i
IN
AGAINST ALL ODDS
I GUSTI AYU AGUNG SINTHA SATWIKA
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
ii
IN
AGAINST ALL ODDS
I GUSTI AYU AGUNG SINTHA SATWIKA NIM 1390161019
MASTER PROGRAM
LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
iii
Thesis for obtaining a Master Degree
In the Master Program, Linguistic Program in Translation Studies Postgraduate Program, Udayana University
I GUSTI AYU AGUNG SINTHA SATWIKA 1390161019
MASTER PROGRAM
LINGUISTIC PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
v
The Board of Examiners according to Decree of Rector of Udayana University, No: 1661/UN14.4/HK/2016 Date: April 22nd 2016
Chairman : Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa, M.A., Ph.D. Members :
1. Dr. Dra. N.L.K. Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL, M.A. 2. Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S.
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Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini :
Nama : I Gusti Ayu Agung Sintha Satwika
NIM : 1390161019
Program Studi : S2 Linguistik ( Terjemahan )
Judul Tesis : The Translation of English Adverbials of Manner
into Indonesian in Against All Odds
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah Tesis ini bebas plagiat.
Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti plagiat dalam karya ilmiah ini, maka saya
bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai Peraturan Mendiknas RI No. 17 Tahun 2010 dan
peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Denpasar, 24 April 2016
vii
blessing; therefore the study entitled The Translation of English Adverbials of
Manner into Indonesian in Against All Odds could be completed. This thesis was
composed as a partial fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Master Program,
Linguistic Program in Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program, Udayana
University.
In this opportunity I would like to thank Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp.
PD. KEMD as the Rector of Udayana University, Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi,
Sp.S (K) as the Director of Postgraduate Program, Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra
Yadnya, M.A. as the Head of Master Program in Linguistics Department, and all
of the lectures in Master Program in the Department of Linguistics for giving me
the opportunity to be a student of master program in translation studies.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa,M.A.,
Ph.D. as my first supervisor and to Dr. Dra. N.L.K. Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL,
M.A. as my second supervisor for their support, guidance, and advice in finishing
this study. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the members of
examiners board, consisting of Prof. Dr. I Wayan Pastika, M.S., Drs. I Nyoman
Udayana, M.Litt., Ph.D., and Dr. N.L. Nyoman Seri Malini, M.Hum. for the
viii
My special appreciation of gratitude should go to my beloved parents and
sisters for the endless love and support. Besides, I would like to thank Restu
Sumaranama, Arnita Yanti, and all my friends in translation studies (2013
generation) for the friendship and the time we have shared together.
.
Denpasar, 24th April 2016
ix
padanan serta menganalisis prosedur terjemahan yang diaplikasikan dalam menerjemahkan adverbial cara dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia.
Penelitian ini merupakan studi kepustakaan. Teknik observasi diaplikasikan dalam pengumpulan data. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis secara kualitatif. Data penelitian ini diambil dari biografi berjudul Against All Odds dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia Menepis Segala Rintangan. Teori adverbial cara bahasa Inggris oleh Quirk (1973), teori adverbial cara bahasa Indonesia oleh Effendi (2004), serta teori prosedur penerjemahan oleh Vinay and Dalbernet (pada Venuti:2000) digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil terjemahan dari adverbial cara bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa adverbial cara bahasa Inggris dinyatakan oleh adverbia, frasa adverbia, frasa preposisi, dan klausa. Padanan adverbial cara bahasa Inggris dalam bahasa Indonesia dinyatakan oleh adverbia murni, adverbia deadjectival, verba, frasa preposisi dengan preposisi dengan, secara, atau tanpa, frasa nomina, frasa adverbia, frasa adjektiva serta klausa. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa prosedur penerjemahan yang diterapkan adalah peminjaman, literal, kesepadanan, dan transposisi. Prosedur peminjaman dan literal diaplikasikan untuk mempertahankan makna dan bentuk asli seperti pada bahasa sumber. Sedangkan, prosedur kesepadanan dan transposisi diterapkan karena terdapat perbedaan sistem linguistik antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target.
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and analyzing the translation procedures applied in translating English adverbials of manner into Indonesian.
This study is considered as library research. In collecting data, observation technique was applied. The data of this study was analyzed qualitatively. The data was taken from biography entitled Against All Odds and its Indonesian version
Menepis Segala Rintangan. The theory of English adverbials of manner by Quirk
(1973), Indonesian adverbials of manner by Effendy (2004), and translation procedure theory from Vinay and Dalbernet (in Venuti: 2000) were applied in analyzing the translation of English adverbials of manner into Indonesian.
The result of this research showed that the English adverbials of manner can be stated by adverb, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, and clause. On this study, it was found that the equivalent of English adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation is stated by pure adverb, deadjectival adverb, verb, prepositional phrase with preposition dengan, secara, or tanpa, noun phrase, adverb phrase, adjective phrase, and clause. Besides, it was found that there are some translation procedures applied, namely borrowing, literal, equivalence, and transposition. The borrowing and literal procedures were applied in order to preserve the original message of the sentence by keeping the form as in the source language. While the application of equivalence and transposition procedure was done due to the difference linguistic system between source language and target language.
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PREREQUISITE OF MASTER DEGREE ... ii
APPROVAL SHEET ... iii FRAMEWORK, AND RESEARCH MODEL ... 7
2.1 Literature Review ... 7
2.2 Concepts ... 15
2.2.1 Concept of Translation ... 16
2.2.2 Concept of Equivalence ... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 45
3.1 Research Approach ... 45
3.2 Data Source ... 45
3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 46
3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 46
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4.1.1 English Adverbial of Manner in the Form of Adverb ... 50 4.1.1.1 English Adverbial of Manner Adverb Translated into
Deadjectival Adverb ... 50 4.1.1.2 English Adverbial of Manner Adverb Translated into Verb ... 52 4.1.1.3 English Adverbial of Manner Adverb Translated into Preposition
tanpa+ Noun ... 53
Prepositional Phrase (dengan+Adjective) ... 63 4.1.2.5 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into
Prepositional Phrase (dengan+Adverb) ... 67 4.1.2.6 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into
Prepositional Phrase (secara+Verb) ... 69 4.1.2.7 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into
Prepositional Phrase (secara+Adjective) ... 70 4.1.2.8 English Adverbials of Manner (-ly) Translated into
Noun Phrase ... 72 4.1.2.9 English Adverbial of Manner (-ly) Translated into Clause ... 73 4.1.2.10 English Adverbial of Manner as…as….Translated into
Adverb ... 74 4.1.3 English Adverbial of Manner in the Form of
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4.2 Procedures of Translation Applied in Translating English
Adverbials of Manner into Indonesian ... 96
4.2.1 Direct Translation Method ... 96
4.2.1.1 Borrowing Procedure ... 96
4.2.1.2 Literal Procedure ... 98
4.2.2 Oblique Translation Method ... 99
4.2.2.1 Equivalence Procedure ... 99
4.2.2.2 Transposition Procedure... 101
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 103
5.1 Conclusion ... 103
5.2 Suggestion ... 104
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 105
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Language has a significant role in communication among the nations in
the world. It functions as a bridge for connecting one nation to another, and
translation is considered to have the role in linking one language to another. To be
able to transfer the meaning from the target language to the source language, a
translator should equip himself with knowledge of the lexicon, grammatical
structure, communication situation, and cultural context of both the source and
target text. Larson (1998:3) stated that translation is basically a change in form.
Translation then consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text,
analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same
meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the
receptor language and its cultural context. In terms of the form of a language, it
refers to actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., whether it is
spoken or written.
In relation to translation, Nida (1974:3) stated that something which can be
said in one language can be said in another, unless the form is essential element of
the message. From this statement, it can be concluded that the awareness and
understanding the linguistic systems of the languages are considered to be
important in transferring the message from the source language into the target
Grammatical structure of languages can be considered a significant factor
in translation, for example, in translating a text from English into Indonesian.
Both English and Indonesian are different from each other, either on their
phonological or grammatical aspects. Concerning these linguistic facts, Bell
(1991) stated that languages are different from each other. They are different in
form of having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical
structures of language. The lexical meaning of the source language and target
language will not be exactly the same. Besides, both languages have different
cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it is very difficult to find the lexical equivalent
of one language in another language.
Quirk (1985) stated that a sentence or clause may alternatively be seen as
comprising five units called elements of sentence or clause structure: subject,
verb, complement, object, and adverbial, here abbreviated to S, V, C, O, A.
According to him, adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, or
adverbial clause. Adverbials may be single words or phrases that provide
information about when, where, how, or why things happen. Adverbial can have
some variation in terms of forms, functions, or meanings. For example time,
place, and manner in clause or sentence can be stated by adverbial, and it can be
in the form of noun phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, or clause, and in
general, the adverbial is capable of occurring in more than one position in the
clause.
Adverbial can be divided into some categories; one of them is called
adverbial of manner. In English, some adverbials of manner are formed by an
adjective, and the suffix (-ly), for example, quiet-quietly, careful-carefully, etc. In
Indonesian, adverb of manner can be in the form single word such as secepatnya,
sebaliknya, sepenuhnya, etc. Besides, it can be in the form of phrases. In
prepositional phrase it consists of preposition dengan, secara, or tanpa; adjective
in adjective phrase; or noun in noun phrase (Alwi et.al 2008:370-371).
From this explanation, it can be seen that word and phrase which
functionas adverbials can be in various forms and meaning. In translating the
adverbial stating manner from English into Indonesian, there will be some
differences in terms of the grammatical structure and lexical item since each
language has its own form of adverbial. Therefore, this research is necessary to be
done and it is very challenging and interesting to conduct a research on the topic
of the translation of adverbial of manner from English into Indonesian found in a
biography book of a Balinese prince entitled Against All Odds by Pucci (2004)
with its Indonesian version Menepis Segala Rintangan by Adidharma (2004).
The biography was chosen as the data source of this study because they
were typical compared with other biography. There are lots of variations on the
translation of adverbials of manner. The journey of life of the prominent figure
from Bali can be seen on these biographies since his childhood during Dutch
colonial period until he became the first doctor from Bali who worked for the
United Nation. The life of Balinese people, what they did on that period, and the
adventures of Dr. Djelantik in doing his duty on that period are related to the
1.2 Problems of Study
Two problems were raised in this study according to the background
mentioned above. The problems can be formulated as follows:
1. What were the Indonesian translation equivalents of the English adverbials
of manner in Against All Odds?
2. What translation procedures were applied in the translation of the English
adverbials of manner into Indonesian in Against All Odds?
1.3 Objectives of Study
The objectives of this study are mainly divided into two, namely general
objective and specific objective. Each of them is described as follows.
1.3.1 General Objectives
The general objectives for this research are:
1. to give more contribution to the references of translation studies
2. to enrich the perspective in terms of translation and linguistic structure of
adverbials of manner
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
According to the problems above, the specific objectives of this study
were conducted for the following purposes:
1. to investigate the translation equivalent of English adverbials of manner in
Indonesian
2. to reveal what translation procedures were applied in translating English
1.3.3 Academic Objective
This study could be considered a requirement for a master student in order
to obtain the master degree in translation. This study could give contribution to
students or researchers when conducting translation studies. This study would
encourage the students or researchers to apply related theories for revealing and
describing the equivalence and the translation procedure applied in translating
adverbials of manner of different languages.
1.4 Significance ofStudy
This study was conducted in order to give two significances; they are
theoretical and practical significances.
1.4.1 Theoretical Significance
This study is expected to give contribution to the translation studies,
especially in terms of the translation of the English adverbials of manner into
Indonesian. Theoretically, this study is intended to give clear explanation in terms
of variation of the equivalence and procedures in translating adverbials of manner
from English into Indonesian.
1.4.2 Practical Significance
Practically, this study is expected to provide significant assistance to the
translation research in the future; since the variation of the translation equivalence
as well as the translation procedures are deeply discussed. This study can be
considered as a reference to the researchers in order to reveal the equivalence,
English into Indonesian. Besides, this study is expected to give positive
contribution to the development of translation, as the part of linguistic studies
since the equivalence as well as the translation procedures in translating the
adverbial of manner from English into Indonesian is deeply discussed. Moreover,
the result of this study is hoped to assist those who need references in conducting
the similar research.
1.5 Scope of Study
Scope of the study is made in order to manage the discussion not to cross
the main topic; the scope of study can be formulated as follows:
1. The linguistic unit discussed in this study is limited to the adverbials of
manner only
2. The translation unit of this study is in the level of word, phrase, and clause
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS,
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review
Review of literature of this study is made based on several studies and
articles. Those studies and articles conducted by previous researchers are related
to this study. They are theses and articles viewed as references for this research.
From those references, it was found that some useful information can be used to
support this study.
The first master thesis reviewed in this study was conducted by Susana
(2013) entitled Shifts in Translation of Locative Prepositional Phrase with
Reference to Steve Jobs Biography. His study discussed the categorization of
locative prepositional phrases, the shifts, as well as loss and gain of information.
There were some theories applied in his study in order to investigate the problems;
namely, the prepositional phrase theory proposed by Quirk (1973) applied in
investigating the first problem, the second problem was analyzed by using the
theory of shifts proposed by Catford (1965), and the theory of loss and gain of
information proposed by Nida in Venuti (2001) was applied to discuss the third
problem. Susana found that the equivalence and shift of the locative prepositional
phrase could be depicted with tree diagram in order to find out the components
involved inside. In terms of the equivalence of English locative prepositional
phrase into Indonesian, he found that the preposition at in English prepositional
phrase may be equivalent with the preposition di and pada in Indonesian. Besides,
while the preposition from may be equivalent with the preposition dalam in
Indonesian. In his study, it was found that the shifts of locative prepositional
phrase occurred in the level of category shifts. The category shifts could be
divided into structure, class, unit, and intra system shift. It was shown in his
writing that shifts occurred because the process of establishing the translation
equivalence between two different language systems, namely English and
Indonesian. Lastly, he revealed that in translating locative prepositional phrase,
loss, gain, and skewing of information could occur.
Generally, the problem he discussed is related to this study. It can be seen
on how the form of prepositional phrase was described and explained clearly. The
prepositional phrase was discussed as well in this present study since adverbials of
manner could be realized by this phrase. Besides, the data of his study and this
study were analyzed by applying qualitative method and explained descriptively.
However, his writing and this study has some differences in terms of unit of
discussion. Prepositional phrases may form adverbials of manner, but his work
focused on those denoting adverbial of place. Therefore, this thesis is different
from his study. The problems of his study could be clearly investigated by
applying the shift, prepositional phrase, and loss and gain of information theory. It
is a good thesis; however, it has a weakness in terms of presenting the data
analysis. This study mentioned that the data were limited to the locative
prepositional phrase and it involved two languages, English as the source
language and Indonesian as the target language. Unfortunately, there were some
scope of his study. The data should be limited only to the locative prepositional
phrase in order to make the analysis more focused. Therefore, it will be more
easily understood.
The second master thesis that is reviewed here was written by Dewi in
2013 entitled Translation Technique Applied in Translation of Premodified Noun
Phrases in“Lalitavistara”. This study was aimed at finding out the kind of
premodified noun phrase, the meaning equivalence, as well as the translation
technique applied in translating the English premodified noun phrases into
Indonesian. In her study, the English premodified noun phrases were analyzed by
applying the theory proposed by Quirk (1985), while the theory proposed by
Chaer (2009) was used to analyze the Indonesian noun phrase. Besides, the
equivalent theory from Baker (1992) was applied to investigate the translation
equivalent. In analyzing the translation technique, the theory from Molina and
Albir was chosen.In her study, it was shown that the noun phrases premodified by
adjectives were constructed by one to four premodifiers. The grammatical
equivalence was considered the only way of analyzing the meaning of those noun
phrases. From the result of her study, it could be seen that literal translation was
the most common technique used.
Dewi’s writing could support this research because her writing applied the
noun phrase theory in order to explain the form or the structure of the noun
phrase.The application of theories from the experts and how she used those
theories on her analysis was necessarily known since the adverbials of manner as
study is different from this present study in some aspects. Her study applied the
theory from Molina and Albir in analyzing the translation technique in her study
from English into Indonesian, while this research applied the translation
procedures theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet from English into Indonesian
Besides, the unit of analysis of this study is different from her study. Her study
focused on the premodified noun phrase while this study focused on the adverbial
of manner. This is a good thesis and it gave contribution to this present study. Her
explanation in applying theories on her analysis was very clear.
The third thesis reviewed from Pendit (2012) entitled The Translation of
English Adverbs of Manner (-ly) into Indonesian in the Novel Breaking Dawn and
Awal yang Baru. This study was aimed at explaining the translation equivalence,
the translation procedures, and shifts of the English adverbs of manner (-ly). She
applied the theory proposed by Vinay and Dalbernet (2000) in Munday (2001) in
revealing the translation procedures in the translation of adverbs of manner (-ly).
In order to find out the equivalence of the English-Indonesian adverbs of manner,
the theory from Huddleston (1984) and Alwi (2008) were applied. In her writing,
she analyzed the shifts of adverbs of manner (-ly) by describing the lexicon in
applying the theory of shifts from Catford (1965). From her study, it could be seen
that the English adverbs of manner (-ly) could be translated into Indonesian in the
form of words, phrases, and clauses. In terms of translation procedures, the
transposition and borrowing procedures were applied in translating those adverbs.
The transposition procedures were proved because there were changes in word
procedure found in her analysis showed that the data were directly transferred into
the target language. Regarding to the data, it was shown that the data only focused
on adverb (-ly).
The study from Pendit (2012) was relevant to this present study and gave
much contribution because she focused her study on the equivalence of the adverb
of manner (-ly) using the theories from Huddleston and Alwi. It is needed to know
how she applied the theories from the experts and how it worked in her analyses.
This research was concerned with the similar topics with her thesis in terms of
revealing the equivalence and translation procedures of adverbs of manner.
However, this study is different from her study in some points as described as
follows.The data of her study were taken from novels, the data source was
constructed from 2 languages; they are English-Indonesian, while the data of this
study were taken from a biography book entitled Against All Odds. Besides, the
unit of analysis of her study and this research were different. She focused her
analysis on the adverbs of manner (-ly) while this thesis focused on word, phrase,
clause which stating manner in a sentence. Those word, phrase, and clause
provide the information on how things happen or done in a clause or sentence.
The difference could also be seen in terms of the problems of the study. In her
study, there were three problems discussed, namely translation equivalent,
procedures, and shift while this study discussed two problems, they were the
equivalence of English adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation and
the translation procedures applied in translating the English adverbials of manner
Quirk, Effendi, as well as Vinay and Dalbernet, were used to analyze the
equivalence of the English adverbials of manner in its Indonesian translation as
well as the translation procedures. From this explanation it could be seen that this
research is different from her study.
The fourth master thesis reviewed was written by Saientisna (2011)
entitled English Adverbials of Time and Their Translation in Indonesian. In this
thesis, the theory proposed by Quirk, Alwi, Vinay and Dalbernet were applied to
analyze the equivalence and the translation procedures in her analysis. The
discussion of her study was limited to the analysis of the translation of adverbials
of time, and it consisted of word, phrase, and clause indicating times. The forms
of adverbials of time could be seen in her study, they were the adverbials of time
formed by adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, and also clauses. In the result of
her research, it was shown that the functions of adverbials of time could be
divided into three, they are: stating frequency, duration, and relationship in time.
Besides, in terms of the translation the literal, modulation, and transposition were
mostly used.
The study from Saientisna (2011) is relevant to this research because she
focused her study on finding out the form, meaning, and translation procedures in
analyzing the adverbials of time from English into Indonesian. It is needed to
know how she applied the theories from the experts and how it worked in her
analysis since this study also focused on the translation procedures used to
translate the adverbials. However, this study is different from her study in some
data source was constructed from 2 languages; they are English and Indonesian,
while the data of this study were taken from a biography book entitled Against All
Odds by Idanna Pucci. This book consists of two languages, English and
Indonesian. Besides, her study focused on the translation of adverbials of time,
while the focus of this study was the translation of adverbials of manner. From
this explanation it can be seen that those aspects made her study and this research
different.
Two articles were reviewed as well as those theses. Those articles were
considered relevant to this study. The articles discussed about translation in terms
of adverbs as an interesting topic to be discussed. The first article reviewed was
entitled “Adverbs in the Mussau-Emira Verb Phrases”. This article was taken
from the Journal of Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. This writing was
from John Brownie (2013). From this article, in Mussau Emira language, it could
be seen that the addition ofthe prefix /a-/ could occur with both nouns and verbs
resulting in a derived adverb. A derived form with the adverbializer prefix
/a-/attached to a noun could be considered an open class. For example,
korokorongana ‘strong, strength’ becomes akorokorongana ‘strongly’. Some
cases of the prefix /a-/ attached to a verb could also be analyzed as adverbs rather
than causative constructions. For example, toka ‘sit, live’ becomes atoka
‘enduringly’ or atoka ‘cause to sit’. These derived adverbs appear to function as
modifiers within the verb phrase rather than in the clause or higher level. Those
non-derived adverbs. It was stated that non-derived adverb functions within the verb
phrase.
Brownie’s article about adverbs in Mussau-Emira language is considered
relevant to this study because this study focused on derived adverbs which
function as adverbials of manner. This study indicated that adverbials of manner
could be in the form of derived adverbs. In this article, the brief explanation in
terms of the derived adverbs, distribution of adverbs, and the variation of adverb
in Mussau-Emira language could be obtained. It could be considered his focus of
study, while the focus of this research was not only the equivalence of English
adverbials of manner in their Indonesian translation, but was also concerned with
the translation procedures applied to translate the English adverbials of manner
into Indonesian. Besides, the data source of his study was monolingual
(Mussau-Emira) while in this research; the data source is bilingual, English and Indonesian.
The second article reviewed in this study was written by Linquist (2007)
entitled “The Spread and Development of a New Type of Adverb in American and
British English”. This article is concerned with the new type of adverb formed
with the suffix-wise. In this article, it was shown that the adverbs were at least
twice as frequent in the spoken corpora as in the written. They were increasing in
both American and British English, and that the originally American adverb type
is now more frequent in British English. Its spread seems to be motivated by both
functional and social factors. In newspapers, a high proportion occured in
represented speech, and the major domains were sports, art and entertainment, and
some extent, has been generalized to adjectives and adverbs. In his article, it was
stated that adverbs formed by the suffix -wise have a long history in the language,
but in the past sixty or seventy years a new type of -wise adverbs, viewpoint
adverbs, has appeared, for example:
1. Cut in half and then in slices crosswise, brush with oil and season, then
grill for five minutes on either side. Alternatively, cut in half lengthwise,
brush with oil and season
2. His leg took nine years to mend, and he still walks a bit crab-wise
3. Football-wise we’ve been very good and in possession we looked strong,
but our problem is that we’re not performing well without the ball
In example (1), the adverb specifies the dimension or direction of an action; in (2),
the manner in which the action is carried out; and in (3), the point of view from
which the statement is made. The adverbs in (1) and (2) are thus manner adverbs,
whereas the adverb in (3), the new type, is a viewpoint adverb.
This article supported this research because his writing explains the new
terms of adverb marked by suffix-wise. Since the topic of this thesis is the
translation of adverbial of manner from English into Indonesian, this article is
considered related to this research. Generally, the English adverb was derived
from adjective and it was added by suffix –ly, and from this study, the new
formation of adverb could be obtained, which it is very useful to this research.
2.2 Concepts
The concepts in this present study are really important to give the
make some terms and conceptions related to this research clearly explained. There
are some concepts used in this study; they are translation, equivalence, and
adverbial
2.2.1 Translation
The definitions of translation are made in different ways to express the
idea but most of them have similar idea about translation. Here are some
definitions of translation.
According to Catford in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of
substituting a text in one language for a text in another (Catford 1965:1). He also
said that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source
language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language).
The goal of the translator is to keep the meaning constant. The receptor language
form should be changed so that the source language meaning is not distorted.
Since quite a different form in another language may express a meaning expressed
by particular form in one language, it is often necessary to change form when
translating.
Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language
into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first
language into the form of second language by way of semantic structure. It is
meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. Only the form
Translation is defined as a process of intercultural communication, whose
end product is a text which is capable of functioning appropriately in a specific
context and situation of use, Baker (1998:118)
From the definitions of translation above, it could be concluded that the
focus of the translation is the process; it indicates how the translation is done by
the translator. Besides, translation focuses on the product, and this product is
produced by the translator.
2.2.2 Equivalence
The translation equivalence occurrs when a source language and a target
language text or item are relatable to (at least some of) the features of the
substance (Catford, 1965:50). It means that in order to get the equivalence in
translation, the item from the source language text which is translated into target
language text should be relevant to the features of the essence. Equivalence is one
of the aspects that should be well organized in translating the SL text into TL text.
Equivalence is taken to be the basis on which source language (SL) textual
material is replaced by target language (TL) textual material (Cartford 1978: 20).
The translation equivalence occurs when a source language and a target language
text or item are relatable to (at least some of) the features of the substance
Nida (1964:159) proposes formal and dynamic equivalence. Formal
equivalence: Focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content.
Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect. The concern
of this translation is not to the matching of receptor-language message with the
2.2.3 Adverbial
Quirk (1973:12) stated that a sentence or clause may alternatively be seen
as comprising five units called elements of sentence or clause structure: subject,
verb, complement, object, and adverbial, here abbreviated to S, V, C, O, A.
According to him, adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase, or
adverbial clause. It may also be noun phrase, and, in general, the adverbial is
capable of occurring in more than one position in the clause.Quirk, (1973)
concluded that an adverbial:
(a) is an adverb phrase, adverbial clause, noun phrase, or prepositional phrase;
(b) is generally mobile, ie capable of occurring in more than one position in
the clause;
(c) is generally optional, ie may be added to or removed from a sentence
without affecting its acceptability, but the obligatory adverbial of the SVA
and SVOA patterns
According to Quirk (1973) Adverbial can be divided into three classes,
namely adjunct, disjunct, and conjunct. Adjuncts are integrated within the
structure of the clause to at least some extent. It can be seen in the following
examples.
He spoke to me about it briefly. Disjunct and adjunct, on the other hand, are not
integrated within the clause. Semantically, disjuncts express an evaluation of what
is being said, either with respect to the form of the communication or to its
content, Eg:
They are probably at home.
Semantically, conjuncts have a connective function. They indicate the connection
between what is being said and what was said before. Eg:
We have complained several times, yet he does nothing about it
If they open all the windows, then I’m leaving
Items can belong to more than one class. For example, naturally is an adjunct in
They aren’t walking naturally (‘in a natural manner’) and a disjunct in Naturally,
they are walking (‘of course’). Adjuncts have some subclasses; one of them is
process adjunct. Process adjuncts define in some way the process denoted by the
verbs. They can be divided into three semantic subclasses; one of them is manner
adjunct.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
The theories of this thesis were based on the ideas proposed by the experts
in the field of syntax and translation studies. Those theories are grammatical
theory which deals with adverbials of manner, as well as the translation procedure
2.3.1 Adverbial of Manner in English
Quirk (1973) stated that according to class of adverbials, Adverbials of
manner could be categorized as adjuncts. The example of adverbials of manner in
a sentence could be seen in the following example:
John (S) carefully (A) searched (V) the room (O)
It is clear that sentence or clause has a subclass of adverbials. Because the verbs
with which they can occur allow the progressive, the aspect of on-going activity, it
Process Adjuncts define in some way the process denoted by the verb.
Common pro-forms for process adjuncts are in that way, that way (informal), like
that. Process adjunct co-occurs with dynamic verbs, but not with stative verbs:
He likes them *skillfully
He owns it * awkwardly
Process adjunct favour final position, since they usually receive the
information focus. Indeed, no other position is likely if the process adjunct is
obligatory for the verb:
They live frugally They treated his friend badly
*They frugally live *They badly treated his friend
Since the passive is often used when the need is felt to focus attention on
the verb, process adjunct are commonly placed in middle position rather than final
when the verb is in passive:
Tear gas was indiscriminately sprayed on the protesters
Process adjunct realized by units other than adverb phrase often occur initially,
that position being preferred if the focus of information is required in another part
of sentence: By pressing this button you can stop the machine.
According to Quirk (1973) adverbials of manner can be realized by (a) by
adverb phrases, having an adverb as head; (b) by noun phrase; (c) by prepositional
phrases-that is, structures consisting of a noun phrase dominated by a preposition;
(a) Adverb Phrase
The adverb functions directly in an adverb phrase which is head or sole
realization. It was found convenient to refer to the syntactic functions of a
particular adverb or type of adverb, since it is generally the adverb that dictates
the syntactic functions of an adverb phrase.The majority of adverbs have the
derivational suffix(-ly). The creation of adverbs from adjectives by adding the –ly
suffix is closely related to the dynamic quality in the adjective, for example:
cheerful ~ cheerfully suspicious ~ suspiciously
jealous ~ jealously reasonable ~ reasonably
But it is not found in French ~ Frenchly, etc. it appears that –ly adverbs are not
formed from typically stative adjective classes, such as adjectives denoting:
dimension: big ~ *bigly tall ~*tally
colour : red ~*redly blonde ~ *blondely
age : old ~ *oldly young ~ *youngly
Certain items that function as adjectives are also used to define in some
way the process denoted by the verb; this is a typical use of adverbs, eg: loud and
clear in He spoke loud and clear. In some cases, the adjective form and
corresponding –ly adverb can be used interchangeably, with little or no semantic
differences, except that many people find the adjective form objectionable:
He spoke loud and clear /loudly and clearly
Drive slow/slowly
The principal syntactic difference between the use of adjective and adverb
forms is that the adjective form, if admissible at all, is restricted to a position after
the verb or (if present) the object:
He slowly drove the car into the garage
He drove the car slowly into the garage
*He slow drove the car into the garage
(?) He drove the car slow into the garage
(b) Noun Phrase and Prepositional Phrase
The structures of adverbials of manner realized by prepositional phrase are
formed by a noun phrase dominated by a preposition. Therefore, the structure
explanation of adverbials of manner in the form noun and prepositional phrase is
not separated.
Manner adjuncts are realized mostly by adverb phrases and prepositional
phrases, but also by noun phrase and clauses.
The phrase with way, manner, and style, as head tends to have the definite
article:
She cooks the chicken the way I like
in the /a way I like
As the above example illustrates, we can regard such phrases as having omitted
the preposition in. It is considered as part of inversed voice since the noun phrase
cannot occur by itself without the verb phrase; for example: I like the way cannot
An adverb manner adjunct can usually be paraphrased by in a… manner or
in a … way with its adjective base in the vacant position. Where adverb forms
exist, it is usually preferred over a corresponding prepositional phrase with
manner or way. Hence, ‘He always writes carelessly’ is more usual than ‘He
always writes in a careless manner/way’.
Adverbs as heads of manner phrase adjunct are an open class. The main
method of forming manner adverbs is by adding a –ly suffix to an adjective. Three
minor methods are by adding –wise, -style, or –fashion to a noun, eg: snake-wise,
cowboy-style, peasant-fashion. With these forms, the prepositional paraphrase
would include postmodification; in the manner of a snake, in the style of cowboys,
in the fashion of peasant.
As means ~ agentive, the adverbials of manner realized by prepositional
phrase are described by the form: with, in…manner, like; as can be seen in
following examples:
Manner: with, in… manner, like
We were received with the utmost courtesy
The task was done in a workmanlike manner
The army swept through the city like a pestilence
Note that like with intensive verbs, as in Life is like a dream, refers not to manner
but to resemblance. As distinct from like, preposition as refers to actual role;
He spoke like a lawyer (‘after the manner of…’)
(c) Clause
The clause of manner is introduced by (exactly) as, (just) as, for examples;
Please do it (exactly) as I instructed (‘in the way that…’). If an as- clause is
placed initially, the correlative form so, in formal literary English, may introduce
the main clause: (Just) as a month is attracted by a light, (so) he was fascinated
by her.Such examples provide a transition to the adverbial clause of comparison,
introduced by as if, as though: He looks as if he is going to be ill. If there is doubt
or ‘unreality’, the modal past is used:He treated me (just) as if he had never met
me. Clauses of comparison sometimes show subject operator inversion: The
present owner collects paintings, as did several of his ancestor.
2.3.2 Adverbial of Manner in Indonesian
According to Effendi (2004:59), adverbials of manner are acceptable to
answer how an action or process is done, stated by the predicative verb on the
declarative affirmative clause. In the following example, word or adverb phrase is
acceptable as the answer to how (bagaimana) question, for examples:
(192) Ekonominya berkembang dengan pesat
a. Bagaimana ekonominya berkembang?
b. Dengan pesat
Word unit or adverbial phrase is acceptable as the focus contrasted with
other focus in interrogative clause which stated choice (quality of comparison).
The unit dengan sopan in the following clause can meet this criterion.
b. Apakah dia menegur bawahannya dengan sopan atau (apakah dia menegur
bawahannya) dengan kasar?
Words or adverbial phrase is acceptable as the answer of question which
indicated by how(manner) and it is not acceptable to answer the question stated by
how (instrument/means) of how an action or event occurred stated by predicative
verb in a declarative affirmative clause (Effendi, 2004:66)
Effendi (2004:68) stated that adverbials of manner in a clause or sentence
can be realized by (1) word, (2) phrase, in the form of prepositional phrase or
other types of phrase, and (3) clause.
1. Word
Words that can realize adverbials of manner are lexical units categorized
as adverb, adjective, verb, or abstract noun, whether they are in the forms of base
words or derivational.
a. Base adverb, for example, in (236),
(236) Tiga empat orang di antara mereka langsung menyerbu dan mengurungku
b. Derivational adverb, namely deadjectival (237-239), deverbal (240),
denominal (241-242), depronominal (243), and departikel adverb (244)
(237) Aku cepat-cepat mandi dan bersisir
(238) Dia sudah berusaha sekeras-kerasnya, tetapi tetap gagal
(239) Tokoh itu terang-terangan menentang pemerintah
(240) /…/ keduanya berjuang mati-matian
(241) Dia sering bekerja angin-anginan
(243) /…/ terlalu kaku rasanya berjalan sendiri-sendiri, /…/
(244) Lebih baik kuserahkan cuma-cuma kepada sembarang lelaki di jalan, /…/.
c. Adjective, for example, in (245) and (246)
(245) Degup jantungku memukul-mukul keras
(246) Mereka berjalan santai, /…/
d. Verb, for example, in (247) and (248),
(247) Dia tampil meyakinkan di hadapan peserta diskusi itu
(248) Sarannya disampaikan tertulis kepada ketua panitia
(e) Abstract noun, for example, in (249) and (250)
(249) Syukurlah, dia dapat bertindak kebapakan dalam menghadapi perselisihan
itu.
(250) Mereka menaggapi kritiknya kekanak-kanakan.
2. Phrase
Phrase that can realize adverbials of manner are prepositional phrase with
prepositions dengan, tanpa, secara, melalui, or lewat, and phrases of other types,
namely adverb phrase, adjective phrase, verb phrase, or abstract noun phrase.
Prepositional Phrase dengan/tanpa
This phrase is realized by dengan with adjective (phrase), verb, adverb, or
abstract noun as the head in realizing adverbials of manner. The preposition tanpa
conveys the meaning ‘without’
(a) Preposition dengan/tanpa + adjective (phrase) as the head, for example, as
(251) Dengan keras Kolonel itu memberikan perintah kepada semua prajurit
yang berkerubung, /…/
(252) Mereka terus menarik tali itu dengan sekuat tenaga
(253) Dia mengambil tas orang itu tanpa sadar
(b) Preposition dengan/tanpa + verb (phrase) as the head, for example:
(254) Tangannya tetap kutahan, kubuka genggamannya dengan paksa
(255) Ia memperlakukan bawahannya dengan pilih kasih
(256) Petugas itu bertindak tanpa memihak
(c) Preposition dengan/tanpa+ adverb (phrase) as the head, for example’
(257) Berita itu harus dikirimkan dengan segera
(258) Dia datang dengan tiba-tiba benar
(259) Dia menghina teman-temannya tanpa terang-terangan
(d) Preposition dengan/tanpa + abstract noun (phrase) as the head, for
example:
(261) Heni dengan kesabaran luar biasa meredakan kemarahan anaknya
(262) Raja itu memerintah tanpa batas
Prepositional Phrase secara
This phrase is realized by the preposition secara with adjective, verb,
adverb, or abstract noun (phrase) as the head in realizing adverbials of manner.
(a) Preposition secara + adjective (phrase) as the head, for example,
(263) Sektor ini secara luwes dapat menyerap beragam tingkat pendidikan
(264) Seorang teroris bersenjata, hari Jumat secara membabi buta melepaskan
tembakan /…/
(b) Preposition secara + verb (phrase) as the head, for example,
(265) Negara adikuasa itu tidak berhak membawa secara paksa seseorang untuk
diadili menurut hukumnya
(c) Preposition secara + adverb (phrase) as the head, for example,
(267) Secara diam-diam saya juga sudah melakukan riset tentang hal itu
(268) Sindiran itu secara tidak langsung ditujukan kepadanya
(d) Preposition secara + abstract noun (phrase) as the head. Adverbials of
manner realized by the preposition secara + concrete noun (phrase) is not
found, for example,
(269) Seorang sarjana yang mempunya profesi bidang ilmu belum tentu
mendekati masalah ilmunya secara keilmuan
(270) Kedatangan tokoh itu disambut secara adat Bali
Prepositional Phrase melalui/lewat
This phrase formed by preposition melalui/lewat plus abstract noun
(phrase) as the head in realizing adverbials of manner can be seen in the following
example.
(271) Kemerdekaan dapat kita rebut melalui perjuangan hidup mati
lewat
Other types of phrases
The phrase formed by se- or demi as the unit of combination to realize
(272) /…/ mereka bisa mendikte harga beli GKP sesuka hati
(273) Para pemain bisa mengatur kondisi fisiknya sebaik mungkin karena /…/
(274) Tapi… tiba-tiba suara menderu, mendesing, datang secepat kilat dari
langit
(275) Setelah kira-kira satu jam menunggu, kami dipanggil seorang demi
seorang masuk ke ruangan yang terbagi-bagi
3. Clause
Adverbials of manner can be realized by clause with subject detachment,
preceded by the conjunction dengan or tanpa. The subject can be conveyed in
paraphrasing adverbial clause as can be seen in the following examples.
(276) Dia pergi ke sawah dengan berjalan kaki
‘dengan cara ia berjalan kaki’
(277) Lalu ia menghidupkan sepeda motornya
dengan menekan starter
‘dengan cara ia menekan starter’
(278) Tidak lama kemudian rombongan pesawat-pesawat itu akan kembali
mendarat satu-satu dengan melepaskan payung pengerem di ekornya /…/
Effendi (2004:118) stated that, according to the realization of their forms
and orientations, Indonesian adverbials of manner can be divided into three
subtypes, namely Adverbials of Manner Agentive Oriented (AmA), Adverbials of
Manner Event Oriented (AmE), and Adverbials of Manner Domain Oriented
agentive and event oriented since the data which indicate the orientation in terms
of domain were not found.
a. Adverbials of Manner Agentive Oriented (AmA)
This type of adverbials of manner can be realized by words in various
word classes, such as adjective, adverb, verb, or abstract noun; prepositional
phrase dengan or secara of which the heads are adjective, adverb, verb, abstract
noun; or other types of phrase namely adjective phrase, adverb phrase, verb
phrase, or abstract noun phrase. Those words stating ‘feeling’, ‘thought’, or
‘attitude’ are considered adverbials of manner agentive oriented.The realization
of AmA can be described as follows.
(a) Words
Adj. (427) Lalu dia bersiul-siul senang, seakan pukulan-pukulan
yang tadi diterimanya sudah tak diingatnya sama sekali
(428)“Kalau orangnya sehat, dia mesti takut”, katanya ramah
Adv. (429) Tawanan perang itu diperlakukan sewenang-wenang
V. (430) Semula Darman menjawab ragu
Abs. N. (431) Untunglah dia dapat bertindak keibuan dalam melayani mereka
(b). Prepositional Phrase
Dengan/ Secara + Adj. Phrase :
(432) Dengan gembira Dick mempersilahkan aku datang ke tempatnya
(433) Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari dari seksi
(434) Sementara itu, kalangan cendikiawan, gereja, dan pengusaha menyambut
secara antusias pengunduran dari masalah itu
(435) Surat wasiat itu ditandatanganinya secara sadar
Dengan/Secara + Adv. Phrase :
(436) Dia bersikap biasa, melayani percakapan dengan tidak
canggung-canggung
(437) Dia secara hati-hati benar menyampaikan berita duka itu kepada orang
tuanya
Dengan/ Secara + V. Phrase :
(438) Dengan tidak ragu-ragu aku selalu membalas pandangannya atau
senyumannya
(439) Secara berani dibeberkannya kecurangan tokoh politik itu di depan umum
Dengan/ Secara + Abs. N Phrase :
(440) Seharusnya dia mengatasi pertikaian mereka secara kebapakan
(441) Apapun resikonya, tantangan itu harus kauhadapai secara kesatria
(c) Phrase
AmA can be realized by other types of phrases, namely:
Adj. Phrase :Mereka berjuang gagah perkasa ketika mempertahankan
kemerdekaan dari rongrongan penjahat
Adv. Phrase : /…/ mereka bisa mendikte harga beli GKP sesuka hati
V. Phrase : Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum
Words, prepositional phrases, or other types of phrase can be considered
‘simple forms’ of clauses which realize AmA as can be seen in the possibility of
paraphrase structure.
(446) a. Semula Darman menjawab ragu
b. Semula Darman menjawab ‘dengan menunjukkan keraguan’
(447) a. Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari /…/
b. Aku, ‘dengan menunjukkan ketabahan’, mempertahankan kemurahan
hati guru tari /…/
(449) a. Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum
b. Mereka bekerja ‘dengan menunjukkan kesukarelaan’demi kepentingan
umum
The adjectives realizing AmA in sentences are the adjectives which refer
to feeling/emotion (happy, excited, enthusiastic), behavior or attitude (friendly,
brave, tough, doubtful), thought or cognition (aware). The references of those
adjectives are qualities taken as subjective ‘action’ as a reaction because of
something or what happens in something (Effendi, 2004:123).
The presence of the preposition dengan or secara is not always with
adjective or other word classes to realize AmA. This preposition is not considered
obligatory to realize AmA in a clause or sentence (Effendi, 2004: 125). The
syntactic fact in terms of the presence of the preposition dengan or secara can be
(457) Dia mendengarkan berita itu dengan gembira
dengan sedih
dengan resah
The adjectives in the examples above refer to feeling. This reference can be tested
by putting perasaan before the adjective (Effendi, 2004: 126)
(i) perasaan gembira
sedih
resah
The presence of adjectives with the reference above is acceptable with the
preposition dengan; however, it is not acceptable with the preposition secara. For
example:
Dia mendengarkan berita itu secara gembira
secara sedih
secara resah
(458). Dia menghadiri pertemuan itu dengan sadar
dengan tekun
secara sadar
secara tekun
The adjectives in clause (458) above do not refer to feeling. The adjective sadar
refers to cognition while tekun refers to mannerism/attitude as can be tested by
putting the cognitive (pikiran) and attitude (perangai) before the adjective
(ii) pikiran sadar
*tekun
(iii) perangai *sadar
tekun
The adjectives can be presented with the preposition dengan or secara in a clause
or sentence. Feeling or attitude can also be stated by adverb and verb. The
occurrence of the preposition dengan or secara to realize AmA should be
considered, whether it is appropriate to be applied in a sentence or not (Effendi,
2004: 129)
(464) dengan menyesal saya terpaksa memberitahukan hal ini kepadamu
*secara
(465) dengan mati-matian Suparto mempertahankan rumahnya yang akan
secara digusur itu
(466) Kami menerima tawaran itu dengan terpaksa karena tidak ada pilihan
secara
The verb menyesal in (464) refers to feeling. It can occur with the preposition
dengan; however, it cannot occur with the preposition secara to realize AmA.
Meanwhile, the adverb mati-matian in (465) and the verb terpaksa in (466) refer
to attitude and they can occur with the preposition dengan or secara to realize
AmA. From this explanation, it can be concluded that to realize AmA, the
preposition dengan is acceptable if it occurs with adjective (phrase), adverb
(phrase), or verb (phrase) in which feeling is considered their semantic feature;
those word classes or phrases of which feeling is as their semantic feature
(Effendi, 2004: 131). To realize AmA, the preposition dengan or secara is
acceptable if it occurs with adjective (phrase), adverb (phrase), or verb (phrase) in
which attitude is considered their semantic feature.
Words, prepositional phrases, or other types of phrases can be considered
‘simple forms’ of clauses which realize AmA as can be seen in the possibility of
paraphrase structure (Effendi, 2004: 122).
(446) a. Semula Darman menjawab ragu
b. Semula Darman menjawab ‘dengan menunjukkan keraguan’
(447) a. Aku dengan tabah mempertahankan kemurahan hati guru tari /…/
b. Aku, ‘dengan menunjukkan ketabahan’, mempertahankan kemurahan
hati guru tari /…/
(449) a. Mereka bekerja suka rela demi kepentingan umum
b. Mereka bekerja ‘dengan menunjukkan kesukarelaan’ demi kepentingan
umum
b. Adverbials of Manner Event Oriented (AmE)
Adverbials of Manner Event Oriented (AmE) are oriented towards event,
whether it is considered action or process which is stated by the predicative verb
in a clause or sentence. AmE can be realized by (a) word, categorized as adjective,
adverb, verb, or abstract noun, or (b) prepositional phrase with dengan, secara,
melalui, or lewat as the preposition of the phrase and adjective, adverb, verb, or
the head of phrase; other phrase types, namely adjective phrase, adverb phrase, or
verb phrase (Effendi, 2004: 119).
(a) Words
Adj. : (530) Degup jantungnya memukul-mukul keras
(531) Sementara itu, pendidikan pun melesat pesat
Adv. : (533) Samar-samar diluar terdengar langkah-langkah menaiki tangga
(534) Carilah buku itu secepat-cepatnya
V. : (535) Mereka bekerja bergiliran
(536) Wanita itu berbicara tersendat-sendat
(b). Prepositional Phrase
Dengan/ Secara + Adj. Phrase :
(537) /../ dan dapat kami lihat dengan jelas
(540) Mudah-mudahan acara-acara seperti ini benar-benar spontan dan dipilih
secara acak
Dengan/Secara + Adv. Phrase :
(538) Surat itu harus dikirim dengan segera
(541) Katakan saja secara langsung usulmu itu kepadanya
Dengan/ Secara + V. Phrase :
(539) Tangannya tetap kutahan,, kubuka genggamannya dengan paksa
(c) Phrase
AmE can be realized by other types of phrases, namely:
Adj. Phrase : (543) Dia sudah berbicara panjang lebar mengenai kasus itu
V. Phrase : (545) Dia berjalan tertatih-tatih sekali
The adjectives, adverbs, verbs, prepositional phrase, and other types of
phrases as mentioned above do not refer to feeling/emotion or thought, and they
are not oriented to agentive but predicate. The prepositions dengan and secara
which realize AmE cannot be determined by word class; however, it can be
determined by the intention of the speaker and the acceptability. The prepositions
dengan and secara are used to indicate manner which is related to action or
process stated by the predicative verb (Effendi, 2004: 145).
2.3.3 Translation Procedure
As stated previously, this study is focused on the translation of English
adverbials of manner into Indonesian. In analyzing the translation of adverbials of
manner, the methods of translation which have been applied by the translator in
Against All Odds into Menepis Segala Rintangan are considered important in this
present study.
Vinay and Darbernet in Venuti (2000) stated that translators can choose
from two methods of translating, namely direct, or literal translation and oblique
translation. There are seven procedures, the first three procedures are direct and
the other procedures are oblique.
1. Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest of all the translation methods in terms of
introducing the flavor of the source language culture into a translation; foreign
terms may be used, for example: dollar and party from American English,
setting, the expression such as the coroner is probably better translated into
French by borrowing the English term coroner, rather than trying to find a more or
less satisfying equivalent title from amongst the French magistrature, for example,
Le coroner prit la parole. It is stated that the decision to borrow a source language
word or expression to introduce an element of local color is a matter of style and
consequently the message.
2. Calque
A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an
expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The
result is a lexical calque, i.e, a calque, which respects the syntactic structure of the
TL, while introducing a new mode of expression, for example, an English
sentence Compliments of the Season! is translated into French Compliments de la
saison! Besides, the structure of calque introduces a new construction into the
language. For example: Science-fiction in English is translated into French
Science-fiction.
As with borrowings, there are many fixed calques which after a period of
time become an integral part of language. Like borrowings, these too undergo a
semantic change, turning them into faux amis. Translators are more interested in
new calques which can serve to fill a lacuna without having to use an actual
borrowing (cf. “economiquementfaible”, a French calque taken from German
language. In such cases, it may be preferable to create a new lexical form using