I (Dewa Mas Bantan Datu Loka) (1672/1675 – 1701) Dewa Mas Madina (1701 – 1725)

Dewa Mas Muhammad Jalaluddin I (1725 – 1731)

Dewa Mas Mapasusung Muhammad Kahharuddin I (1731 – 1759) Bima (Sumbawa):

Sultan Nuruddin Abu Bakar Ali Shah bin Sultan Abdul Khair Sirajuddin (1682 – 1687)

• Karaeng Tojing

• Dzianely Rasnay

• Dzjaenely Sapy

• Bumy Pantica, rijksbestierder

Sultan Jamaluddin Inayat Shah bin Sultan Nuruddin Abu Bakar Ali Shah (1687 – 1695)

• The wife of Sultan Jamaluddin

Sultan Hasanuddin Muhammed Ali Shah bin Sultan Jamaluddin (1695 – 1731)

• Raden Tanumaju, queen of BIma[?]

Sultan Alauddin Muhammed Shah Zillullahi fi al Alam bin Sultan Hasanuddin (1731 – 1748) Tambora:

Raja Jamaluddin (1675[?] – 1687)

Nizam ad-Din Abd al-Basir (Sultan Abdul Basir/Abdul Raja/Abdul Lasi) (1687 – 13 August 1697), exiled to Cape of Good Hope in 1697 and 1716²¹

• Son of Raja Sultan Abdul Basi

Damala Daeng Mamongon (Djamaluddin) (1697 – 1716) Adb al-Aziz (1717 – 1726)

Adipati Suryanata

Abd al-Rahman (1726 – 1748) Timor: (several regencies; see VOC Daghregisters)²²:

the allies on Timor (occasionally) The king and Babatos of Timor Regencies on Timor:

o Amabi:

21Ward, Networks of empire.

22Hägerdal, Lords of the land, lords of the sea.

Ama Kefi I (Meu?) (1666 – 1704)

• Ama Kobo, a regent’s son from Amabi²³ Ama Kefi II (1704 – 1725), son of Ama Kefi I[?]

Loti (1725 – 1732), son of ama Kefi II

Nai Balas, regent-ruler 1732 – 1755), brother of Loti o Amanuban:

Seo Bil Tarnespat (ca. 1680) Taha Mamat (ca. 1700) Pinis Bil (ca. 1720) Tu Bani (ca. 1740)

Don Miguel Fernado de Consenção (1747 – 1751) Don Luis I (1751 – 1770)

Don Jacobus Albertus (Kobis) (1770 – 1806) o Amarasi:

Don Augustino Fernandes (1703 – ?)

?

Esu (1749 – 1752) o Amfoan (Oesapa):

Nai Toas (1683 – ca. 1698)

Am Foan (? – 1708), son of Nai Toas[?]

Dom Manuel (1708 – 1718), son of Am Foan Daniel I (1718 – 48), uncle of Dom Manuel o Kupang:

Mauritius Ama Pot (1659 – 1660)

• Ama Susang, regent-ruler (1660[?] – 1698)

• Ama Besi, co-ruler (1660 – 1678) Pono Koi (1673 – 1691), son of Ama Pono II Ama Susang (1691[?] – 1698)[?]

Ama Tomananu (1698 – 1731), son of Ama Susang

• The regents of Kupang Buni (1732 – 1749), grandson of Ama Besi o Sonbai²⁴ (Sonbai Kecil):

Bi Sonbai (1682 – 1717),

Bernardus Leu (1717 – 1726), son of Nai Neno Sonbai Corneo Leu (1728 – 1748), brother of Bernardus Leu o Sonbai (Sonbai Besar):

Nai Tuklua Sonbai or Ama Tuan I (1650 – 1680) Ama Tomananu, executive regent of Sonbai Besar

23Lords of the land, lords of the sea: 296.

24Ibidem.

Nai Manas Sonbai (? – ?), son of Ama Tomanu[?]

Ama Baki, regent (1699 – 1708) Nony Sonbait, regent (1682 – 1717)

Nai Neno Sonbai or Dom Pedro Tomenu (1704 – 1726), son of Nony Sonbait o Sorebang:

Regents o Taebenu (Fettor):

Tanof I (Lasi Lelo Taebenu) (1688 – ca. 1700/1701)

Tanof II (Tanof Lasi) (ca. 1701 – ca. 1729), nephew of Tanof I[?]

Eki Tanof (ca. 1729 – 1756)

Tus Tanof (1737 – 1768), son of Tanof II o Raknamo:

Raja Toncanak Regents

Unknown Locations/Rulers:

Yuda Mangala of “Watouw Dsjaja”

Chinese merchants: “de Chineese cooplieden Lilauja en Tsuykuiki”

Rulers of European Settlements in Asia

: Lifau (PortugueseTimor):

João Antunes Portugal, Captain-Major (1680)

António Hornay, acting Captain-Major 1673 – 1693) (in Larantuka?) Francisco Hornay, acting Captain-Major (1694 – 1696)

António de Mesquita Pimente, Captain-Major (1696 – 1697) André Coelho Vieira, Captain-Major [?]

Jácome de Morais Sarmento, (1708 – 1709) Manuel de Souto-Maior, (1709 – 1714)

Pedro do Rego Barreto da Gama e Castro, (1731 – 1734) Larantuka (Portuguese Solor):

Viceroy-appointed 'Governor and Captain-General of the islands of Solor and Timor', Antonio de Mesquita Pimentel²⁵

Goa:

Viceroy Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro Madras:

William Gyfford (1681 – 1684) Edward Harrison (1711 – 1717)

25 J. J. Fox ‘Tracing the path, recounting the past: historical perspectives on Timor’ in: J.J. Fox and D. Babo Soares (eds.), Out of the Ashes:

Destruction and Reconstruction o East Timor (Adelaide: Crawford House, 2000): 1-23: 10.

Joseph Collett (1717 – 1720) The Syahbandar of Madras Manilla:

Governor-General Fausto Cruzat y Gongora (25 Jul. 1690 – 8 Dec. 1701)

Governor-General Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri (8 Dec. 1701 – 25 Aug., 1709)

Governor-General Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda (4 Feb. 1715 – 9 Aug. 1717) Governor-General Fernándo Valdés y Tamon (14 Aug. 1729 – Jul. 1739)

Major Manuel de St. Stephan

Governor-General Gaspar de la Torre (Jul. 1739 – 21 Sep. 1745) a certain "Bois de Lorie" from France

The Chinese capitain Que Bauqua [Qi Bo Qua[?]

Julian Ignacio de Velacio, mentioned in 1720 Benkulu:

Governor Joseph Collett (1712 – 1716) Governor Richard Farmer (1717 – 1718) Governor Isaac Pyke (1719 – 1723) Governor Francis Everest (1731 – 1736) Governor Robert Lennox (1736 – 1746)

o a Chinese in Benkulu o Pangeran Mankuraja Macao:

Governor Diogo Pereira (25 Aug. 1738 – 25 Aug. 1743) Malacca:

The ItalianHidalgos Fiumo

Emmanuel S. Antonio, OP, Bishop of Malacca (1701 – 1738) Others:

a Dominican from Portugal: G.Th. Luzictain

Glossarium: titles and their meanings

The VOC-clerks were not consistend in the use of spelling of names and titles. Therefore, we recommend to pay special attention to the second column. Any valuable contributions or comments are welcome, since at this moment this list is incomplete.

Title VOC spelling Locations Meaning

Adipati Adipatty Java, Malay kingdoms ‘Lord’; high noblemen (more

or less the equivalent to ‘duke’

in Europe)

Ama Moluccas Father

Anum Anum, Hanum, Anoem Java, Bali ‘Young’, ‘son’; title used for crown princes

Arya Aria, Ario Java, Malay Kingdoms Originally ‘Aryan’, then ‘

Man of high caste’; used on Java for highrandking officials²⁶

Bendahara Bandahara Johor Chief minister and

commander-in-chief

Bu Yuan (Zongdu) (governor- general)

Pouy China Governor, Governor-General

Daeng (Areng padaengang) Dajeng, Daeng Molucca’s/Sulawesi Highest aristocratic title in Makassar; personal title of children of prince

Dato Paduka Dato Paducca Malay kingdoms, Johor “Your Highness”

Dato Dato Johor, Malay kingdoms, etc. ‘Grandfather’, ‘grandsire’; 1)

heritable title for great territorial chiefs or magnates, 2) title conferred for life together with the first or second class of an order of chivalry

Datuk Datuc, Dato, Datuk Java, Malay Kingdoms ‘Lord’, ‘chief’

Demang Deman, Demang Malay kingdoms, Java,

Sumatra

Official in Java and Sumatra, used for heads of

kademangan (group of villages) or local

representatives ain apanage of noble residing at courts²⁷

Dewa Dewa Java, Bali ‘Devine’; predicate used by

rulers on Bali

Dipati (abbreviated form of

‘Adipati’)

Depatty, Depati, etc. Java, Malay kingdoms Administrative officer; see also: ‘Adipati’

26B. Schrieke, Indonesian sociological studies: selected writings of B. Schrieke (The Hague/Bandung: W. van Hoeve Ltd. 1957) Vol II: Ruler and realm in early Java: 457.

27Ibidem: 458.

Gammalamo Gamolamo, Gamme Lamme, Gammalamme, Gammolamme

Moluccas ’Great Place’ or ‘big town’; a term which is assigned to various sites scattered around the island that once served as the residence of the sultans

Gogugu/ Gugugu Goegoe, Goegoegoe, Gogoegoe, Gougougou

Moluccas ‘Powerholder’; deputy

governor.²⁸

Gusti Gusti, Goesti, Goestie Bali, Java ‘Leader’; title for high nobles

(kings) on Bali

Hukum Hoekum, Hoecko Moluccas Onderhoofd, title uised for the

2^nd in command at courts in the Moluccas or army officers

Hoppo (Hubu) Houpouw, Hupouw China ‘Yuehaiguanbu’; Chinese

official charged to collect taxes on trade goods

Kaicili (Kyai Cili) Caitsjilie, Kaitsili, Katsijli, Katsijli, Keitsjili, Kitsyly

Moluccas Prince. Title usually reserved for the Sultan’s male offspring²⁹

Karaeng (Areng pakkaraengang)

Carain, Carien, Crain, Caraing

Sulawesi, Moluccas, Timor Chief, ruler³⁰

Kapitan Laut Capitain, Captain, Capiteyn Laout, Capitein Lauwt, Radja Laout

Java, bali, Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas

Sea-officer, head of the fleet, admiral

Kartayuda (Karta Yuda) Carta Joeda, Carta Jouda,Cartayouda, Carta Joeda, Carta Juda, Karta Jouda

Java, Malay kingdoms Army Officer (from: yuda [Sanskrit]: war, battle)

Kimelaha Kimelaha North Moluccas ‘Foremost person’ or ‘good

person’; Sultan’s

representative, chiefly title in North Maluku³¹

Ki (abbreviated form of

‘Kyai’; see below)

Keey, Kiey Java, Malay kingdoms Abbreviated form of ‘Kyai’:

see below.

28 Muridan S. Widjojo, The revolt of prince Nuku: Cross cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810 (Leiden/Boston: Brill 2009): 222.

29 R.P. Abdurachman, ‘Niachile Pokaraga’ A Sad Story of a Moluccan Queen’ in: Modern Asian Studies 22/3 (1988): 571-592: 574

30 Cummings, A Chain of kings: vii.

31 Abdurachman, ‘Niachile Pokaraga’: 575, 6n; Ch.F. van Fraassen, P.J. Klapwijk, Herinnering aan een reis naar Oost-Indiė: reisverslag en aquarellen van Maurits Ver Huell, 1815-1819 (Zutphen: Walburg Pers/Linschoten-Vereeniging 2008): 261, 662.

Ki Arya Keey Aria, Kiey Aria, etc. Java, Malay kingdoms Combination of ‘Ki’ and ‘Arya’, usually used for administrative officers.

Ki Demang Kiay Deman, Kiey Demang Java, Malay kingdoms Combination of ‘Ki’ (or ‘Kyai’) and ‘Demang’ (see above)

Ki Mas Keey Maas Java, Malay kingdoms Combination of ‘Ki’ (or ‘Kyai’)

and ‘Mas’ (see below); title for a low ranking officer

Kyai Kiay, Kiaij Java, Malay kingdoms ‘Senior’, ‘venerable’; article

prefixed to names or titles of officials or persons of rank, used to emphasize titles³²

Kyai Chili (see: Kaicili) Caitsjilie, Kaitsili, Katsijli, Katsijli, Keitsjili, Kitsyly

Sulawesi, Moluccas, Timor See: Kaicili

Laksamana Laxamana Johor Admiral/Military Chief

Maharaja Maharadja, Maharaja Java, Sumatra, India, etc. ‘Great Raja’, ‘emperor’; Hindu- title for great kings or emperors (see: ‘Raja’)

Mantri Mantrie, Mantry, Montrie,

Montry, etc.

Java, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Sumatra, etc.

Official, minister of state, sometimes used for assistant of Adipati

Mas Maas, Maes, Mas Java, Sumatra, Borneo, etc. ‘Golden’; prefix used to emphasize title

Ngabehi Angabij, Angabehi,

Angebey, Angeby, Ingabey, Ingebay

Java, Sumatra Malay kingdoms, etc.

‘Commander’; title for officials, usually for military officials sometimes for administrative officer

Ombol Ombol Java Agent of a prince³³

Orang Kaya Orangcaya, Orangkaya,

Orang Kaya

Malay Kingdoms, Molucca’s, Borneo, etc.

‘ Rich men’; aristocrats

32Schrieke, Indonesian sociological studies: 459.

33O. Atsushi, Changes of regime and social dynamics in West-Java society, state and the outer world of Banten: 1750 - 1830 (Leiden/Boston:

Brill 2006): 95.

Paduka Paducca Johor, Malay kingdoms ‘Shoe’, more or less synonymous with ‘feet of’, part of high titles, meaning something like ‘excellency’, or

‘majesty’³⁴

Panembahan Panembahan,

Panembahaan, etc.

Java ‘Object of veneration’, title of

certain Javanese rulers³⁵

Pangeran Pangeran

Pangiran

Java, Malay kingdoms ‘Object of attention’, title of Javanese princes³⁶

Pangeran Mas Pangeran Mas, Pangeran Maas, etc.

Java ‘First Pangeran’; see

‘Pangeran’

Panglima Panglima Java, Malay kingdoms General

Penghulu Panghoeloe, Panghoulou,

Panglou, Ponghoeloe Ponghou, Pouglou, Ponghoulou, Ponglou, Ponlou, Pounglou, etc.

Sumatra, Java, etc. ‘Chief’, title of a spriritual leader in a Muslim community in Indonesia

Raden Radin, Raden Java, Malay kingdoms, etc. ‘Squire’; title used for high officers, sometimes suiqres, below ‘Pangeran’

Raja Raja, Radja Hindu kingdoms, Java, Malay

kingdoms, etc.

Hindu-title for kings

Rangga Rangga, Ranga, etc. Java Title used for Jvanese officials

Ratu Ratoe, Ratu, etc. Java, Sumatra, etc. ‘Ruler’; king.

Rijksbestierder Rijxbestierder, Rijksbestierder

Dutch colonial term Prime minister, lit. ‘controller of the empire’

Sangaji Sanghadja, Sanghadje,

Sanghadjie, Senghadje, Senghadjie, Senhadje

Timor, Molucca’s ‘Your Highness’; title used for district head or local rulers on and near Timor and in the Molucca’s

Shah Syah, Sjah, etc. Persia, Middle East, Mughal

Empire

King (Persian)

34Schrieke, Indonesian sociological studies: 460

35Ibidem.

36Ibidem.

Syahbandar (Shahbandar) Sabandaar, Sabandhaar, Sabandhaer, Sabandhar, Sjahbandhaar,

(Sabandharije)

South- and Southeast Asia harbor master (Persian: shah- bandar)

Sultan Sultan, Sulthan Middle-East, South- and

Southeast Asia

Sultan, king

Sunan (abbreviation of

‘Susuhunan’, see below)

Soenan, Sunan, Soehnang, etc.

Java; Mataram, Surakarta Abbreviation of ‘Susuhunan’, see below

Susuhunan Soeoehoenang,

Soeoehoenangh, Sousouhounang, Sousouhounangh, Zousouhounang, Zouzouhounang

Java; Mataram, Surakarta ‘Royal foot’ (lit), hence ‘His Majesty’; emperor, title for the rulers of Mataram from 1624 onwards and for the rulers of Surakarta from 1755 onwards (after the partition of Mataram)³⁷

Tumenggung Timmogon, Tomanggong,

Tommagaon, Tommagon, Tommogon

Java, Malay kingdoms Noble title used for high Javanese officials, usually awarded to officers of public security

Wazir Wazir Java, Persia, Mughal Empire First minister, treasurer,

Grand-Vizier.

Zamorin Sammorijn Calicut Hereditary royal title used by

the rulers of the Kingdom of Calicut

37Ibidem: 461.

Selected bibliography and resources:

Online resources:

http://www.royalark.net/index.html derived on 19 February 2014

http://melayuonline.com/eng/history/dig/2/malay-kingdoms derived on 19 February 2014 http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Indonesia_princely_states1.html derived on 19 February 2014 http://www.hubert-herald.nl/INHOUD.htm derived on 19 February 2014

Printed sources:

Abdurachman, R.P., ‘Niachile Pokaraga’ A Sad Story of a Moluccan Queen’ in: Modern Asian Studies 22/3 (1988): 571-592.

Andaya, L.Y., The world of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the early modern period (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 1993).

Atsushi, O., Changes of regime and social dynamics in West-Java society, state and the outer world of Banten: 1750 - 1830 (Leiden/Boston: Brill 2006).

Carey, P. The power of prophecy: prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java, 1785-1855. (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2^nd ed. 2008).

Cruysse, D. van den, Siam & the West, 1500-1700 (English translation by M. Smithies, Bangkok: Silkworm Books 2002).

Cummings, W. P.,

(Edited) A Chain of Kings: The Makassarese Chronicles of Gowa and Talloq (Bliotheca Indonesica 33) (KITLV Press:

Leiden 2007).

The Makassar annals (Bibliotheca Indonesica) (KITLV Press: Leiden 2010).

Cushman, R.D. and D.K. Wyatt (ed.), The royal chronicles of Ayutthaya (Bangkok: The Siam Society 2000).

Drakard, J., A Malay Frontier: Unity and Duality in a Sumatran Kingdom (Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University Press 1990).

J.J. Fox,

J. J. Fox ‘Tracing the path, recounting the past: historical perspectives on Timor’ in: J.J. Fox and D. Babo Soares (eds.), Out of the Ashes: Destruction and Reconstruction o East Timor (Adelaide: Crawford House, 2000): 1-23;

‘Traditional Justice and the ‘Court System’ of the Island of Roti’ in: The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 8:1 (2007): 59-73;

‘The discourse and practice of precedence’ in: Michael P. Vischer (ed.) Precedence: Social Differentiation in the Austronesian World (Canberra: ANU Press 2009): 91-110;

‘A Rotinese dynastic genealogy: structure and events’ in: T. O. Beidelman (ed.), The Translation of Culture: Essays to E.E. Evans-Pritchard (London: Tavistock Publications 1971, reprinted 2013): 37-77.

Fraassen, van, Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische archipel : van soa-organisatie en vierdeling: een studie van traditionele samenleving en cultuur in Indonesië (Leiden, KITLV Press 1987).

Fraassen, Ch.F. van and P.J. Klapwijk, Herinnering aan een reis naar Oost-Indiė: reisverslag en aquarellen van Maurits Ver Huell, 1815-1819 (Zutphen: Walburg Pers/Linschoten-Vereeniging 2008)

Guillot, C., Banten: sejarah dan peradaban abad X-XVII (Jakarta: KPG 2008).

Hägerdal, H., Lords of the land, lords of the sea; Conflict and adaptation in early colonial Timor, 1600-1800 (Leiden: KITLV Press 2012).

Hoang, Anh Tuan, Silk for silver: Dutch-Vietnamese relations, 1637-1700 (Leiden/Boston: Brill 2007).

Lohanda, M. and H. E. Niemeijer, Marginalia to the Daily Journals of Batavia Castle (1659-1799). A digitized contemporary chronological entry to archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). (Jakarta: Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia/The Corts Foundation 2013).

Ricklefs, M.C.,

A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981, 2^nd ed. 1993).

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ASAA, in association with Allen & Unwin and University of Hawaii Press 1998).

Ruangsilp, B. Dutch East India Company merchants at the court of Ayutthaya: Dutch percetions of the Thai kingdom, c. 1604- 1765 (Leiden/Boston: Brill 2007)

Schrieke, B., Indonesian sociological studies: selected writings of B. Schrieke (The Hague/Bandung: W. van Hoeve Ltd. 1957) Vol II: Ruler and realm in early Java.

Thalens, J. ‘Het sultanaat Banten en de VOC’ in: E. Locher-Scholten and P. Rietbergen (eds.), Hof en handel, Aziatische vorsten en de VOC 1620-1720 (Leiden: KITLV Press 2004).

Truhart, P., Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present. Part 3:

Asia & Pacific Oceania (München: K.G. Saur, 2^nd revised and enlarged ed. 2003).

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Ward, K., Networks of empire. Forced migration in the Dutch East India Company (New York: Cambridge University Press 2009).

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Weng Eang Cheong, The Hong merchants of Canton. Chinese merchants in Sino-Western trade (Richmond, Curzon Press/Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 1997)

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