2 SKS
Compiled by Dr. Rudi Hartono, S.S., M.Pd.
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG
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PREFACE
In the name of Alloh the Beneficent and the Merciful. The Alloh’s Blessing may be
upon the Prophet Muhammad Peace be up to him. Thank God this handout has been finished to write and introduce to all users, lecturers and students.
This work is designed to fulfill the Indonesian-English Translation subject demand for lecturing activities and one of learning resources for students to study. It has 16 chapters that are divided into 7 chapters (Chapter 1-7) given before the Midterm Test (Chapter 8) and 7 chapters (Chapter 9-15) preceded before the Final Test.
This handout consists of theoretical foundations of translation studies, such as Translation Methods, Techniques, linguistic and stylistic problems of translation and Procedure and translation exercises and practices, for examples, translating and analysing various texts (narrative, descriptive, argumentative, and expository) from Indonesian into English.
In the last part some questions are provided for students to answer and listed some references for them to check and look up in some resources.
May this handout be useful for lecturers and students of Indonesian-English Translation.
Semarang, February 10, 2017
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SUBJECT DESCRIPTION
Graduate Learning Outcome Acquiring the theories and techniques in translation of various texts from Indonesian into English.
Subject Learning Outcome
Students acquire the knowledge of translation, have good attitudes, behaviors, and habits and are skillful in translating texts from Indonesian into English.
Subject Description
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
CHAPTER I Definitions of Translation 4 CHAPTER II Types of Translation: Pragmatic, Linguistic, Ethnographic,
Aesthetic-Poetic, etc. 7 CHAPTER III Translating Narrative Texts 15 CHAPTER IV Translating Descriptive Texts 21 CHAPTER V Translating Argumentative Texts 30 CHAPTER VI Translating Expository Texts 35 CHAPTER VII Translation Methods: Word-For-Word, Literal, Semantic, Faithful,
Adaptation, Free, Idiomatic, and Communicative 40
CHAPTER VIII Midterm Test 45
CHAPTER IX Translating Various Texts Based on the Translation Methods 50 CHAPTER X Analyzing Translation Products Based on the Translation Methods 55 CHAPTER XI Translation Techniques and Procedures 60 CHAPTER XII Translating Texts Based on The Translation Techniques and
Translation Procedures 66 CHAPTER XIII Analyzing Translation Products Based on the Translation
Techniques and Translation Procedures 70 CHAPTER XIV Common Problems of Translation 72 CHAPTER XV Linguistic And Stylistic Problems In Translation 83
CHAPTER XVI Final Test 87
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (Test Items) 92
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CHAPTER I
Definitions of Translation
A. Short Description
This chapter intoduces some definitions of translation from many experts of translation or translation theorists.
B. Subject Learning Outcome
After studying and learning this chapter, coginitively students are able to know, recognize, and understand many definitions of translation, affectively they can feel that these definitions of translation are important to know and understand, and psychomotorically they can translate and analyse a text based on the flow of translation definitions.
C. Lesson Material
According to Brislin (1976: 1) translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language to another, whether the language is in written or oral form, whether the languages have established orthographies or not; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with signs of the deaf.
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Nida and Taber (1982: 12) see translating as a process of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. In other words, translation is a transfer of meaning, message, and style from one SLT to the TLT. In the order of priority, style is put the last. Here the things to reproduce (transfer) is stated, message.
Newmark (1991: 27) defines the act of translating very briefly. It is the act of transferring meaning of a stretch or a unit of language, the whole or a part, from one language to another. (The discussion on meaning can be seen at sub-point F. Meaning, Message, and Style.)
Taken from http://transbahasa.wordpress.com in http://jhonfreedom.blogspot.co.id/2011/09/definitions-of-translation-from-experts.html
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the same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which appropriate in the RL and its cultural context. Larson also says that translation has three steps; they are studying the source text, analyzing it and reconstructing the meaning. Newmark (1988:28) says that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. In short, the meaning of a text should be the same
with the author’s aim when it is translated. Yusuf (1994 :8) says that “terjemahan dapat diartikan sebagai semua kegiatan manusia dalam
mengalihkan seperangkat informasi atau pesan baik verbal maupun non-verbal- dari informasi asal atau informasi sumber ke dalam informasi
sasaran” (translation can be defined as all of human activities in transferring
information or message-verbal or non-verbal- from original information into target information). It means that when we transfer information from one source to another then we do translation.
Taken from http://khuzainullah.blogspot.co.id/2014/10/definition-of-translation_40.html Please also see http://olc.bu.edu.eg/olc/images/fart/425.pdf
D. Summary
Every expert gives opinions about definitions of translation. All of them principally say that translation is rendering one text to another, from one language to another one, in the form of style and meaning.
E. Questions/Discussion
Please state your own definition of translation in Bahasa and translate it into
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CHAPTER II
Types of Translation
A. Short Description
This chapter intoduces some types of translation from many experts of translation or translation theorists.
B. Subject Learning Outcome
After studying and learning this chapter, coginitively students are able to know, recognize, and understand many types of translation, affectively they can feel that these types of translation are important to know and understand, and psychomotorically they can analyse a text based on the types of translation.
C. Lesson Material
The other kinds of translation or translation approach important to review are the ones related to the concept of dynamic translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, and artistic translation.
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translating sentences or group of sentences, because the whole message lies here.
Similar to the above concept is the idiomatic translation developed by Beekman and Callow (in Gutt, 1991: 68). It resembles the dynamic equivalence approach in the sense that it rejects the form-oriented translation and emphasizes that a translation should convey the meaning of the original. A translation, according to this approach, should be faithful to
the ‘dynamics’ of the original, or the SL’s ‘naturalness’ of language use and
ease of comprehension.
The idea of dynamic translation was first proposed by Nida and Taber and the semantic and communicative translation was by Newmark. He even states that the concepts represent his main contribution to general theory of translation (Newmark, 1991: 10). It seems to be a reaction to the concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence, literal and free translation. In the above
dichotomy, the first “pole” of the dichotomy (formal equivalence and literal
translation) seems to be condemned for being not be able to transfer the message. Semantic and communicative translation seem to be in the middle of the two poles formal and dynamic translation. (Here formal translation is understood as translation that pursues the formal equivalence and dynamic translation is the one that seeks for the dynamic equivalence. Discussion on the issue of equivalence can be seen in the next sub-point.)
Semantic translation emphasizes the “loyalty” to the original text. It is more
semantic and syntactic oriented and, therefore, also author-centered. On the other hand, communicative translation emphasizes the loyalty to the
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only valid method of translation if equivalent effect is secured (Newmark, 1991: 10-11).
Taken from http://jhonfreedom.blogspot.co.id/2011/09/definitions-of-translation-from-experts.html
This article intends to serve as a brief guide of sorts to some of the more common and basic of these recently coined expressions. Here are just some of them:
General Translation: The simplest of translation types, a general
translation allows a translator quite a lot of leeway because its source material mostly uses layman terms and ordinary, everyday speech. There's no need to understand special terminologies, and most translation work fall into this particular type.
Legal Translation: As one of the more complex and complicated
professional translation types out there, legal translation is best described as the translation of treaties, contracts, and many other legal documents. A translation service is responsible for both understanding politico-legal and socio-cultural context behind a legal text and translating it in such a way that a target audience with a different cultural/political/societal background could readily understand. Only a human translation agency that knows both source and target cultures could pull a decent legal translation job off. Nevertheless, even specialists like those tend to use professional legal assistance as well, because one simple slipup or mistranslation of a contract's passage could lead to disastrous consequences.
Commercial Translation: Just like its legal counterpart, a commercial
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sense that companies tend to handle legal paperwork alongside business paperwork.
Administrative Translation: "Administrative" can mean many things, but in
the context of translation, it merely refers to translating managerial texts used in different corporations, businesses, and organizations. This translation type also overlaps with commercial translation, but only in the sense that the vast majority of administrative translation can be considered commercial translation as well, but not all commercial translation is administrative in nature.
Literary Translation: As its name suggests, literary translation refers to
translation done for literature such as poems, plays, short stories, and novels. Just as general translation is the simplest form and legal translation is the most difficult form, many people in the industry consider literary translation as the highest form of translation. The reason behind this is because literary translation goes beyond mere translation of context; a literary translator must be proficient in translating humor, cultural nuances, feelings, emotions, and other subtle elements of a given work. Conversely, there are those who allege that literary translation is impossible, as with the case of translating poetry.
Taken from https://www.onehourtranslation.com/translation/blog/types-translation Administrative Translation – This term refers to translation of
administrative text – a very broad term. For translation, it refers to the common terms and texts used within businesses and organizations that they use in day-to-day management.
Commercial Translation – Sometimes called business translation,
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Computer Assisted Translations – Individuals and businesses often turn
to free translation tools offered online to translate phrases or documents. Behind the online translation tool, a software program analyses the text according to predefined linguistic rules and reconstructs the text in a different language according to the corresponding rules of the target language. They do not produce perfect copy of the submitted text in another language.
A free translation service or online translation tool can never substitute a human translator and should only be used when you want to translate text written in a foreign language into your native language or a language you understand.
Computer Translation – Refers to translations of anything to do with
computers such as software, instructions and help files.
Financial Translation – For financial based industries, financial translation
is the translation of text of a financial nature like banking, stocks, commodities, and investment funds.
General Translation – General translations are less complicated and the
language used is not high level (sometimes called layman’s terms). In
general translation, there is no specific or technical terminology used. Although these are simpler, they typically are still not suitable for using a free translation tool.
Legal Translation – Legal translations require highly trained translators as
it involves the translation of legal documents such as statutes, contracts and treaties. Not only does the translator need expertise in the translating language, but also they need a legal understanding and an excellent understanding of both the source and target cultures.
Literary Translation – A literary translation is the translation of novels,
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feelings, cultural nuances, humor and other subtle elements of the literary work.
Medical Translation– Medical translations are also highly complex and will
involve translating medical packaging, textbooks, medical equipment manuals and drug labeling. Specialization is necessary.
Taken from https://verbatimsolutions.com/different-types-of-translation-defined/
Translation: Pragmatic, Ethnographic, Aesthetic-poetic, and Linguistic Translation
1. Pragmatic Translation is in which the SL grammatical constructions are
converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
2. Ethnographic Translation its purpose is to explicate the cultural
context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures.
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3. Aesthetic-poetic Translation
4. Linguistic Translation refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with other aspects of the original language version.
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Taken from http://annisawdyf.blogspot.co.id/2014/12/pragmatic-ethnographic-aesthetic-poetic.html
D. Summary
1) Types of Translation is divided based on the kinds or approaches: Dynamic translation, semantic translation, communicative translation, and artistic translation.
2) Types of translation is divided based on the services: General, legal, financial, medical, literary, computer, commercial, and administrative translation.
3) Types of translation is divided based on the functions: Pragmatic, Ethnographic, Aesthetic-poetic, and Linguistic Translation.
E. Questions/Discussion
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CHAPTER III
Translating Narrative Texts
A. Short Description
This chapter discusses how to translate narrative texts from Indonesian into English.
B. Subject Learning Outcome
After studying and learning this chapter, coginitively students can know, recognize, and understand how to translate narrative texts, affectively they can acknowledge that translating narrative texts is important for their life, and psychomotorically they can translate a text based on the types of translation.
C. Lesson Material
How to Translate Literary Works
Literary translation is an art involving the transposing and interpreting of creative works such as novels, short prose, poetry, drama, comic strips, and film scripts from one language and culture into another. It can also involve intellectual and academic works like psychology publications, philosophy and physics papers, art and literary criticism, and works of classical and ancient literature. Without literary translation, human thought and art would be devoid of the souls of great minds and books, spanning The Bible to Don Quixote to Freud and Einstein to Naguib Mahfouz and Orhan Pamuk. If translating literature and academia interests you, learning how to translate can be incredibly rewarding.
Steps:
1. Become an avid and intimate reader in each of your languages.
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intimate with the writer and the nuances of language, culture, thought, and message.
If, for instance, you translate prose poems from Dutch into English, you have to read as many published (and unpublished) prose poems as possible, in Dutch and in English. This will help you to grasp the styles, the subtleties, the contexts, and soul of prose poetry in order to deconstruct the Dutch and reconstruct the English.
Remember to keep on top of your languages. Language is a fluid entity that constantly changes and evolves. Dialects change, semantics change, new words are coined, old words die and are reborn.
2. Master your writing skills in your mother tongue. Most literary
translators, with very few exceptions, translate exclusively into their mother tongue, the language within best they express themselves and are most at home in. To translate a book, you have to write a book; to translate a play, you need to know how to write a play. The only way you can do this is write as much as possible in your language and continuously hone that skill. Most published translators are also published writers.
A rare exception to the rule was Israel's Leah Goldberg (1911 - 1970). She was European raised and educated, yet translated exclusively into Modern Hebrew, her third language, from six other languages. She however adopted Hebrew as her home and vehicle of expression and was a prolific writer exclusively in Hebrew as well.
3. Get an education. Academic institutions worldwide are one of the strongest
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professors who translate, and libraries with well-established and worldly collections.
If academia is out of your league, you can teach yourself through books. Check out your local book shops and libraries on what is published on the subject and read, read, read. (See Tips below for more information.)
4. Research the writer and work you are translating. A writer's work is a
piece of him/herself. In order to interpret what you're reading, you have to know everything about the person behind the words. Ask yourself: When and where was the work written? Where was the writer from? What surrounded the writer at the time the work was written? Does the work draw references from other literary pieces? What else has the writer written? And so forth.
5. Know the risks behind what you're translating. The translation of a
particular work can cost both the writer and translator their lives depending on the statement of the work. The translation of books has sparked revolutions and wars. Know your audience.
6. Remember that no translation is perfect. The minute you begin to render
your first sentence, the original is already lost in translation. It is your job not to find an equivalent but rather reconstruct the original as though it was written in the target language. Cultural concepts, shades of colour, shades of meaning, and even history can and will be lost. Don't be afraid of that but instead embrace it. You can always use footnotes / end notes if necessary. Who is your audience?
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7. Find a publisher. Literary translations are largely contracted through
publishing houses. Approach them, research them, provide writing/translation samples, and negotiate.
Some countries offer grants through federal arts/culture councils allocated specifically for translating literary works. Check out what's available to you and weigh your options.
8. Join a professional translation organization. Whether you live in
Canada, Chile, Cameroon, or China, there are professional organizations for translators as well as organizations for literary translation. Joining an organization is important for your professionalism, it enables you to network, and it opens your doors to professional training opportunities and translation prizes.
9. Practice constantly. Find yourself a comfortable place and translate for at
least fifteen minutes a day. You can only get better by working hard and maintaining a regular schedule. After a while, you will be amazed at how much work you have accumulated.
Taken from http://www.wikihow.com/Translate-Literary-Works
D. Summary
There are nine steps of translating a narrative text (story) or literary work: 1) Become an avid and intimate reader in each of your languages.
2) Master your writing skills in your mother tongue. 3) Get an education.
4) Research the writer and work you are translating. 5) Know the risks behind what you're translating. 6) Remember that no translation is perfect. 7) Find a publisher.
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E. Questions/DiscussionPlease translate the following Indonesian narrative text into English.
Kejujuran Pengemis Tua
Pengemis tua berjalan menyusuri jalan. Tiba-tiba matanya tertuju pada sebuah benda. Ya! Ada sebuah tas kulit tergeletak di pinggir jalan. Pengemis itu membuka tas tersebut. Betapa terkejutnya ia, sebab rupanya tas itu berisi uang yang sangat banyak, yakni seratus dinar.
"Aku harus mengembalikan tas ini kepada pemiliknya. Kasihan sekali pemilik tas ini. Ia pasti membutuhkan uang ini," ucap pengemis tua.
Pengemis tua pun melewati pasar. Di sana ada seorang lelaki yang terlihat kaya sedang memberikan pengumuman terkait tasnya yang hilang. Lelaki kaya itu berjanji akan memberikan hadiah yang besar kepada siapa saja yang menemukan tas miliknya. Rupanya tas yang dimaksud sangat mirip dengan tas yang ditemukan oleh si pengemis tua. Mendengar hal itu, pengemis tua sangat senang. Ia pun langsung menghampiri lelaki kaya tersebut.
"Apakah tas ini yang kau maksud? Aku menemukannya di ujung jalan tak jauh dari sini," kata pengemis tua.
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"Ini memang tasku, tetapi kenapa uangku berkurang seratus dinar? Harusnya di tas ini ada uang dua ratus dinar." seru si lelaki kaya, pura-pura marah.
"Sungguh aku tak mengambil sedikit pun uang di tas itu. Meskipun aku seorang pengemis, tapi pantang bagiku untuk mengambil milik orang lain," ucap si pengemis. Namun, si lelaki kaya tetap mempermasalahkan hal itu dan kemudian membawa si pengemis ke pengadilan.
Sesampainya di pengadilan, lelaki kaya pun menceritakan masalahnya. Hakim lalu berpikir sejenak.
"Baiklah, sekarang aku ingin bertanya," ujar hakim kepada si lelaki kaya. "Kau bilang uang tasmu ada dua ratus dinar. Benar?"
"Ya, benar," ucap si lelaki kaya, mantap. "Berarti tas ini bukan milikmu, sebab tas ini hanya berisi seratus dinar," ucap hakim
Si lelaki kaya terperangah. Ia tidak mampu menyangkal pernyataan hakim, sebab bagaimanapun ia telah berbohong. Kemudian ia pun mengakui perbuatannya. Ia meminta maaf kepada hakim, lalu memberikan hadiah kepada si pengemis tua.
Pesan Moral Dari Cerita Rakyat Dari Jawa : Kejujuran Pengemis Tua adalah
Sepandai apa pun menyembunyikan kebohongan, cepat atau lambat pasti akan
terbongkar juga.
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CHAPTER IV
Translating Descriptive Texts
A. Short Description
This chapter discusses how to translate descriptive texts from Indonesian into English.
B. Subject Learning Outcome
After studying and learning this chapter, coginitively students are able to know, recognize, and understand how to translate descriptive texts, affectively they can acknowledge that translating descriptive texts is important for their life, and psychomotorically they can translate a text based on the types of translation.
C. Lesson Material
What is a Descriptive Text?
Definition
A descriptive text is a text which lists the characteristics of something.
Features
The topic is usually about the attributes of a thing.
Third person pronoun forms are used.
Examples (English)
Requirements for employment
The appearance of a person
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In descriptive writing, the author does not tell the reader what was seen, felt, tested, smelled, or heard. Rather, he describes something that he experienced and, through his choice of words, makes it seem real. In other words, descriptive writing is vivid, colorful, and detailed.
Descriptive writing creates an impression in the reader’s mind of an
event, a place, a person, or thing. The writing will be such that it will set a mood or describe something in such detail that if the reader saw it, they would recognize it. Descriptive writing will bring words to life and makes the text interesting.
Some examples of descriptive text include:
The sunset filled the entire sky with the deep color of rubies, setting the clouds ablaze.
The waves crashed and danced along the shore, moving up and down in a graceful and gentle rhythm like they were dancing.
The painting was a field of flowers, with deep and rich blues and yellows atop vibrant green stems that seemed to beckon you to reach right in and pick them.
The old man was stooped and bent, his back making the shape of a C and his head bent so far forward that his beard would nearly have touched his knobby knees had he been just a bit taller.
His deep and soulful blue eyes were like the color of the ocean on the clearest day you can ever imagine.
The soft fur of the dog felt like silk against my skin and her black coloring glistened as it absorbed the sunlight, reflecting it back as a perfect, deep, dark mirror.
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Tips for Translators
1. Make sure you revise the document(s) and the files before starting a translation. Understand any instructions that come with the job: they show you the way in which the translation must be approached. You do not call a plumber to fix a flood and leave your house without a shower. Ensure that all the files and documents the client needs are the ones you have received. 2. Make sure that you are comfortable with the subject matter and language style and confirm this to the Translation Project Manager. Whilst you may take on translations in fields in which you are not an expert for the sake of expanding your business, it will take you more time to master the terminology and you will have to invest time in doing so. There is nothing wrong with it, but be aware that your own quality checking and revision become even more important. Sadly, there may be some subjects for which you are simply not qualified or you are not good at. It is OK. Professional translators specialize in a few subjects and, in time, they become so good at them that they hardly take on anything outside their sphere or expertise. 3. Make sure you are familiar with the file format. If you are working for a
translation company, the files will come quite probably in a translation-friendly format and with a translation memory. Do not change the CAT tool your client has specified. There is no worse feeling for Translation Project Managers than receiving a file whose contents they have to rework because of bad formatting. You may have saved some money using a tool that promises full compatibility with this and that format, but if you have not tried it yourself and the original format is heavily formatted, you end up risking
Project Manager’s good time and risking a relationship. They will have to
reconstruct the whole file and no matter how good your translation was, wasted time can never be recovered. You risk losing a client.
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client has created a database, use it. If it is a simple excel file, you know all tools can import this format into a CAT tool and CSV (Comma-Separated Values) can create a glossary file in seconds. It is essential that you are consistent in terminology and style with previous work. Quite often, you will not be the first translator involved in a publication process. One-time translation buyers are few and far between and if you want to succeed in business as a translator, you want regular, paying clients and recurrent income. It may be the first time you are translating a particular piece or set of files. It may be the first time you are translating for a particular client, but they surely have bought translation services before and they expect consistency in style and terminology.
5. Contact immediate your Translation Project Manager if you find any problems with the translation memory or the glossary. Previous translators may have not followed it or perhaps they had a bad day. If there are any quality issues with the material you have been provided with and you do not know whether to follow the translation memory or the glossary, contact the Translation Project Manager and let them know there is a problem with the source. If this is not possible, because of time constraints, follow what has been done before, even if your personal style and personal preferences are different. Take note in a separate file of any terminology issues and comments while you are working. You will not feel like doing that or going over the errors once you have finished the translation. Let the Translation Project Manager know what has happened. Remember, feedback is always appreciated and it helps to build quality and improvements in the process.
You will score many points in front of your Translation Project Manager’s
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6. Contact your Translation Project Manager or client immediately if you encounter or foresee any problems with the document, with the format, with the word count or with the delivery time.
7. Identify relevant reference sources on the Internet for the subject you are going to translate. If you are going to translate technical documentation for
bicycles, find the brand’s website in your language. The manufacturer’s
competitors are often a source of good terminology and style. If you are translating medical devices, you are sure to find some relevant material in related websites. Have all this ready before you begin to translate. It is
called “background work”. And it pays, in the short and in the long run. It is like doing a reference check. Would you accept work from a client who you
know nothing about? Don’t companies do a reference check on freelance
translators and personnel they want to employ? So, have or other online resources specific to the topic you are translating at hand for easy reference. And, more importantly, become a researcher of the topics you specialize in as a freelancer. Prepare yourself for a day without internet when you have no connection to the online sources of information– yet you still have time to deliver.
8. When you have finished your translation, run your spellchecker and correct any misspellings and typos. Now is time to become your own editor and read over the document comparing it to the original. Read again without looking at the source text to make sure that it makes sense. Readers will not have access to your source material and, frankly speaking, they do not care the text was translated and how it was translated. They want to read natively in their language and you, the translator, are the bridge. Your version has to read as if it had been written originally in your language, free of literal translations and cumbersome expressions that are directly
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9. Check your translation against the source for any missing text or formatting issues. Most CAT tools include QA features as standard within their software. Each tool offers different features, but they all are good at detecting untranslated segments, source same as target, and even missing or wrong numbers. If your CAT tool only offers basic checking procedures or you want to run more in-depth checks, my recommendation is to use
XBench. You can even load translation memories and check their consistency, check formatting and coherence across files, missing
translations and “suspect translations” where the different source segments
have generated the same translation (perhaps an error accepting a translation memory match), or vice versa, when a single source file has generated multiple translations. Your clients will certainly appreciate this. 10. Do not be literal. Translation buyers and readers never appreciate
translations that sounds “corseted”, a word-for-word carbon copy of a foreign language. It is no acceptable. Unless if you are translating technical material, expressions and twists seldom translate literally from one language to another. Technical material may include pharma translations, engineering, translations for the automotive sector, medical translations, software translation, patents, etc. Accuracy and precision are more appreciated than beauty in legal translations. Many examples and references may seem very relevant and clear to the original writer, but not to the target audience. Some years ago, British Prime Minister put Japanese translators on freeze mode when he announced on a visit to Japan that he was prepared to go “The Full Monty” on his economic policies. The film had not been released in Japan. Website translations, any type of books and literature, news and news clips, CVs, all require
beauty of expression and flow that only come with a “neutral approach to translation”. You have to distance yourself from your work, edit and proof it
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if it were the final product. You offer a professional translation service and each one of your clients is unique. Do not count on editors or proofreaders to fix your unchecked work and your mistakes. Nobody likes to correct
other people’s lack of care.
11. Be sure to run your spellchecker again. It will take a couple of minutes if everything is fine. A small typo may have been added during your revisions and it would destroy all the quality steps you have undertaken until now.
12. Remember to include any notes or comments for your client or for the editors about your translation with your file delivery. A blank delivery with
your signature, or a “please find files attached” shows little interaction with
your client. It may signal that if you do not have time to write two lines
about the delivery of the project… well you probably did not have time to
do any quality check at all. Thank the Translation Project Manager for work and look forward to the next one. If there are certainly no issues to talk about, say clearly the job went smoothly. Perhaps the translation memory was very good or in the absence of it, you felt very comfortable and enjoyed doing a translation in your field of expertise.
Taken from
http://www.pangeanic.com/knowledge_center/12-tips-for-translators-provide-quality-translations/
D. Summary
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E. Questions/DiscussionPlease translate the following descriptive texts into English.
Text 1: Keindahan Alam Indonesia
Indonesia adalah Negara dengan kekayaan alam yang melimpah ruah dari Sabang hingga Merauke. Keindahan alam Indonesia memang dinilai tak ada yang mampu menandingi di negara manapun di dunia.
Hampir semua pesona alam terdapat di Indonesia mulai dari daratan hingga laut. Oleh sebab itu, tidak heran apabila banyak wisatawan asing yang rela datang jauh-jauh ke Indonesia untuk menikmati keindahan alam bumi pertiwi.
Selain keindahan alam yang disajikan ternyata di dalam keindahan tersebut terdapat banyak hal tersembunyi yang jarang diketahui seperti flora dan fauna yang sangat langka dan eksotis.
Alam Indonesia yang paling tersohor di mata dunia adalah keindahan pantainya yang terbentang dari barat hingga ke timur. Banyaknya pulau yang ada di Indonesia membuat kekayaan laut dan pantai semakin berwarna.
Selain pantai, keindahan dunia bawah laut juga menjadi incaran para wisatawan untuk masuk ke dalamnya dan ikut menikmati kehidupan bawah laut di Indonesia. Daerah yang memiliki keindahan pantai yang menakjubkan di Indonesia yang paling tersohor adalah Manado, Bali dan Raja Ampat.
Tidak hanya keindahan pantai, Indonesia juga merupakan negara dengan cangkupan hutan terbesar di Dunia. Oleh karena itu Indonesia disebut sebagai paru-paru dunia sebab ⅓ hutan di Dunia terdapat di Indonesia.
Keindahan hutan di Indonesia memang tak perlu diragukan lagi, sebab memang hijau hamparan pohon membuat mata seakan terhipnotis. Selain itu hewan dan tumbuhan endemik juga banyak yang menjadi buruan wisatawan yang hanya untuk berfoto untuk mengabadikan momen tersebut.
Taken from http://notepam.com/contoh-teks-deskripsi/ Text 2: Sekolahku
Sekolahku mempunyai lingkungan yang sangat bersih dengan halaman parkir dan lapangan upacara yang luas. Sekolahku mempunyai 3 gedung utama sebagai tempat pembelajaran siswa, yaitu Gedung A, B, dan C.
Lokasi sekolahku tepat berada di tengah-tengah sawah, sehingga membuat suasana sekolah tampak segar dan sejuk. Semua lantai kelas menggunakan keramik.
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Warna merah dengan kombinasi abu-abu menjadi dominasi warna yang sangat mencolok di sekolahku, masjid dan kantin tidak lupa menambah lengkap keindahan sekolahku.
Text 3: Rumah Ahmad
Rumah Ahmad berada di depan rumahku, dimana di halaman rumahnya terdapat pohon rambutan yang membuat suasana terasa segar. Bunga-bunga menghiasi depan rumah Ahmad.
Dinding rumah Ahmad berwarna biru dengan pintu dan jendela yang
berwarna hitam. Serta lantai keramik yang berwarna putih bersih membuat rumah rani sangat enak dipandang.
Di dalam rumah Ahmad posisi barang-barang sangat diperhatikan sehingga semua barang tertata rapi. Lantainya bersih serta harum ruangan nya
memanjakan hidung.
Text 4: Blacky
Aku mempunyai kucing bernama Blacky, dia berwarna hitam pekat dengan mata yang sangat putih. Mempunyai ekor panjang dan bulu yang halus.
Blacky sering bermain dengan bermain bola, suka memakan ikan dan nasi. Blacky selalu menjaga kebersihan dengan pipis di tempat yang sudah disediakan.
Text 5: Meja
Satu meja panjang persegi dengan motif bunga mawar dan dominasi warna coklat diletakkan di lingkaran tengah deretan kursi. Meja tersebut berada di atas karpet berwarna merah.
Bagian atas meja terbuat dari kaca sedangkan kakinya terbuat dari kayu. Sehingga membuat meja ini sangat elegan dan modern.
Text 6: Pohon Mangga
Aku mempunyai pohon mangga yang berada di belakang rumah, pohon mangga tersebut mempunyai tinggi sekitar 3 meter dan sudah berbuah banyak.
Sering kali ketika aku ingin memakan mangga, aku tinggal memanjat pohon tersebut dan mengambil buah nya. Pohon mangga tersebut dikelilingi oleh pagar.
Saking tingginya pohon mangga ini sampai daun pohon mangga menutupi atap genteng rumahku.
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CHAPTER V
Translating Argumentative Texts
A. Short Description
This chapter discusses how to translate argumentative texts from Indonesian into English.
B. Subject Learning Outcome
After studying and learning this chapter, coginitively students are able to know, recognize, and understand how to translate descriptive texts, affectively they can acknowledge that translating descriptive texts is important for their life, and psychomotorically they can translate a text based on the types of translation.
C. Lesson Material
Tips on How to Make a Good Translation
Many people think that translating is easy, that all you have to do is change
words from one language into their equivalents into another. But if you’ve tried
Google translate or any other machine translation software, you know it’s not true. There are debates about what makes a translation good or bad, but
many agree that the best translation doesn’t look like a translation.
Here are 10 tips to keep in mind when accepting a translation project and how to produce the best results in the end for a good translation.
1. Always see the document before accepting any project
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2. Who/What is the translation for?You also need to discuss with the client about the kind of translation he/she wants, the intended message, the target audience and any information that will determine the style of translation required.
3. A good translation requires time
You can’t translate on a whim. Read the source text thoroughly, pay attention
to details such as language nuances or register, inform the client of any mistakes or ambiguities you may find, research some technical terms.
It is also important to get some rest. Un-glue yourself from your computer screen, have a break and do something else; you will go back to your translation more relaxed and with fresher eyes.
4. “Good writers are those who keep the language efficient. That is to say, keep it accurate, keep it clear” (Ezra Pound)
If the text you translate contains idiomatic references, don’t hesitate to add
comments or notes to make it easier for the reader to understand. That’s why
a good knowledge of both the source and target language is crucial.
5. Keep your target audience in mind
This is the best way to ensure you will translate with the intent of conveying the exact meaning of the original message. It will also make you remember to respect a specific spelling or vocabulary if you are translating into a variant of a language (e.g. French Canadian, Brazilian Portuguese etc).
6. Make sure your words have meaning
If you opt for a literal translation, you may get unpleasant surprises. While you
must preserve the original style of the author (tone, register…), you can’t
duplicate the syntax or the grammatical construction of the source language,
unless of course it is correct in the target language. You also don’t have to
keep all the words from the source text if you want to avoid redundancy in your
translation. Conversely, don’t hesitate to add some words in your translation if
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7. Stick to what you knowRely on your skills and experience. They will help you make the right decisions when translating a difficult text. It may take time to hone them, but remember practice makes perfect.
8. When in doubt, ask for help
It is normal to sometimes face doubts or difficulties when translating a document; translation is not an exact science (and even scientists have
doubts!). Don’t be afraid to consult colleagues or other linguists when you are
stuck. You should even talk to the client or the author of the source text, if you can contact him/her.
9. The finishing touch (a.k.a. Proofreading and Revision)
We are so absorbed in our work that it can be difficult to distance ourselves from it; this is where a second pair of eyes is essential. When your translation is done, have another linguist or a native speaker proofread it. They can spot mistakes you may have not noticed. They will also make sure that your translation sounds natural in the target language. Your translation is now ready to be delivered to the client.
10. Getting better at it
As the experienced translator Lanna Castellano said: “Our profession is based
on knowledge and experience. It has the longest apprenticeship of any
profession”. Continuous learning is the key to improve your skills and expertise. Languages are permanently evolving and developing so you need to keep up to date.
Taken from http://www.word360.co.uk/tips-on-how-to-make-a-good-translation/
D. Summary
There are 10 tips on how to make a good translation, especially for translating argumentative texts.
1. Always see the document before accepting any project 2. Who/What is the translation for?
3. A good translation requires time 4. keep it accurate, keep it clear”
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7. Stick to what you know 8. When in doubt, ask for help 9. The finishing touch
10. Getting better at it
E. Questions/Discussion
Please translate the following argumentative texts into English.
Text 1:
Kasus kenakalan remaja saat ini sudah menduduki posisi yang sangat mengkhawatirkan. Banyaknya kasus kehamilan di usia remaja menjadi bukti kurangnya pengawasan orang tua terhadap anaknya. Anak membutuhkan perhatian yang lebih dari keluarganya. Alasan sibuk bekerja adalah alasan yang sering dilontarkan para orang tua. Padahal, jika sudah terlanjur, anaklah yang akan menerima berbagai sanksi hukum dan sanksi sosial akibat kenakalan remaja. Tentunya, keluarga akan merasa malu jika hal ini terjadi. Sudah saatnya orang tua meluangkan sedikit waktunya untuk mendidik dan membesarkan anaknya dengan bijak. Hal ini karena buah hati adalah anugerah Tuhan yang tak ternilai.
Text 2:
Kasus penyiksaan pembantu rumah tangga atau PRT akhir-akhir ini semakin menyeruak bahkan tidak jarang sampai terjadi hilangnya nyawa dan di beberapa kasus lain banyak para pembantu rumah tangga mengaku tidak diberikan gaji selama berbulan-bulan. Kasus-kasus yang menimpa para pekerja khususnya pembantu rumah tangga meningkat pesat karena kurangnya perhatian pemerintah dan tidak seriusnya pemerintah menanggapi permasalahan ini terus terulang dan selain itu belakangan ini banyak lembaga ilegal yang dengan leluasa mengirim para pekerja tanpa surat resmi dari lembaga resmi yang menangani pengiriman tenaga kerja yang pada akhirnya permasalahan tindak kekerasan kepada para pekerja sulit ditangani pemerintah.
Text 3:
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Text 4: Penebangan hutan secara liar dan tingkat kesadaran masyarakat yang rendah untuk membuang sampah pada tempatnya mengakibatkan beberapa daerah di indonesia selalu dilanda banjir di setiap musim penghujan. Bahkan jakarta yang merupakan ibu kota dan pusat pemerintahanpun tidak luput dari bencana banjir.
Text 5:
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CHAPTER VI
Translating Expository Texts
A. Short Description
This chapter discusses how to translate expository texts based on the types of
translation and translation experts’ opinions.
B. Subject Learning Outcome
After studying and learning this chapter, coginitively students are able to know, recognize, and understand how to translate expository texts, affectively they can acknowledge that translating expository texts is important for daily life and, and psychomotorically they can translate expository texts based on the types of translation.
C. Lesson Material
Translation Tips and Tricks
There are lots of free translation services on the net, but they all have a major problem. The translations are carried out by machine, not humans, and whilst they are very clever programmes, they are flawed. If you don't believe me, use one to translate a piece of well-written English into your own language, it can be a lot of fun. Machines just cannot give you the accuracy a professional human translator will deliver.
If you still don't believe me, take a short piece of text and go to Bad Translator. Cut and paste it, choose 18 times translation.
From this:
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I ended up with this:
"Turn on the computer, and we're not with someone, even if you have a lot of wisdom. Wise, sin."
But, you can take steps to make your machine translations as accurate as possible, therefore reaping the benefits of this valuable technology. By following these tips you should be able to produce consistent and intelligible results.
Be Concise
Remember that machine translation is a computer process that prefers common words and phrases.
Start with simple, clear and formal sentences and phrases.
Keep sentences short, limiting them to 15-20 words for best results.
If a sentence contains multiple ideas/thoughts, break them into one sentence per idea/thought.
Avoid unnecessarily complex words and sentences.
Write clearly and formally
Word your documents in such a way as to avoid idioms, clichés, colloquial expressions and slang.
Consider the literal meaning of words and try to express this instead.
Avoid Ambiguity
Try not to use words that have more than one meaning for example:
1) Use "movie" instead of "film".
2) Use "painting" or "photograph" instead of "picture".
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Always check spelling and grammar Incorrect spelling or grammar leads to translation errors, for example, if a word is spelt incorrectly, the translator will not be able to identify the word.
Include appropriate accents
Always use the correct accent marks in your text.
Be aware of Punctuation Pitfalls
Avoid the use of complicated punctuation marks such as parentheses and hyphens .
Avoid abbreviations or if you need to use them, keep them consistent .
Use articles in front of listed items, for example: 1) Instead of: the judge and jury
2) Use: the judge and the jury
Do not leave words out
Some words can be implied in everyday use, such as "that, which, who," etc. and are often omitted when writing text-try not to do this as they may be required in the target language.
Taken from http://www.learnenglish.de/translationpage.html#sthash.9OreGXCR.dpuf
D. Summary
There are 7 tips and tricks of translation: 1. Be Concise
2. Write clearly and formally 3. Avoid Ambiguity
4. Always check spelling and grammar 5. Include appropriate accents
6. Be aware of Punctuation Pitfalls 7. Do not leave words out
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E. Questions/DiscussionTranslate the following expository texts into English.
Text 1:
Bias Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia
Di saat kondisi perekonomian global yang tengah krisis, torehan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia menunjukkan hasil yang positif.
Jika dibandingkan, pada triwulan kedua tahun ini dengan periode yang sama tahun lalu, ekonomi Indonesia meningkat kurang lebih 6,4 persen.
Pertumbuhan ini tetap masih terpusat di Pulau Jawa dengan peningkatan sebesar 57,5%. Apabila di akumulasikan, pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia semester I tahun 2012 lebih baik dibandingkan dengan semester I tahun 2011 yang tumbuh sekitar 6,3%.
Akan tetapi, pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dinilai mengalami bias atau anomali. Hal ini dikatakan oleh Salamuddin Daeng, pengamat ekonomi Indonesia for Global Justice. Ia berpendapat, pertumbuhan ekonomi ini tidak diikuti dengan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat.
Text 2:
Fakta Hukum di Indonesia
Semestinya hukum di Indonesia sebagaimana yang telah diatur pada Undang-undang sudah secara tegas mengatur hukuman untuk para pelaku tindak kejahatan.
Akan tetapi, faktanya kerapkali terjadi ketidakadilan hukum yang dapat merugikan banyak orang. Hukum bisa saja tegas, namun menjadi mendadak tumpul ketika dihadapkan dengan koruptor, itulah terjadi saat ini.
Bukan menjadi rahasia umum lagi bahwa para koruptor di Indonesia menerima hukuman yang tingkatannya masih terbilang ringan, bahkan ada koruptor yang mendapatkan tunjangan fasilitas mewah padahal sudah dianggap merugikan negara.
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Text 3:Perubahan Kurikulum Pendidikan di Indonesia
Sistem pendidikan Indonesia saat ini mengalami suatu perubahan yang sangat signifikan. Perubahan tersebut berhubungan dengan kurikulum yang digunakan dalam dunia pendidikan Indonesia.
Yang mana, kurikulum 2006 yang sudah lama digunakan dirubah dengan kurikulum 2013. Meskipun tidak semua sekolah menggunakan kurikulum tersebut.
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemendikbud) dalam beberapa kesempatan memaparkan bahwa, kurikulum 2013 diutamakan pada sekolah-sekolah yang memiliki akreditasi A atau sekolah bertaraf Internasional.
Terjangkaunya distribusi buku juga menjadi syarat terhadap sekolah yang melaksanakan kurikulum 2013. Kemendikbud juga menjelaskan bahwa kurikulum 2013 ini fokus pada pembangunan sikap, pengetahuan, keterampilan, karakter yang dilandasi pendekatan ilmiah.
Tidak hanya itu, kurikulum 2013 juga menitikberatkan kepada hubungan antara proses belajar dengan rasa syukur pada pemberian Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa kepada manusia yang diberi berkat untuk mengelola alam ini.
Khususnya mengacu pada proses belajar mengajar yang dimulai dengan mengamati, menanya, menalar, dan mencoba atau mencipta.
Musliar Kasim selaku wakil Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan berpendapat, bahwa Kurikulum 2013 lebih menitikberatkan praktik daripada hafalan.
Karena selama ini, siswa banyak dibebani hafalan yang justru dinilai kurang menumbuhkan kreativitas.
Melalui Kurikulum 2013 ini, pemerintah ingin mencetak anak bangsa Indonesia yang produktif, kreatif, inovatif dan afektif. Dalam kurikulum 2013 setiap siswa dididik agar memiliki pengetahuan, keterampilan, sikap dan karakter.
Anggota Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden, Meutia Hatta mengatakan bahwa kurikulum 2013 ini mempunyai tujuan untuk mencetak karakter generasi berkualitas, cinta tanah air dan bangsanya.
Tidak hanya itu, kurikulum 2013 juga menonjolkan peran aktif siswa dalam proses pembelajaran, sehingga generasi masa depan tetap mempunyai jati diri sebagai bangsa Indonesia dan berkualitas.
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CHAPTER VII
Translation Methods: Word-For-Word, Literal, Semantic, Faithful, Adaptation, Free, Idiomatic, and Communicative
A. Short Description
This chapter intoduces translation methods based on Newmark’s opinions.
B. Subject Learning Outcome
After studying and learning this chapter, coginitively students can know, recognize, and understand translation methods, affectively they can feel that these translation methods are important to know and understand, and psychomotorically they can translate and analyse a text based on the translation methods.
C. Lesson Material
Translation Methods
Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, "[w]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81). He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation:
Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the
words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted
to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of
the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as
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Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for
plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of
the original.
Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to
distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual
meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).
Taken from http://translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm
D. Summary
According to Newmark (1988), there are 8 methods of translation that can be used to translate a text based on a customer order and analysing it for research.
1. Word-for-word translation 2. Literal translation
3. Faithful translation 4. Semantic translation 5. Adaptation
6. Free translation 7. Idiomatic translation
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E. Questions/Discussion1) Translate the folowing text into English based on literal and free translation methods.
Bank Pembanguna Islam
Berbicara mengenai lahirnya IDB maka tidak dapat dilepaskan dari organisasi induknya yaitu Organisasi Konferensi Islam. Kemunculan OKI memang dilatarbelakangi oleh konflik Timur Tengah yaitu masalah Israel Palestina namun belakangan keberadaan OKI tidak lagi sekedar dikaitkan dengan upaya pembebasan rakyat Palestina dari cengkeraman Israel. Lebih dari itu, kiprah OKI dengan segenap kelembagaan dan potensi yang dimilikinya termasuk IDB telah dapat memainkan peran yang lebih luas, yakni mencakup berbagai persoalan yang dihadapi dunia Islam dibidang politik, ekonomi, sosial, pendidikan, kebudayaan, dan sebagainya. Dalam konteks ekonomi, IDB merupakan representasi aktifitas ekonomi negara-negara muslim yang notabene anggota OKI.
Islamic Development Bank (IDB) atau Bank Pembangunan Islami, merupakan lembaga keuangan multilateral yang didirikan pada tahun 1975 (1392 H) oleh Organisasi Konferensi Islam (OKI) untuk meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan social ekonomi negara anggota dan masyarakat muslim dinegara bukan anggota berlandaskan prinsip-prinsip Islami/ Syariah.
Demi mencapai tujuannya IDB memiliki visi untuk menjadi leader
dalam mendorong pembangunan sosial ekonomi di negara-negara anggota dan masyarakat Muslim di negara-negara non-anggota sesuai dengan prinsip syariah.
Disamping itu, IDB juga memiliki misi untuk mengurangi kemiskninan, mendukung pembangunan manusia, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, ekonomi Islam, perbankan dan keuangan dan meningkatkan kerjasama antara negara-negara anggota melalui mitra pembangunan IDB.
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2) Analyse the following text from Indonesian into English based on
Newmark’s translation methods.
Indonesian Text:
Kisah Hidup Nabi Muhammad S.A.W.
Ketika penduduk Mekah berada dalam kegelapan dan kehilangan pedoman, lahirlah di tengah-tengah masyarakat tersebut seorang bayi bernama Muhammad, yang akan menjadi panutan dan meluruskan aqidah serta kehidupan mereka dari kesalahan menuju cara yang benar dan diberkati oleh Allah. Muhammad lahir dari seorang ibu bernama Aminah
pada 12 Rabi’ul Awal di tahun gajah atau pada tanggal 20 April, 571 M. Ayahnya, Abdullah, telah meninggal saat Muhammad berusia 7 bulan di dalam kandungan ibunya.
Sudah menjadi kebiasaan orang-orang Arab dari kota Mekah dimana mereka mempercayakan anak-anak mereka dan disusui oleh wanita Badiyah sehingga bayi-bayi bisa menikmati udara segar dan bisa berbicara dengan lancar. Muhammad yang merupakan keturunan bangsawan Quraisy, ia disusui oleh Halimah As-Sa’diyah.
Setelah ia berusia lima tahun, Halimah dikawal Muhammad ke Mekah. Halimah kembali kepada ibunya, Siti Aminah. Setahun kemudian, Aminah meninggal. Setelah itu, Muhammad diasuh oleh kakeknya, Abdul Mutholib. Dua tahun berikutnya, kakek Muhammad juga meninggal. Setelah itu, ia diasuh oleh pamannya, Abu Tholib.
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English Text:Life Story of the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W
When the inhabitants of Mecca in a state of darkness and losing their grip, it was born in the midst of that society, a baby named Muhammad, who will be the role model and straighten their aqeedah and life from the error into a true way and being blessed by Allah. Muhammad was born by a mother
named Aminah on 12 Early Rabi’ul in the elephant or on April 20, 571 AD.
His father, Abdullah, had passed away when Muhammad was 7 months in
his mother’s womb.
It already became a custom of the Arabs of Mecca that they entrusted their children and breastfed them to Badiyah women so that the baby could enjoy fresh air and could speak the language fluently. As well as Muhammad who was the nobility descendant of Quraysh, he had been commended and breastfed by Halimah As-Sa’diyah.
After he was five years old, Halimah chaperoned Muhammad to Mecca. Halimah returned him to his mother, Siti Aminah. A year later, Aminah passed away. After that, Muhammad was fostered by his grandfather, Abdul
Mutholib. The next two years, Muhammad’s grandfather also passed away. After that, he was fostered by his uncle, Abu Tholib.
While he was growing up to be adult, the prophet Muhammad S.A.W started his life independently and he did not depend on his uncle anymore. He was well-known as an honest and kind man among his friends and also older people because he never said lie and bad things. Due to his good character and behavior, a rich widow entrusted her merchandise to the prophet Muhammad S.A.W to be sold in Syams land. That woman was Khadijah.
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CHAPTER VIII
Midterm Test
A. Short Description
This chapter provides test items for the Midterm test.
B. Subject Learning Outcome
This chapter coginitively let students evaluate their understanding on theories given from chapter 1-7, affectively they can feel that all translation theories are important for their job as translators, and psychomotorically they are assigned to translate and analyse a narrative, descriptive, argumentative, or expository text based on types and methods of translation.
C. Lesson Material
For this midterm test activity, please review all translation theories given from chapter 1 to chapter 6.
D. Summary
Definitions of translation
Types of translation
Tips and triks of translation
Translation methods
E. Questions/Discussion
Answer the questions, translate and analyse the texts provided below.
1) Answer the following questions.
a. State five definitions of translation based on the translation experts you have studied in chapter 1.
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c. List some tips and tricks of translation that you have studies in the previous chapters.
d. Write eight methods of translation and give examples of each method.
2) Translate the following text into English by free method of translation.
Kisah Nabi Ibrahim
Nabi Ismail adalah putra nabi Ibrahim dengan istri mudahnya yakni Siti Hajar. Siti Hajar adalah budak yang diberikan oleh Raja Mesir kepada Nabi Ibrahim a.s. Atas persetujuan Siti Sarah akhirnya nabi Ibrahim mau menikahi Siti Hajar.
Setelah menikah dengan Nabi Ibrahim, Siti Hajar akhirnya mengandung. Namun, ia menyembunyikan kandungannya dari Siti Sarah yang sudah lama menikah. Tapi belum juga di karuniai seorang anak. Sekeras apapun Siti Hajar menyembunyikan kandungannya, akhirnya terungkap juga rahasia tersebut. Dari rahim Siti Hajar lahirlah seorang anak laki-laki yang kemudian diberi nama Ismail.
Setelah kelahiran Ismail, Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta’ala memerintahkan
Nabi Ibrahim membawa pergi Siti Hajar dan Ismail ke Mekah, maka Nabi Ibrahim memenuhi perintah itu dan ia pun pergi membawa keduanya ke Mekah di dekat tempat yang nantinya akan dibangunkan ka’bah. Pada saat itu masih padang pasir kosong yang belum di diami oleh manusia.
Siti hajar begitu cemas dan sedih ketika Nabi ibrahim akan meninggalkannya seorang diri bersama anaknya yang masih kecil, di tempat yang begitu sunyi senyap, tidak ada orang sama sekali, kecuali hanya pasir dan batu. Seraya merintih dan menangis, ia memegang kuat-kuat baju Nabi ibrahim as sambil memohon belas kasihannya, meminta agar ia tidak ditinggalkan seorang diri di tempat yang begitu hampa, tdak ada seorang manusia sama sekali, tidak ada binatang, tidak ada pohon dan air mengalir pun juga tidak terlihat di tempat itu. Semenara itu ia masih bertanggung jawab untuk mengasuh anak kecil yang masih menyusu kepadanya.
Lalu atas perintah Allah Swt Nabi Ibrahim a.s. pun kembali ke negri Syam pada istri pertamanya yaitu Siti Sarah.
Nabi Ibrahim melanjutkan perjalanannya dan sampai pada sebuah bukit. Nabi Ibrahim tidak dapat melihatnya lagi, Nabi Ibrahim menghadap
ke arah Ka’bah lalu berdoa untuk Istri dan putranya dengan mengangkat kedua belah tangannya.
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beliau sangat kehausan sehingga air susunya pun kering. dia memandang kepada Ismail sang bayi yang sedang meronta-ronta kehausan. Dalam usahanya mencari air, Siti Hajar berlari kesana kemari sampai ke bukit Shafa dan Marwah.
Ia sangat berharap bisa mendapatkan sesuatu yang bisa menolongnya, namuan hanya batu dan pasir yang ditemuinya di sana, lalu dari bukit safa itu ia melihat bayangan air yang mengalir di atas bukit marwah, kemudian berlarilah ia ke bukti marwah, namun setelah sampai di sana yang dikiranya air ternyata hanya bayangan.
Kemudian ia mendengar ada suara yang memanggilnya dari bukti Shafa, pergilah ia ke bukit Shafa, namun setelah sampai di bukit Shafa ia tidak menjupai siapa-siapa.
Siti Hajar terus mendengar suara yang mengarah pada tempat di mana bayinya Ismail di baringkan dalam keadaan menangis sambil meronta-ronta dan menghentak-hentakan kakinya. Tiba-tiba, di dekat Ismail berbaring, memancarlah mata air. Melihat mata air tersebut, Siti Hajar langung berlari tergesa-gesa untuk menampung air tersebut. Di sebutlah air yang berlimpah itu dengan sebutan ‘’ Zam-Zam’’ yang artinya ‘’ Berkumpul’’.
Melihat air yang berlimpah Siti Hajar sangat gembira. Beliau langsung membasahi bibir Putranya dengan air tersebut. Seketika wajah Putranya terlihat sangat segar. Begitu pula dengan Siti Hajar. Wajahnya terlihat kembali bersinar, ia merasa senang, karena Allah telah memberikan Mukzijat dari Allah yang memberikan kehidupan, setelah di baying-bayangi oleh kematian.
Air tersebut berubah menjadi telaga, dan sampai saat ini di sebut dengan Telaga Zam-Zam. Usaha Siti Hajar mencari air tidak sia-sia, Beliau kesana kemari agar mendapatkan air hingga akhirnya sampai di Bukit Shafa dan Marwah. Hingga aat ini berjalan kaki dari Shafa ke Marwah di
jadikan sebagai salah satu Rukun Haji yang di sebut Sha’i.
Ketika Ismail beranjak remaja, Nabi Ibrahim sangat gembira, namun kegembiraan itu tiba-tiba buyar karena perintah Allah SWT lewat mimpinya. Nabi ibrahim mendapat mimpi bahwa
