CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
A.Vocabulary
1. Definition of Vocabulary
Vocabulary refers to all of words in the whole language or the words or phrases used in a particular variety. According to Hornby (1985: 495), vocabulary is a total number of words (with rules for combining them), which make up a language. In line with him, Rivers in Nunan (1992: 11) writes that vocabulary is essential for successful study on the second language. It means that without a vocabulary, learner will be unable to use the language communicatively.
Vocabulary is one of the basic components of language because it is a sequence of words that makes a language. Napa (1991: 6-7) states that no language exists without it and words are signs or symbols for ideas. If students learn more words, they can get more ideas, so they can communicate the ideas more effectively.
The more words we learn, the more ideas we should have. It means that without vocabulary there will be unable to use the language communicatively.
2. The Importance of Vocabulary
Vocabulary as one of the language elements is integrated in communicative expression. Krashen in Nunan (1991: 117) argues that vocabulary is important. This has come about partly of vocabularies as a result of the development of communicative approaches to language teaching and partly through the stimulus of comprehension based methods such as the natural approach. So, vocabulary is important for the students to master some skills and to understand what the speaker said.
Tarigan (1984: 82) points out of the importance of vocabulary in language learning. He states that language skill depends on competency of vocabulary. Thus, the more vocabulary is mastered, the bigger possibility that someone can skillfully use the language.
Vocabulary is also important to express idea or to ask for certain important. If someone has a lack of vocabulary, he will find some difficulties in expressing his idea in oral or written. One should be able to master adequate vocabulary to convey their message.
From the explanation above, vocabulary becomes an important thing in learning English. It is because the vocabulary is the first basic important thing in learning English. It is impossible to avoid the vocabulary in learning English. In fact, there are many Indonesian students who learn English as foreign language, often mix the English vocabulary with Indonesian language. Therefore, there are many students often get trouble in practice English because of the lack of vocabulary. It can be concluded that vocabulary is the basic that can impact in learning English.
3. The Teaching of Vocabulary
Teaching vocabulary is one of the ways to develop English competence of a person who is learning English because vocabulary is one of the success keys in learning. To raise students’ interest in learning vocabulary, the teacher should have appropriate ways and techniques. The mastery of vocabulary will be achieved if the vocabulary teaching is effective.
a. Not all the words the students hear during any lesson become a part of his “active” vocabulary that or even in later lesson. The active vocabulary should be systematically presented and practice, but some words in the new language will remain passive that is we understand them when we hear them but we don’t use them in speaking or writing. b. New vocabulary items should be introduced in known structures, so that
it is easy for students to understand them.
c. Whenever familiar word is met in the new context, it should be taught again and practiced. If possible, only one context should be taught at one time.
d. Whenever possible, the vocabulary items should be centered about one topic.
e. Vocabulary items should be taught in the some way, which we teach everything else. We show a picture, puzzle, and game.
4. Learning of Vocabulary
Learning vocabulary is learning about number of words that make up a language. It is an essential in language learning. It can improve students’ vocabulary mastery.
According to Lado in solikhatun (2007: 12), there are some methods which may be able to help the learners to learn and master vocabulary well. a. Dictionary
Dictionary is used when students have trouble in catching the meaning of words. It can be used effectively if they are aware of words limitation and consultation.
Students use dictionary to find the new words that they do not understand or only to find a quick definition.
b. Note book
One of the most effective ways to control the learning of new words to keep vocabulary is notebook. Keep a small one in our pocket, so if there are new words, it can be written whenever it’s heard and seen. c. Guessing the meaning
Based on the explanation above, it is gotten a conclusion that using different method in learning vocabulary can improve students’ vocabulary mastery.
5. Evaluation of Vocabulary
a. Aspect to Asses
According to Thornbury (1988: 130), there are some aspects to know the words:
1) The word’s form 2) The word’s meaning 3) The connotations of word
4) Whether the word is specific to a certain register or style 5) The word’s grammatical characteristic (part of speech) 6) The word’s common collocations
7) The word’s derivation
8) The word’s relative frequency
All of those aspects of words knowledge can be realized receptively (in listening and reading) or productively (in speaking and writing).
b. Evaluation of Vocabulary Mastery
In this research, the writer used test to evaluate the students’ vocabulary mastery. The use of the test for the students’ vocabulary mastery is to measure how far their competence before the action and after the action. According to Hughes (1989: 147), there are two kinds of evaluation in item writing: recognition and production.
1) Recognition
This is kind of testing that could be recommended without many reservations. Items may involve a number of different operations: a) Synonyms
All of the options are words which the test-takers are expected to know.
b) Definitions
This type has options with the same length. c) Gap Filling (Multiple Choices)
This type has the context. It should not contain words which the test takers are unlikely to know.
2) Production
a) Picture
This method of testing vocabulary is obviously restricted to concrete nouns that can be unambiguously drawn.
b) Definition
This type has words defined entirely in words more common or simpler than themselves.
c) Gap Filling
This type is an alternative word to the one we have in mind. It can be solved by giving the first letter of the words (possibly more) and even an indication of the number of letters.
From the definition above, Gap filling (multiple choices) and picture test would be used to evaluate the vocabulary test. These are the examples of the test items:
Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D)!
1. He usually brings a stethoscope for his work. He is a… a. teacher
Match the picture with the word on the box!
(Pasangkan gambar di bawah ini dengan kata yang ada di dalam kotak)
1. ………
2. ……….
3. ……….
Those are the example of the test items. It will include ten items for matching picture and fifteen items for multiple choices. The topics are about the kinds of diseases and professions. The writer will use those topics because it is not difficult item for the students at elementary school. The topics are quite familiar for them.
policeman soldier Pilot farmer
1) Indicator
By making the test items, the writer has indicators for the students. a. Matching the picture with the word correctly.
b. Understanding the meaning of the vocabulary related to the topic.
B.Rolling Ball Game
1. The Definition of Rolling Ball Game
In teaching and learning process, sometimes students feel bored. Most of the reasons are students cannot move around, stand up, and even walk around during the teaching and learning process. It is needed any games that make the class alive, so make a Rolling Ball game to find out the best solution. Every teacher has to find out the way to solve the problem in order that teaching learning process runs well. The problem comes not only from the students and the teacher, but also comes from all the factors that support or hamper the teaching learning process, such as the class situation, time of learning, teaching tools and teaching material.
ball, they will get a turn to do the task. Rolling Ball is competition game, so it can motivate the students in understanding and memorizing vocabulary well.
From the definition above, it can be concluded that Rolling Ball game is an active learning that consists of a ball and grouping work to do this game. Rolling Ball game can be used in teaching and learning process.
2. The Advantages of Rolling Ball Game
Some advantages of Rolling Ball game are students will be more interested in learning English, especially vocabulary lesson. They learn language more quickly than adults do. They have also greater facility for understanding and imitating what they hear than adults do. The activity by using Rolling Ball game can be done to draw the students’ interest.
There are also some advantages of this game in teaching vocabulary: a. Teaching vocabulary by using Rolling Ball brings fun and challenge. b. It will improve students’ cooperation in learning English because it is
groups work.
c. The students will obtain new vocabulary from other friends and retrieve their vocabulary knowledge.
3. The Disadvantages of Rolling Ball Game
Although there are many advantages of rolling ball game in teaching vocabulary, this game has some disadvantages:
a. It will be a noisy class.
b. The teacher has to intensively control and monitor while the students play the game.
4. Procedure to Teach by Rolling Ball Game
To teach by Rolling Ball game, teacher and students have to know the role and the way how to use this game. To prepare this game, teacher only prepares a ball in a group. The steps to prepare are:
a. Teacher prepares a ball. The ball is not too small, but not too big. It is about as big as orange that hand can hold the ball; it is such kind ball that is used in bath-ball.
b. After the instrument is ready, teacher asks them to make a group consists of five to ten.
c. Explain of the rule of playing this game.
According to Nisak (2011: 171), there are some rules to play rolling ball game,
a. The teacher makes a list of vocabulary that we will learn.
b. The teachers ask all of the students to stand up and make such a big round.
c. Teacher or facilitator will throw the ball to a student.
d. A student who gets a ball must mention the vocabulary learned.
e. If one of student can not mention that vocabulary, teacher can give his/her a punishment, for example they have to sing, dance, etc.
f. For the student who can mention a vocabulary, give him/her a reward by showing a thumb and giving star.
g. Play this game until the students get a turn to play it.
h. Every student who gets a punishment can let to stand up again after two students got a turn throwing the ball.
i. Repeat this game once more.
j. Celebrate this game by feeling enjoyment.
C. Basic Assumption
techniques or new media. Different process of teaching and learning vocabulary will give different experience for the students’ memory.
The use of game is one of the innovative ways to give new experience for the students in classroom activity. In this case, Rolling Ball game is considered as the innovative game to improve students’ vocabulary mastery in teaching and learning vocabulary.
There is nothing perfect, especially with dealing the classroom activity. A good planning does not mean that there is no problem during the process. In reality, students often get difficulties during learning process, although the teacher has tried many ways to make it easier in learning foreign language. Students need more practice for all knowledge they have got about vocabulary if they want to be able to master vocabulary in that foreign language.
