SYSTEM ADVOCACY
FOR DISASTER VICTIMS
HERU SUSETYO
Faculty of Law Universitas Indonesia
11th Asian Postgraduate Course on Victimology
and Victim Assistance
VICTIM SERVICES
• Victim services are those activities which are
applied in response to victimizations with the intention of relieving suffering and
facilitating recovery.
• This includes providing information, making assesments, conducting
individual interventions, engaging in
social advocacy, proposing public policy and working in program development.
Pasal 16
(1)Advokasi sosial dimaksudkan untuk melindungi dan membela seseorang, keluarga, kelompok, dan/ atau
masyarakat yang dilanggar haknya. (2) Advokasi sosial sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (1) diberikan dalam bentuk penyadaran hak dan kewajiban, pembelaan, dan
What is advocacy?
• Advocacy is speaking, acting and
writing with minimal conflict of interest on behalf of the sincerely perceived
interests of a disadvantaged person or group to promote, protect and defend their welfare and justice.
www.qppd.org
• Advocacy is pursuit of influencing
outcomes - including public policy and resource allocation decisions
within political, economic, and social systems and institutions - that
directly affect people's lives.
• Advocacy has purposeful results:
1.to enable social justice advocates to gain access and voice in the decision making of relevant institutions;
2.to change the power relationships between these institutions and the people affected by their decisions, thereby changing the institutions themselves; and
3. to bring a clear improvement in people's lives
• Advocacy consists of organized efforts
and actions based on the reality of "what is." These organized actions seek to highlight critical issues that
have been ignored and submerged, to influence public attitudes, and to
enact and implement laws and public policies so that visions of "what should be" in a just, decent society become a reality.
What is advocacy (3)
Advocacy efforts may include :
• Proposing public policy or questioning
the prevailing public policies.
• Lobbying for rights and services • Public demonstrations
• Public and professional education
through written information and programs.
TYPES OF ADVOCACY
• Two main forms of advocacy :
1.Individual advocacy 2.System Advocacy
Individual Advocacy
• Focuses on changing the situation of
one person – to protect his or her rights or to improve individual services.
• Two common forms :
1.Informal advocacy; is undertaken by
individuals, their parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, friends.
2.Voluntary or not to profit community based organizations that pay staff to advocate for
individuals (www.mndaust.asn.au)
SYSTEM ADVOCACY
• Works to change the situation of a whole
group of people who share a similar
problem, or to change a service system. System advocacy can benefit many
people. It also strives to prevent problem.
• System advocacy encourages changes
to the law, government and service provider policies and community
attitudes.
SYSTEM ADVOCACY (2)
• Seeks to influence change in the broader political and social arenas
because without change at this level, positive change for individuals is more difficult to achieve.
• Speak out for new legislation,
policies and practices.
• Highlighting where policy is in place
but not being implemented. • Involving in coalitions
www.family-advocacy.com
Other terminologies
• System advocacy
• Structural advocacy
• Structural legal aid (Indonesian) • Social advocacy?
Pasal 16
(1)Advokasi sosial dimaksudkan untuk melindungi dan membela seseorang, keluarga, kelompok, dan/ atau
masyarakat yang dilanggar haknya. (2) Advokasi sosial sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (1) diberikan dalam bentuk penyadaran hak dan kewajiban, pembelaan, dan
SOCIAL ADVOCACY
Lesson Learned :
Disaster Victimization
and System Advocacy
> Indonesia, Thailand,
System Advocacy for
Indonesian Disaster Victims
• Triggered by Aceh/ Indian ocean
earthquake –tsunami 2004
• NGOs/ NPOs played active and
significant role in conducting system advocacy for disaster victims.
The Role of NGO > MPBI
• Masyarakat Penanggulangan Bencana Indonesia/ Indonesian Society for
Disaster Countermeasures have
conducted such measures as follows :
1.Initiating the draft of Indonesian Disaster Management Act, including Presidential
Decree and bylaws both in national and local level.
2.Creating a framework of Community-based disaster risk reduction management
3. Campaigning, promoting and
disseminating humanitarian standard (SPHERE Project) for volunteers.
4.Conducting research, discussion, and seminar on disaster
countermeasures issues.
Proposing Indonesian
Disaster Management Act
• Indonesia does not have DisasterManagement Act until the enactment of Law No. 24 year 2007 on Disaster Management/ Countermeasures
• Previously, the laws concerning
disaster management are only
24
Major Issues on Disaster
Management
LACK OF MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ON DISASTER RESPONSE
• Delay in the management of emergency response
• Lack of coordination in planning and programming for
post-disaster recovery
• Institutional framework is more focus on emergency
response, rather than post-disaster recovery
• Funding more emphasizes on emergency response
LACK OF UNDERSTANDING IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
LACK OF UNDERSTANDING IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
• Lack of understanding in the preparation of disaster
preparedness and risk reduction
• Lack of institutional performance in the management of
risk reduction
• Lack of planning and programming for risk reduction
• Lack of incorporating risk disaster mitigation into spatial
plans
25
New Paradigm on Disaster Management (Hadi, 2007)
1. Recognizing the right for dignified life and livelihood and that the
government responsible to ensure the protection from disaster, which is essence is avoidable, with no risks creation in recovery process
2. Reducing disaster risk factors from unsustainable development practices that are worsened by the impact of climate changes 3. Being accountable to the risk community and/or disaster-affected
community and sensitivity to gender, participatory, equity and justice perspectives
Emergency
Response Risk Reduction Centralize Local Autonomy
Participatory Proactive
Government Reactive
MAJOR ISSUES
GUIDELINES, COORDINATION, LOCAL CAPACITY, FUNDING FRAMEWORK,
LONGER-TERM RECOVERY
MAJOR ISSUES
COMMON PERCEPTION, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, FUNDING SOURCE,
Previous Previous Changes Changes Future Future •Paradigm •Approach •Institution •Governance •Paradigm •Approach •Institution •Governance
Triggered by Aceh Tsunami DM Law
DM Law
No. 24/2007
PREVENTION MITIGATION
PREPAREDNESS
RECOVERY
EMERGENCY RESPONSE DISASTER
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
JAPAN
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
神戸
KOBE 1995
Source : Kobe City Disaster Manageme nt Center
TURNING POINT : VICTIM SERVICES
IN KOBE EARTHQUAKE 1995
• Dead 4571 (total 6,433)
• Missing 2 (total 3)
• 58% of those who died were 60 years
old and older
• Many people died from being crushed
by collapsed houses (83.3% died from suffocation or being crushed)
• Internally Displaced Persons
316.678
DESTRUCTION
OF BUILDING
• Fully collapsed 67421 • Partially collapsed 5545 • Number of building
Source : Kobe City Disaster Managem ent Center
MEASURES TAKEN : EVACUATION PROCESS
• 599 shelters were operating as of
Jan. 26, ‘95(peak)
• 236,899 persons used shelter
services on Jan. 24, ‘95(peak)
• 222,127 evacuees were living in
Source : Kobe City Disaster Managem ent Center
MEASURES TAKEN (3) : TEMPORARY HOUSING
•32.346 units constructed
Source : Kobe City Disaster Manageme nt Office
Post Disaster Response (1)
:The disaster prevention council of Kobe City
The disaster
prevention council of Kobe City
The Kobe City regional plan for disaster
Source : Kobe City Disaster Managem ent Office
Post Disaster Responses (2)
Source (text and pictures) : Kobe City D isaster Management Office
POST DISASTER RESPONSES (3)
Source (text and pictures) : Kobe City D isaster Management Office
Post Disaster Responses (4) : Training of Citizen
Source (text and picture) : Kobe city dis aster management office
Post Disaster Responses (5) :
Kobe Urban Planning School
Promote study of citizen about urban
LESSON LEARNED FOR THE NEXT VICTIM SERVICES IN JAPAN
1. The Need of disaster education 2. The Need of local volunteer
communities
SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF THE PEOPLE AND NPOs
• in Kobe case 77% of victims was
evacuated/ assisted by local people, 18% by disaster management
agencies, 4% by themselves or other factors.
• Volunteers in Kobe more than 1.2 million (half year from the quake)
• Volunteers in Niigata 2004 are also in significant numbers. They assisted the people back and forth for several
PROBLEM IN VICTIM SERVICES
(KOBE & NIIGATA)
• Coordination among
NPOs and between NPOs and
governmental agencies
• Durability of the
service
• Victim assistant
professionalism
• Social Gap (most of
the victims were elder people, etc.)
• Financial support
Source : Cabinet Office of Japan
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IN JAPAN (Cabinet Office of Disaster
Management)
1. Improvement of Disaster Prevention Facilities.
2. National Land Conservation
3. Increasing Disaster Management Consciousness adn Disseminating Disaster Management Knowledge 4. Disaster Management Drill
Source : Cabinet Office of Japan
Establishing Local Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations and
Volunteer Activities
• residents aware of the need for solidarity
in community establish local voluntary disaster management organizations.
• These organizations prepare materials and
machinery in the region, and practice disaster management drills etc.
• As of April 2001, about 57.9% of the
households are participating in local voluntary disaster management
JAPAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Koji Suzuki-ADRC)
Turning Point in Japanese Disaster Management :
• 1959 Ise-Wan Typhoon was the
Epoch-Making Turning Point :
1. Response oriented approach to preventive approach
2. Individual approach to
comprehensive multi-sectoral approach
Disaster Countermeasures Basic
Act (1961)
ESTABLISHING SOME ELEMENTS :
• Disaster Management Council at National/
prefectural/ municipal level
• Organization of multi-sectoral coordination body • Disaster Management Plan at National/
prefectural/ municipal level
• Disaster management planning system
Disaster Countermeasures Basic
Act 2 (1961)
• Multi-sectoral body in case of emergency
• Annual Goverment official report (white paper) on
Disaster Countermeasures
• Submitted to the Diet
• Responsibilities of national and local governments
as well as private sector and people
• 3 administrative levels : National. Prefectural and
Municipal
• Municipalities respond to natural disasters first.
Source : Mr. Koji Suzuki (ADRC- Kobe)
AGENCIES INVOLVED
• Residents, voluntary
group
• Local governments in
stricken area
– Fire-fighting &
ambulance
– Police – Hospital
• Assistance from other
local governments
• National govenment
• Fire Defense Agency • Defence agency (self
defence force)
• Japan Coast Guard
• National Police Agency • National Hospital
• NGOs
DISASTER DRILL & DISASTER
EDUCATION (1)
• Disaster Management Day =
1 September (Cabinet Agreement in 1960)
• Disaster Management Week =
30th August – 5th September (Cabinet agreement in 1982)
• Disaster Management Drill
Source : Mr. Koji Suzuki (ADRC, Kobe)
DISASTER DRILL & DISASTER EDUCATION (2)
• Comprehensive Disaster Management Drill since 1971
• Attended by All Cabinet ministers (incl. Prime Minister),
Related Disaster Management Organizations
• Drills in regions all over Japan organized by Local
government and attended by Private companies, residents, etc.
(About 1.9 millions participants nationwide)
• Disaster Management Poster Contest : 8435 applications
DISASTER DRILL :
National
DISASTER EDUCATION
1. Establishing Disaster Prevention Center 2. Establishing Disaster Prevention Museum 3. Conducting Disaster Training/ Education 4. Disseminating pamphletes, manual, andEstablishing Disaster Prevention Center : Kyoto
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Earthquake and volunteerism
• Prof. Tomohide Atsumi from Osaka University,
noticed that the real turning point for
Japan Disaster Management in present time is Kobe earthquake 17 January
1995. This massive earthquake had triggered the tremendous disaster response as well as ignited the
volunteerism.
• About 1.2 millions people had volunteered
themselves to assist the victims of Kobe
Earthquake and helped the recovery of the city.
• The Niigata earthquake October 2004 is the second
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
Earthquake and volunteerism (2)
• Prof. Toshio Sugiman from Kyoto University
supported this rough observation by stating that since 1995 volunteering
activities become more popular in Japan;
• the government had positively responded
this trend by enacting volunteering and
disaster act immediately after 1995 which established volunteering center in the
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
(Yajima, 2005)
• It was the Great Hanshin Awaji earthquake
that created an awareness of the need for a new approach to dealing with victims.
• Attempts to organize support for victims did
not work well.
• The delayed response in addressing the
medical needs of the most vulnerable people resulted in more than 2000 deaths on the
third day after the earthquake > terrible
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
•
THAILAND
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
DISASTER VICTIMIZATION IN THAILAND
• Natural hazard or natural disaster which
frequently occurs in Thailand are :
• drought,
• earthquake, • epidemic,
• flood,
• landslides, • wave/ surge, • wild fires,
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
THAILAND TSUNAMI 2004
• The massive earthquake which triggered
Indian Ocean tsunami on December 26,
2004 was among the most severe disaster in Thailand for centuries.
• The catastrophic incident devastated 407
villages in six provinces namely, Phuket, Trang, Phang Nga, Krabi, Ranong and
Satun.
• The tsunami took almost 8000 lives and
FACULTY OF LAW
FACULTY OF LAW
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THAILAND TSUNAMI 2004 VICTIMS
• Local people and foreign nationals
(tourists)
• Unregistered migrant workers (mostly
Burmese)
• Problem with land ownership (conflict
among villagers as well as with investment companies)
• Indigenous people victims (Moken/ Sea
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Unregistered Migrant Workers as Victims : Burmese
More than 200 Burmese migrant workers killed by the tsunami that destroyed resort beaches in
southern Thailand in December 2004.
Many of the Burmese tsunami victims were children. Burmese migrant workers instructed their young
children to hide in their homes for fear they would be caught during police crackdowns on illegal labour.
Currently, there are around 100,000 Burmese
migrants living in Phang Nga province, most of them are employed on construction sites while farming is the second most popular job.
FACULTY OF LAW
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Land Ownership
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
Victim Services (3) :
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UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
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Thailand Tsunami Victimizer
• Nature?
• Foreign government (Burma) • Investors, businessman
• Local and central govt (cultural
CONCLUSION (1)
• Current status of international law regarding
disaster relief is considered to be highly
unsatisfactory. There is no definite, broadly accepted source of international law which spells out legal standards,
procedures,rights, and duties pertaining to disaster response.
• It seems that natural disaster victims are
abandoned by both international and national law.
• Victims rights and victim needs must be taken
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CONCLUSION (2)
• Victims rights and victim needs must be
taken into account in disaster countermeasures.
• Secondary victimization will most likely be
occurred in the aftermath of disaster should disaster management ignore victims` rights and victims` needs.
• Whether victimology encompass disaster
CONCLUSION (3)
• Advocacy for disaster victims, either
individual/ case advocacy or system advocacy are important to uphold
disaster victims’ rights.
• System advocacy have evidently
resulted in policy changes (in disaster countermeasures)
• Some ‘turning points’ are sometimes
needed for policy changes. FACULTY OF LAW
FACULTY OF LAW
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
• Arigato gozaimashita • Terima kasih banyak !