Analysis of Impoliteness Strategy Used by The Character Carl’s in “Yes Man” Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillme nt of the Requirements for Sarjana Degree of English Departement Faculty of Letters and Humanities the State Islamic University of Sunan
Ampel Surabaya
.
By
:
Sofiyah
NIM: A83211188
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
Analysis of Impoliteness Strategy Used by The Character Carl’s in “Yes Man” Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Degree of English Departement Faculty of Letters and Humanities the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By: Sofiyah
Reg. Numbe r: A83211188
Advisor:
Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag. Reg. Numbe r: 196909251994031002
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Sofiyah. A8321188. 2016. Analysis of Impoliteness Strategy Used by The Character Carl's in "Yes Man" Movie.Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel, Surabaya.
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Muhammad Kurjum, M.Ag.
Communication is the people's way to deliver what is desire. Through the language they deliver their desire in a communication.From the communication that we using is language and the language itself has two kinds, namely polite and impolite. In this study further discusses the research object impoliteness with Carl in "Yes Man" movie. This study aims to determine the kinds of impoliteness, reasons and responses of people who are his around on impoliteness strategies used by Carl characters in "Yes Man" movie.
In this research, the author analyze used the theory of Culpeper. Based on the theory of Culpeper, there are kinds of impoliteness: Bald on Record, impoliteness Positive, Negative impoliteness and Off Record impoliteness. Then the author uses descriptive qualitative method for data analysis used, the data is used dialogue descriptive. The author makes himself as the main instrument to collect data from the official website of "Yes Man" movie.
After analyzing the data, the authors found that the kinds of impoliteness that are often used by the character of Carl in "Yes Man" movie are Bald on Record. Because the character of Carl in "Yes Man" movies more often use impoliteness direct, clear and unambiguous from the kinds of impoliteness. This research is very exciting because indirectly exist in our life every day.
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ... vi
Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page ... vii
Acknowledgements ... viii
1.4Significances of Study... 10
1.5Scope of The Study ... 11
1.6Key to Specific Terms ... 11
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Related Theories ... 14
2.1.1 The Introduction of Politeness by James. Watts ... 14
2.1.2 Politeness Strategies ... 15
2.1.3 Positive Politeness ... 15
2.1.4 Impoliteness Strategy... 19
1. Offensive Countering ... 28
2. Defensive Countering ... 29
c. No Response ... 29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Approach ... 30
3.2 Data Source ... 31
3.3 Research Instrument ... 31
3.4 Data Collection ... 32
3.5 Data Analysis ... 33
4.2 Discussion... 49
4.2.1 Impoliteness ... 49
4.2.1.1 Bald on Record ... 51
4.2.1.2 Positive Impoliteness... 52
4.2.1.3 Negative Impoliteness ... 54
4.2.1.4 Off Record Impoliteness... 55
4.2.2 Social Distance ... 57
4.2.3 The Response from Addressee... 59
a. Accepting the Face Attack ... 58
b. Countering the Face Attack ... 59
1. Offensive Countering ... 59
2. Defensive Countering ... 60
c. No Response ... 61
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion ... 62
5.2 Suggestion ... 64
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 66
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of study
Communication is the people’s way to deliver what is their desire.
Through the language they deliver their desire in a communication. They produced a language for communication into several forms such as asking question, requesting something, blaming, thanking, and etc. Besides that, each language that is delivered by someone has its function. Yule (1983:1) states that the function of language that serves in the expression of content is called transactional. Then, the function of language that involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes is called interactional. Language also has its function as primarily transactional language. It is the language that is used to convey factual or propositional information (Yule, 1983:3).
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From the language, people create a communication, and then an interaction will be produced automatically. Sapir (1921:8) stated that language is a purely human non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntary produces symbols. Generally, if people want to deliver a message to the other they will produce utterances in order to make the other can grasp what they meant. In order to deliver the message, there are two ways of it.
The language itself in how to use or language of style has some kind, which is polite and impolite. The first one is in the polite way, and the second is in the ordinary way or impolite. When we are talking about anything with someone else, it is better to say it in a polite way, because it can keep the feelings of our interlocutor. Language of impoliteness is one form of the language used when talking with someone other person or the community. Sometimes stronger emphasis impoliteness language when speaking in their own communities despite making articulation or meaning in conversation rougher, while the language of impoliteness that used for listener has the meaning in emphasis like ignore but to use words that are rough. The interpretation of the words used depends on the use of language itself (Lisa C. Wagner : 2001).
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manipulated to inflict shame on a designated party. Anthropologists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson identified two kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's concept of face are positive and negative politeness.
The kind and amount of politeness that the speaker applies to a certain speech act is determined by the weightiness of this speech act. Speakers calculate the weight of their speech acts from three social variables: the perceived social distance between the hearer and the speaker, the perceived power difference between them, and the cultural ranking of the speech act.
Brown & Levinson (1987) claim their politeness theory to be universally valid. They posit a universal Model Person with the ability to rationalize form communicative goals to the optimal means of achieving these goals. This Model Person can be seen as the embodiment of universally valid human social characteristics and principles of social reasoning (Eelen 2001:5). Brown & Levinson, however, admit that much cultural elaboration is expected on the level of, for example, what kinds of speech acts threaten face, what kinds of politeness strategies are preferred and what kinds of social relationships will trigger face-protective strategies.
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politeness. Various aspects of this theory have also been widely criticized. However, only sporadic attempts have been made to suggest alternative frameworks.
As mentioned above, the Brown & Levinson (1987) account of politeness strategies has also been under discussion in politeness research. It has been criticized as overly pessimistic view of social interaction. For example, Nwoye (1992:311) states that according to the Brown & Levinson interpretation of politeness, ‘social interaction becomes an activity of continuous mutual
monitoring of potential threats to the faces of the interact ants’, and if this view
were always true, it ‘could rob social interaction of all elements of pleasure’. Werkhofer (1992:156) argues that the Brown & Levinson account of politeness is essentially individualistic: it presents the speaker as a rational agent who at least during the generation of utterances is unconstrained by social considerations and is thus free to select egocentric, asocial and aggressive intentions. One of the major problems with Brown & Levinson’s model is also the setting out the
choices open to the speakers in the form of a decision-tree through which they have to work their way before they can arrive at the appropriate utterances in which to frame the FTA (see e.g. Watts 2003:88). This kind of system also excludes the possibility that two or more strategies might be chosen at the same time.
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represent a narrow approach to social realities, as they are defined as static entities that determine polite meanings. This kind of approach neglects the dynamic aspects of social language use.
One of the many researchers who have advocated the dynamic approach to describing language use in recent years is Watts (1992, 2003). Watts argues for a radically new way of looking at linguistic politeness. Watts (2003:1–17) states that the terms polite and politeness and their rough lexical equivalents in other languages may vary in the meanings and connotations associated with them from one group of speakers to the next—even from one individual speaker to the next. According to him, some examples of lay interpretations of polite language usage are ‘the language a person uses to avoid being too direct’, ‘language which
displays respect towards or consideration for others’, or ‘language that displays
certain “polite” formulaic utterances. As regards a general level of polite behavior,
some people feel that polite behavior is equivalent to socially correct or appropriate behavior, while others consider it to be the hallmark of the cultivated person etc. The purpose of Watts is to show that the nature of politeness (as well as impoliteness) is inherently evaluative. He argues that impoliteness is a locus of social struggle over discursive practices. On his view, this very fact should be the central focus of a theory of politeness. So, a theory of politeness should concern itself with the discursive struggle over politeness, or in other words, over the ways in which impolite behavior is evaluated and commented on by lay people.
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colloquial forms in informal contexts), and in its morphology (for example, using special verb forms for polite discourse).
Impoliteness is a negative attitude towards specific behaviors occurring in specific contexts (Kienpointer, 1997). It is sustained by expectations, desires and or beliefs about social organization, including, in particular, how one person's or group's identities are mediated by others in interaction. Situated behaviors are viewed negatively when they conflict with how one expects them to be, how one wants them to be and/or how one thinks they ought to be. Such behaviors always have or are presumed to have emotional consequences for at least one participant, that is, they cause or are presumed to cause offence. Various factors can exacerbate how offensive an impolite behavior is taken to be, including for example whether one understands a behavior to be strongly intentional or not.
Movies are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Movie is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating - or indoctrinating - citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Movie script is also considered as a text. Jahn, Manfred (2003) asserts that movie script is a text containing a movie’s action narrative and dialogue. A
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process of performance of the movie, it helps them to inspire their role. While to the movie goers, it helps them to understand the story of the movie.
“Yes Man” is a US comedy released in 2008 and starring Jim Carrey.
The film is based on a true story and the book was published in 2005 and written by British comedian Danny Wallace. This film is a box office success, despite receiving mixed reviews from critics. The album was released on December 19, 2008, opened at No. 1 at the box office in its first weekend with $ 18.3 million and subsequently released on December 26, 2008 in the UK will go directly to the box office in the first week after its release. Production for the film began in October 2007 in Los Angeles.
From the explanation above, it is clear that the impoliteness will play an important role. So, I try to analyze the relationship between impolitenesses towards a person's life like in the “Yes Man” movie as my studies. They can learn
about groups or individual speech behavior that usually appears on the film. Even a Hollywood or famous director, must pay more attention to daily human interaction to create the character for the screen. That is why I also believe that analyzing a film would be an interesting thing to do.
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colleague of his high school Nick, she was convinced to participate on a self-help program called "Yes Man" led by Terrence Bundley teachers. The basic principle of this program is to say "yes" to the new situation, leaving aside negativism. The key word is "no" - until he signs up for a self-help program based on one simple covenant: say "yes" to everything and anything. Carl misunderstood concept and say "yes" to each question. While leaving the meeting, he helped a homeless man and at the end of the night he met the beautiful Allison who helped her with her scooter. Unleashing the power of "YES" begins to transform Carl's life in ways that are extraordinary and unexpected, making him promoted at work and opening the door to a new romance. But his willingness to accept every opportunity might just become too much of a good thing. His life is completely changed with his new attitude.
The writer finds three previous studies related with this thesis. It helps the understanding of the theoretical method of study and the finding of the study. First, the writer found the thesis from Naila Wildatis Shofyah (2015). The title is the use of impoliteness strategies in easy a movie. The objective of her study is to analyze the use of impoliteness strategies in Easy A movie. The writer describes what are the impoliteness strategies used in Easy A movie and how the characters respond to the impoliteness.
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and to describe the main character’s responses to the impoliteness strategies
addressed to him in Paranorman movie.
Third, the writer found the thesis from Herybertus Fadly Irawan (2011). The title is the use of impoliteness strategies on Sheldon cooper’s utterances in selected episode of the big bang theory TV show. The objective of the his study is to analyze the interaction between Sheldon Cooper with other main Characters in The Big bang Theory TV Show; an American situational comedy. Thus, the aim is to describe what impoliteness strategies Sheldon Cooper uses and how they are performed throughout the show. The responses of the other characters are also subject to research.
Differences of this thesis and previous research are to describe the kind of impoliteness with a clearer and specifically to analyze the dialogue used by the main character in impoliteness. So that the reader can more easily understand what is called impoliteness, the types or even the reaction and can put it into practice in daily life.
1.2. Statement of The Problems
Based on the description on the background of the study above, this study is conducted to find out the answer of some problems in relation with the discussion above, as follows:
1. What kinds of impoliteness strategy used by Carl in “Yes Man” Movie? 2. What is the reason of Carl’s using the certain impoliteness?
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1.3. Objectives of The Study
Based on the research statement, this particular study aimed at finding out:
1. To describe what kinds of impoliteness strategies used by the character Carl’s in “Yes Man” movie.
2. To find out what is the reason of Carl’s using the certain impoliteness in “Yes Man” movie.
3. To know how the responses people in his around about impoliteness used by the character Carl’s in “Yes Man” movie.
1.4. Significances of Study
The result of the study is expected to be used theoretically and practically:
1. Theoretically
a) The results of this study are expected to know the meaning of the language of polite and impolite.
b) Researchers were able to distinguish between the use of language that is polite and impolite.
c) As a reference for other researchers who want to know more clearly about the impolite.
d) This research is expected to improve the researcher’s knowledge to understand impoliteness. It also can improve the researcher’s ability to
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e) This research hopefully can give more knowledge about impoliteness, especially to the students whose major is linguistics. In addition, this research can be a reference of impoliteness for their study.
2. Practically
a) The results of this study are advised to apply one easy way to understand the differences existing languages.
b) The right manner use of language to understand each other in everyday conversation like converse in the family.
1.5. Scope of The Study
In analyzing this film, the author focuses on the characterization of Carl Allen, because his attitude includes impoliteness of language for he used, and he is the most stands out character from other characters that exist in this film. Yes man movie is the best movie for writers to examine because this movie is showing its impoliteness language used.
1.6. Key to Specific Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding about the terms which are used in this study, the researcher defines the key terms used in this study as follows:
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Language Style: the way people manipulate and control people in interaction to other. It brings a message usually conveyed in words or voiced. It is used whether in literary or non-literary work. (Wardhaugh, 1986:33)
Movie: a cinema film. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. (http://www.levity.com/corduroy/moviedefinition.htm).
1. Movie Script: Script of a movie which is used as conversation by the players in the movie.
2. “Yes Man” movie: The banker Carl Allen is a lonely man with low
self-esteem after his divorce with Stephanie, for whom he still yearns. He avoids his best friend Peter. He has a boring job, stalled in a bureaucratic position in the loan department of a bank; and he spends his spare time watching DVDs. When he meets by chance his former high school mate Nick, he is convinced to participate of a self-help program called "Yes Man" leaded by the guru Terrence Bundley. The basic principle of the program is to say "yes" to new situations, leaving the negativism aside. Carl misunderstands the concept and says "yes" to every question. While leaving the encounter, he helps a homeless man and in the end of the night he meets the gorgeous Allison that helps him with her scooter. His life completely changes with his new attitude.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This review of related literature is deals with the underlying theories, from which study is based on politeness strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987).
2.1. Related Theories
In regards to this current study, some theories are reviewed. They are positive and negative politeness strategies and social distance by Holmes (1992)
2.1.1. The Introduction of Politeness by James. Watts
Politeness is one of the ways in the communication of human being in the daily activity. Being linguistically polite is often a matter of selecting linguistic forms which express the appropriate degree of social distance or which recognize relevant status differences (Holmes, 1992:285). Politeness will give a good impression of someone when they are talking with their interlocutor. Most of us are fairly sure we know what we mean when we describe someone’s behavior as
‘polite’. To define the criteria with which we apply that description, however, is
not quite as easy as we might think (Watts, 2003:1).
To characterize polite language usage, we might resort to expressions like ‘the language a person uses to avoid being too direct’, or ‘language which
displays respect towards or consideration for others’ (Watts, 2003:1). Polite
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2.1.2. Politeness Strategies
Politeness strategies are strategies that are used to minimize or avoid the Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) that a speaker makes (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p.91). According to Watts (2003), Face-threatening acts (FTAs) is any act, verbal or non-verbal, which threatens the way in which an individual sees her/himself or would like to be seen by others (face saving, etc). Actually, there are four politeness strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987) that Bald On Record (2 Strategies), and positive politeness (15 strategies), negative politeness (10 strategies), and Off Record (15 strategies).
2.1.3. Positive Politeness
It is used to satisfy the positive face of the hearer by approving, or including him/her as a friend or a member of group. This strategy is usually used by people who have known each other in order to indicate common ground and solidarity in which speaker shares hearer’s wants. It means that the speaker wants
to come closer to the hearer. In addition, when people decide to use positive politeness to talk to other people they will show intimacy and use informal language. On the other hand, Holmes (1992, p.297) also distinguishes two types of politeness which are positive and negative politeness.
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status differences. According to Brown & Levinson, positive politeness contains 15 strategies.
1. Notice, attend to hearer (his/her interests, wants, need, goods, etc)
This strategy suggests that the speaker should take notice or pay attention to the hearer’s condition.
2. Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with hearer)
Speaker uses heightened pitch; exaggerate stress, intonation to show interest, approval, and sympathy to hearer.
3. Intensify interest to hearer
In the strategy, speaker tries to put include the hearer into the middle of the events being discussed so that the hearer can share his or her interest in the speaker’s story.
4. Use in group identity markers
It can be done through the use of certain terms of address forms, of language or dialect, of jargon or slang, and of ellipsis.
5. Seek agreement in safe topics
Speaker seeks ways to agree with hearer. By stressing his agreement to hearer, it means he is satisfying hearer’s desire to be right or to be corroborated in hearer’s
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with the utterance. Besides, it is better to answer a question by repeating part of it rather than just simply by ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
6. Avoid disagreement
Avoided disagreement divided into 4.
a) Token agreement: speaker appears to agree by twisting his/her utterance. It is done to avoid or hide disagreement
b) Pseudo-agreement: speaker use a conclusory marker in order to draw a conclusion that seems he or she agrees with hearer.
c) White lie: speaker may do a white lie in order to avoid disagreement, so he or she can save hearer’s face.
d) Hedging opinions: speaker may choose to be vague about his own opinions to avoid disagreement. Hedging opinions usually use sort of, kind of, like, in a way.
7. Presuppose/raise/assert common ground
This strategy is usually used when that speaker wants to show that hearer is the central of the conversation and hearer’s knowledge is same as the speaker’s.
8. Joke
Joke is the basic positive politeness technique. It may share the mutual background knowledge and value. Moreover, it is used to minimize FTAs of requesting. If the speaker uses joke to the hearer, it might show that the speaker has a close relationship with the hearer.
9. Assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge of and concern for hearer’s
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It is a way to indicate and to put pressure that speaker and hearer are cooperators. 10. Offer, promise
Speaker show his cooperation with hearer by claiming that whatever speaker wants, she/he will help to obtain.
11. Be optimistic
Speaker assumes that hearer wants speaker’s wants for speaker (for speaker and
hearer) and will help to obtain them.
12. Include both speaker and hearer in the activity
Speaker uses the form “we” while actually the speaker means “you” or “me”, in
order to show his/her cooperation and to redress FTAs. 13. Give or ask for reasons
Speaker gives reasons to what and why he/she wants and assumes. If there is no good reason for hearer to refuse it, the hearer will cooperate.
14. Assume or assert reciprocity
Speaker gives evidence of obligations obtained between speaker and hearer. Thus, speaker may say “I’ll do for you if you do for me” to soften his FTAs.
15. Give gifts to hearer (good, sympathy, understanding, cooperation)
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2.1.4. Impoliteness Strategies
Lachenict, one of the linguists, makes a theory about the act of attacking the addressee’s face. He makes a term of ‘aggravating language’ which is the
further scope of politeness theory. Aggravating language is a lesson of rude and insulting language (Turner in Bousfield, 2008: 83). Aggravating language has the same goal as the impoliteness strategy in which to attack the addressee’s face.
Lachenict (1980: 619) has proposed four strategies of ‘aggravation’.
First, off record employs an aggravating language with the forms of vague insults, allusions, clues, and irony. Second, bald on record produces face threatening act and interruption directly. Third, positive aggravation shows an aggravation to the hearer that he or she is not accepted as the part of certain group. Fourth, negative aggravation designs an aggravating language which is intended to impose the hearer, disturb his or her freedom, and to damage the position of the hearer in the society.
Moreover, Culpeper also makes a theory which explains an intended act to attack someone’s face. He calls his theory as the theory of impoliteness
strategy. Compared to Lachenict’s strategies, Culpeper’s strategies are more
comprehensive as they consist of five strategies; meanwhile, Lachenict’s
strategies consist of four strategies. By using Culpeper’s impoliteness strategies, the researcher can gain complete and obvious finding of the data analyzed. Hence, the researcher uses Culpeper’s impoliteness strategies to analyze the data.
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a. Impoliteness
People often express their feelings with impolite language that can cause conflict. They often cannot control their behavior or language when they communicate to others. They do not think about politeness strategy but they prefer to perform impoliteness strategy to express their feelings. According to Bousfield and Locher (2008: 3), impoliteness is a manner which is face-aggravating in a specific situation. It can be defined that impolite act is the behavior which is intended to irritate someone’s face.
Eelen (2001: 15) also states that impoliteness is employed by people when they do not return a salutation or they prefer to keep silent. People often expect others to reply the salutation when they communicate. However, in some cases, some people often prefer to keep silent to perform impolite act.
In addition, there are some terms that refer to the same meaning with impoliteness; it is the term of rudeness. The term of impoliteness and rudeness have the same meaning in negative attitude. Rude behavior does not use the strategies of politeness when those strategies are hoped to do, in other ways that the utterance can be meant as deliberately and negatively argumentative (Lakoff, 1989:103).
Culpeper et al. (2003: 1564) also add that impoliteness intends to damage someone’s face and it can make a disagreement between people.
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people become disharmonious. When someone chooses to perform impoliteness strategy on his or her utterance, he or she has a purpose to damage or attack the hearer’s face. He or she can attack the hearer’s face
through his or her utterance. There are some types of impoliteness strategy according to the expert of linguistics, they are Lachenict and Culpeper. Those strategies are explained in the following part.
b. Strategy
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term strategy hails from ancient Greece, where it had the sense of a military leader. This sense survives in the meaning of the collocation “military strategy”, that
is, a plan to achieve certain military objectives. Within linguistics broadly conceived, we find a range of relevant collocations, including “rhetorical strategy”, “text strategy”, “discourse strategy”, “communication strategy”,
“(text) comprehension strategy”, “pragmatic strategy”, “communicative strategy” and “politeness strategy”.
Rhetorical strategies, as the name clearly suggests, evolve from classical rhetoric. Aristotle, in his Rhetoric (Book 1, Chapter 2) written in the fourth century BC, proposed that rhetoric concerns the ability to see the available means of persuasion. These “means” subsequently became
labeled strategies, or devices, tactics, and so on. Text strategies, associated with text linguistics, have been elaborated by Nils Erik Enkvist, who wrote that they “involve an adjustment of goals to resources or vice versa”
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sociolinguistics, as elaborated by Gumperz (1982). Gumperz (1982: 29) introduced the notion to meet the
need for a sociolinguistic theory which accounts for the communicative functions of linguistic variability and for its relation to speakers goals without reference to untestable functionalist assumptions about conformity or non--conformance to closed systems of norms.
The term communication strategy evolved in the context of language learning in the 1970s, in order to describe “language devices used to overcome communication problems related to interlanguage deficiencies” (Dörnyei and
Scott 1997: 182). (Text) comprehension strategies are associated with text comprehension, and, notably, the model of text comprehension devised by van Dijk and Kintsch (1983). One of the key insights here is that cognition is strategic. For example, one can have strategies regarding how one distributes one’s
attention. The notion of pragmatic strategy seems to overlaps substantially with communicative strategy, and partly overlaps with the first three notions, rhetorical strategy, text strategy and discourse strategy. The overlap with rhetoric, for example, is particularly clear in Leech (1983), who adopts the term because of “the focus it places on a goal--oriented speech situation, in which S uses language in order to produce a particular effect in the mind of H” (1983: 15). Despite the
fact that Leech’s model of pragmatics is very much oriented to linguistic acts as
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Brown and Levinson (1987) deploy the notion of the politeness strategy. Like Leech (1983), they have in mind “rational means-ends reasoning” (1987:7).
Their notion of strategy involves the meaning whereby “people can be seen to be
doing something before doing, or in order to do, something else” (1987: 8). They elaborate:
We continue to use the word ‘strategy’, despite its connotations of conscious deliberation, because we can think of no other word that will imply a rational element while covering both (a) innovative plans of action, which may still be (but need not be) unconscious, and (b) routines – that is, previously constructive plans whose original rational origin is still preserved in their construction, despite their present automatic application as ready--made programmes. (1987: 85)
The idea of mapping out logical, rational choices in order to achieve particular goals is typical of the pragmatics of that era. For example, in their scheme, one choice is between doing the FTA (faced threatening act) and not doing the FTA. They propose five “super strategies” (general orientations to face)
that are systematically related to the degree of face threat. A rational actor − a “Model Person” (Brown and Levinson 1987) − will select an appropriate super
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means to realize the highest goals” (1987: 92). Thus, for example, claiming common ground might be achieved the output strategy of presupposing common ground.
Each of these notions of strategy has in common the fact that strategy is conceived of, at least in part, as a means of achieving a particular end, though of course each defines the notion in somewhat different ways and associates it with a different field. Some of those differences are important. Indeed, it is worth noting part (b) of Brown and Levinson’s quotation above. Although the elaboration of politeness routines and formulae as output strategies constitutes a large part of their work, there is in fact very little discussion of what these are, though there is a nod towards the idea that they might involve conventions which themselves may – they cite Lewis (1969) – involve rationality (1989: 85--87). This stands in contrast with the approach taken by Gumperz:
I believe that understanding presupposes conversational involvement. A general theory of discourse strategies must therefore gain by specifying the linguistic and socio cultural knowledge that needs to be shared if conversational involvement is to be maintained, and then go on to deal with what it is about the nature of conversational inference that makes for cultural, Subcultural and situational specificity of interpretation. (1982: 3)
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contrast, Brown and Levinson’s model is about the speaker selecting strategies to
achieve particular goals. The role of the hearer or target interacting with the speaker is barely mentioned.
A further point that Gumperz emphasizes is methodology: “Empirical methods must be found to determine the extent to which underlying knowledge is shared” (1982: 30). The thrust of Brown and Levinson’s work is the traditional
one of proposing a model and then testing its predictions against the data. It is not to derive empirically the model from the data, though clearly the data must have informed numerous aspects of the model. To be fair, every output strategy from their model is illustrated, but that does not necessarily mean that it is routine, which is purported to be part of their understanding of a strategy. And even if it is routine, we do not know the extent to which it is, the extent to which knowledge of that strategy is shared. Are some strategies frequent and well-known and others less so? What exactly is understood by the strategy and in what context?
In this paper, I take strategies to be ways of achieving particular goals in interaction that are conventional for a particular community. I understand conventionalization here in the same way as Terkourafi (e.g. 2003), namely, items conventionalized for a particular context of use.
1) Bald--on--record impoliteness: the FTA is performed in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way in circumstances where face is not irrelevant or minimized.
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The use of strategies designed to damage the addressee’s positive face wants, e.g. ignore, and snub the other -- fail to acknowledge the other's presence. Exclude the other from an activity. Disassociate from the other -- for example, deny association or common ground with the other; ; Avoid sitting together. Be disinterested, unconcerned, and unsympathetic. Use inappropriate identity markers -- for example, use title and surname when a close relationship pertains, or a nickname when a distant relationship pertains. Use obscure or secretive language -- for example, mystify the other with jargon, or use a code known to others in the group, but not the target. Seek disagreement -- select a sensitive topic. Make the other feel uncomfortable -- for example, do not avoid silence, joke, or use small talk. Use taboo words -- swear, or use abusive or profane language. Call the other names -- use derogatory nominations.
3) Negative impoliteness
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4) Off--record impoliteness
The FTA is performed by means of an implicative but in such a way that one attributable intention clearly outweighs any others. Withhold politeness: the absence of politeness work where it would be expected. For example, failing to thank somebody for a present may be taken as deliberate impoliteness.
2.1.5. Social Distance
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2.1.6. The Response from the Addressee of Carl’s Impoliteness in “Yes Man” Movie
All three responses of impoliteness strategy, i.e. accepting the face attack, countering the face attack of countering the face attack, such as offensive countering and defending countering appear in this movie.
a. Accepting the Face Attack
According to Bousfield (2008: 193), the addressee accepts the face attack from the speaker, when he or she may agree with the speaker’s utterances which
perform impoliteness strategy. Meanwhile, accepting the face attack becomes the lowest response used by the main character, Carl, in “Yes Man” movie. The examples of accepting the face attack are presented in the following.
b. Countering the Face Attack
Countering the face attack is divided into two subcategories; they are offensive countering and defensive countering (Bousfield, 2008:193). All of the subcategories of countering the face attack; offensive countering and defensive countering appear as Carl’s responses toward the impoliteness strategies which are employed by the other characters in “Yes Man” movie.
1. Offensive Countering
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countering is the dominant type used by the main character, Carl in “Yes
Man” movie. Each of the examples can be seen as the following.
2. Defensive Countering
Bousfield (2008: 193) states that defensive countering means that the addressee defends his or her own face. An example of defensive countering can be seen from the conversation between Allison and Carl. Allison accuses Carll not serious to live with him because it means Carl not like Allison and he considers this relationship for only a necessity because Carl will always say yes to whatever it is. Carl trying to explain what is the real reason he was a bit of thinking to stay with Allison's invitation. Accusations that were made defensive countering appeared to defend of his face. This illustrates defense of the own face against charges rendered impoliteness.
c. No Response
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1. Research Approach
A research design is a systematic plan to study a scientific problem. The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, co relational, semi-experimental, and semi-experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research question, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan.
Recent study was an experimental research to find out the result of a certain technique. According to Hadi (1988: 56) that is an experimental design is one of the precise methods to examine the cause and effect because of the fact, instruction toward a group and experimental sample.
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prevented chaos. Thus, turn taking is context free (e.g., turn taking occurs in all interactions) and also context sensitive to a variety of particular conversational happenings.
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often used than large samples. In the conventional view, qualitative methods produce information only on the particular cases studied, and any more general conclusions are only propositions (informed assertions).
3.2. Data Source
In this section the most important part in this study, as it will explain how and where the source data will be obtained. The data source is obtained from the author watched the film many times and choose dialogue including categorized in this thesis.
3.3. Research Instrument
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easily, systematically and completely, the writer uses human instrument in her study. She herself becomes the key instrument who actively and directly participates in data collection and data analysis. The instrument of choice in naturalistic inquiry is the human. Other forms of instrumentation may be used in later phases of the inquiry, but the human is the initial and continuing mainstay.
3.4. Data Collection
After obtaining the subjects of the study, the writer collects the data by accessing the website of “Yes Man” movie. The data of this research are collected
through the process as follows: First, the writer downloads the movie and the script from internet. Second, the writer watches “Yes Man” movie and reading the
film script from accessing the internet. Third, the writer selects the dialogue part of the script and then chooses the part of the dialogues which are used by Carl the main character to be identified. The fourth, after finding the data, the writer arranges it systematically based on the kinds of impoliteness. Finally, the writer classifies the data based on kinds of impoliteness
3.5. Data Analysis
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two parts, namely findings and discussion which answer each problem in this research. The findings are presented in the table of data findings that contains the types and realizations of the impoliteness strategies, and the responses of the impoliteness strategies which are found in “Yes Man” movie. On the other hand, the discussion section describes the objectives of the research which explain the analysis of types and realizations of the impoliteness strategies, and the responses toward the impoliteness strategies in “Yes Man”
movie.
4.1. Findings
The researcher found 48 data which are used in this research are taken from the script of “Yes Man” movie. The script would not be analyzed all but it takes
only the dialogue or the conversation part of the script which involve the impoliteness. The findings involve the data description. In data description, the writer analyze systematically based on the scene that consist of conversation focus of the main characters of “Yes Man” movie which include impoliteness.
Data 1
Carl: “I was just about to call you. That’s so weird. I had your
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The data is happen when Carl in the video store and his close friend (Peter) call him by phone, but Carl ignores his calling. The data 1 is including which the data entered in the Positive impoliteness in kinds of impoliteness, because what he does is ignore.
Data 2
Carl: “Oh, man that sounds great I wish I could join you. I’m just
so jammed up. I’m totally of the grid. You know?”
The data is happen when Carl answer and talk with Peter by phone. The data 2 is including which the data entered in the Bald on record in kinds of impoliteness, because this condition ignored with clear and unambiguous.
Data 3
Carl: “Any other night wouldhave been great. Darn it to heck!”
The data is happen when Carl answers a call from peter and he was choosing DVD of existing of video stores. This data included in the Bald on record in kinds of impoliteness, because in this condition Carl impolite to peter used the words clear and unambiguous.
Data 4
Peter: “A specific thing. Like getting in line at the video store?”
The data is happen when talking on the phoned; Carl walked around the DVD shelves and started marching in the queue of cashier. This data included in the Negative impoliteness, because in this condition invade others space literally. Data 5
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Peter: “it’s not?”
Carl: “Oh, I know what’s happening. There’s this guy who looks
just like me, who goes to a lot of the same store I do.”
The data is happen when talking on the phone and still in the cashier line; Carl lied to peter that is in store video not him. This data included in the off record impoliteness, because in this condition failing to lie (Carl to peter).
Data 6
Carl: “No, I just got a lot of stuff going on. Some things I gotta do.
Issues pending. Keep me pretty busy.”
The data is happen when Carl came of invitation Peter and went to the bar to meet with Lucy and Rooney. This data included in the Bald on record, because in this condition Carl rejected to clear and unambiguous.
Data 7
Carl: “Moving fast. That’s okay. What has it been? Six months?”
Peter: “No. two years.”
The data is happen when peter announced his happiness was engaged to Lucy to Carl and Rooney, but Carl responded by peter with his impolite and peter does not like it. This data included in Positive impoliteness, because in this condition fail to acknowledge the other’s presence.
Data 8
Peter: “Carl, does that work for you?”
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The data is happen when peter Carl invited back in the day of their engagement party. This data included off record impoliteness, because Carl hold in his impoliteness.
Data 9
Carl: “I’m serious. Stephanie’s at the bar.”
Lucy: “the Stephanie?”
Carl: “yes, my ex. She’s at the bar.”
The data is happen when Carl see his ex-wife at the bar and explained to his friends. This data included Positive impoliteness, because Carl chooses a sensitive topic.
Data 10
Rooney: “Looks like she’s with someone there too.”
Carl: “they seem to be thriving. Good for her.”
The data is happen when Carl and Rooney talking about Stephanie with her boyfriend. This data included Negative impoliteness, because word’s Carl is
condescending. Data 11
Carl: “Oh look, they’re touching each other’s genitals. Isn’t that
amazing?. I’m so glad I came out. Love it.”
The data is happen when Carl explained what Stephanie does with her boyfriend’s to Rooney. This data included Positive impoliteness, because Carl
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Data 12
Carl: “Stephanie, guys.”
The data is happen whenCarl tried to report the arrival of Stephanie and her boyfriend to his friends while he will leave the bar. This data included Positive impoliteness, because Carl fails to acknowledge the other’s presence purpose to
Stephanie and her boyfriends. Data 13
Stephanie: “you’re leaving?”
Carl: “yeah, unfortunately. Terrible timing too, because you just
got here.”
The data is happen when Carl tried to say she will going to leave the bar. This data included Positive impoliteness, because Carl trying to separate themselves from the others.
Data 14
Peter: “yes, but he’s got a thing.”
Carl: “yeah, that’s a thing. There’s a thing and there’s no time.
There’s a time crunch, and time is of the essence.”
The data is happen when Carl tried to go and give plausible reason that he does not look a lies. This data included off record impoliteness, because deliberate impoliteness.
Data 15
Tillie: “Good morning, Carl. Would you like to come over for
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Carl: “Gee that sounds great, but I can’t.”
The data is happen when Carl would go off to work and he was surprised by his neighbor, Tillie invite Carl to breakfast at her apartment. This data included bald on record, because Carl reject with clear and unambiguous.
Data 16
Carl: “yes.”
Man: “yes?”
Carl: No, I means ‘yes’ to your ‘no’.”
The data is happen when way out of the coffee shop, a man gave him pamphlet of show at night. This data included positive impoliteness, because to damage the addressee’s positive face wants.
Data 17
Carl: “you want toget that in the privacy of your office?”
The data is happen when Carl boss (Norman) came to talk to Carl and then he get a phone. This data included bald on record, because Carl’s word have meaning rejected with clear, unambiguous and concise.
Data 18
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The data is happen when Norman told that Carl failed to promote for his raised level. This data included off record impoliteness, because this condition is failing.
Data 19
Carl: “I don’t care. I didn’t really want the job badly. I just figured
after 5 years I’d be the logical choice, but whatever.”
The data is happen when Carl does not care about his failure to be promoted in his office. This data included bald on record, because he rejected with clear, unambiguous and concise.
Data 20
Norman: “At least you didn’t get shitcanned. You know what that
means?”
The data is happen when Norman answered indifference of Carl with the failure of his promoted; at least Carl can still work. This data included negative impoliteness, because Norman frighten to Carl.
Data 21
Carl: “No, it’s a pretty common expression.”
The data is happen when Carl explained about Norman’s question about
fired. This data included negative impoliteness; because Norman was condescend to Carl.
Data 22
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The data is happen when Norman invited Carl to come to the event which was held at his home but Carl reject by reason outside the city. This data included positive impoliteness because disassociate from other.
Data 23
Norman: “You spoke at the same time I did. Just then. It was
almost as if you were committed to what you said regardless of what I was going to say.”
The data is happen when Carl try to avoid and reject invitations from Norman when he asked about the reason of Carl. This data included negative impoliteness, because invade the other’s space literally.
Data 24
Carl: “I know that Marv, but you have no equity. And your
credit..”
The data is happen when Carl to reject while Marv apply for credit for her efforts is being pioneered. This data included positive impoliteness and bald on record, because Carl select a sensitive topic and reject with clear, unambiguous and concise.
Data 25
Nick: “you must be running this place by now.”
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The data is happen when Carl meet with old friends that nick lane, they talk about the work of Carl. This data included negative and off record impoliteness because condescend and deliberate impoliteness.
Data 26
Carl: “No, thanks. I’m fine.”
The data is happen when Carl rejecting suggestions Nick about brochure of seminar yes. This data included bald on record, because he rejected with direct, clear, unambiguous and concise.
Data 27
Nick: “You don't want to work here Carl.
Carl: “Yeah I do.”
Nick: “No, you don't. Why don't you take this rock and throw it at
that bank & shatter the window the window?”
The data is happen when Nick talk about Carl's job but he gave the reason that did not seem he believes himself. This data included negative impoliteness, because Nick frighten about his belief of Carl’s job.
Data 28
Peter: “You haven't been getting my calls?
Carl: “What? God, no. Oh, I totally lost my phone. You are so full
of shit. Here it is
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Data 29
Carl: “You missed my engagement party tonight. Oh no. Oh shoot.
You are kidding? That was tonight? I am so sorry. I totally gapped it.”
The data is happen when peter reminded Carl that today is the engagement party and he had been inviting Carl while they gather at the bar yesterday. This data included off record impoliteness, because failing to thank peter for engagement taken as deliberate impoliteness.
Data 30
Peter: “I know, Carl. I know that Stephanie left and I know that
you have issues because of it but this isn't about you. It's about me.”
The data is happen when Peter reminded that the condition or the lives of Carl who the less fortunate and now is the engagement party peter not about Carl. This data included positive impoliteness, because peter selects a sensitive topic to Carl.
Data 31
Carl: “Do you even know my fiance's last name? Yeah, Fisher. Fishman. Wait ... Fish Wall?”
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Data 32
Peter: “I'm just telling you, that if you don't change your life,
you're going to end up a lonely guy. A lonely guy, Carl.”
The data is happen whenpeter angry to Carl because he close itself off and his life from other people. This data included bald on record, because Carl reject with clearly openness about his life to others.
Data 33
Terrence: “You've gobbled up all of life's energies and you excrete the waste.”
The data is happen when Carl went to seminar yes, Terrence blundy as a speaker. This data included bald on record, because Carl reject the word’s Terrence is clearly.
Data 34
Terrence: “You are dead, Carl. You say no to life and therefore you
are not living. You make up excuses to the people around you and to yourself.”
The data is happen when Carl talk with Terrence in “yes” seminar.
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Data 35
Terrence: “You will be a promise to yourself. When you break a
promise to yourself things can get a little dicey.”
The data is happen when Carl make covenant with Terrence always to say “yes” for everything and anything but if Carl say “no”, he get a little dicey or
problem. This data included negative impoliteness, because Terrence scares to Carl.
Data 36
Carl: “Yeah,I’m good. Unless you want to stick around and make
out?”
The data is happen when Carl first time meet Allison in Elysian park and he want to stick around and make out with Allison. This data included negative impoliteness, because invade the other’s space literally.
Data 37
Norman: “And your boss, but more your buddy than your boss
right?”
The data is happen when Carl answer Norman by phoned. This data included negative impoliteness, because the word is condescending.
Data 38
Carl: “Yeah, right. Let’s hope it doesn’t taste like Mickey Rourke.”
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which she had shown to Carl is the face of Bono but Carl says it was Mickey Rourke. The data included bald on record, because Carl say clearly it was Mickey Rourke even though it’s Bono.
Data 39
Norman: “Carl gets promote in leiu Demco or along with Demco,
whichever or I walk.”
The data is happen when Carl retained by Norman to keep promoted or Carl will compete with other employees. This data included bald on record, because it is clearly to say.
Data 40
Carl: “Oh boy, you guys are really into this yes thing.”
The data is happen when Carl explains the covenant to always say yes to his friends at the bar, they tried to prove it by ordering all drinks and it will pay for all is Carl. This data included bald on record, because Carl’s friends clearly proves the words Carl.
Data 41
Man: “Hey, what do you think you’re doing asshole?”
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Data 42
Carl: “I think we bout grew from it. Call me.”
The data is happen when Carl to tease her with telling her to call him when drunk. This data included negative impoliteness, because this condition is position Carl closer to other women than there is not relationship anything.
Data 43
Carl: “I’ve done some charity work. And some nude modeling
FYI.”
The data is happen when Carl see of Allison go home and they tell me about their job, Carl said Allison nude modeling. This data included bald on record, because it is therefore clearly attack someone impolite.
Data 44
Carl: “Could have fooled me with that nude modeling comment.”
The data is happen when Carl knows his mistake in talking about the work of Allison and he did not apologize to her. This data included bald on record, because it is clearly and unambiguous.
Data 45
Carl: “Yeah, just trim the facts.”
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can from her past. This data included bald on record, because that is clearly and unambiguous.
Data 46
Carl: “It’s okay man. We just met. She knows it’s not exclusive.
Besides, she’s totally not my type.”
The data is happen when Carl dating with Faranoush of persianwife.com and clearly he told Peter that Faranoush is not the type woman he wanted. This data included bald on record and positive impoliteness, because Carl is saying clearly and a little bit condescend.
Data 47
Carl: “It’s just a little life that needed saving. No big deal.”
The data is happen when Carl meet Stephanie and talk with her in airport. This data included negative impoliteness, because this condition is condescending.
Data 48
Carl: “You guys really had me going there. There is crazy man in
the terminal. Red alert! Good job.”
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4.2. Discussion
In this section, the researcher provides the explanation of the findings comprehensively. Some utterances spoken by the characters in “Yes Man” movie
from the appendix are taken as examples. The detailed explanation is presented to describe the objectives of the research which are the discussion of the types and realizations of the impoliteness strategy in the movie, and the responses toward impoliteness strategy in “Yes Man” movie.
4.2.1. Impoliteness
Impoliteness strategy occurs 48 times in “Yes Man” movie. However, from five types of impoliteness strategy, only four types occur in other character’s utterances addressed to the main character. They are
bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and Off Record Impoliteness. Meanwhile, the absent type is withholding politeness.
In “Yes Man” movie, each type of impoliteness strategy is realized
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or mock politeness is only realized in the form of employing insincere politeness.
However, invading the other’s space is not used by the other
characters as the realization of negative impoliteness because they have a close relationship with Carl. They can talk or ask Carl about something which is intimate or personal. Thus, when they ask about personal things to Carl, it would be fine for Carl. For example, Bonjour as Carl close friend asks Carl about his ex wife. It is considered as a sensitive topic for Carl. Meanwhile, it is fine for Bonjour to ask Carl this question because he is Carl’s close friend. They usually talk and share so many things.
Moreover, offensive countering becomes the most dominant response used by Carl because he does not want the other characters belittle him related to his ability. He does not want them to see his feeling and problem. He tries to counter the others by offensive countering in which he replies face attack with face attack in order to make them stop to belittle him. Then, Carl wants to offend the other characters with his utterances in order to make them believe in his ability.
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other characters, and he wants to minimize the threat from the others’ face threatening act.
4.2.1.1. Bald--on--record impoliteness
The FTA is performed in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way in circumstances where face is not irrelevant or minimized. Data below are including Bald on record in kinds of impoliteness. The below is the data which included bald on record impoliteness:
Data 2
Carl: “Oh, man that sounds great I wish I could join you. I’m just so
jammed up. I’m totally of the grid. You know?”
The data is happen when Carl in the video store and his close friend (Peter call him). Data 2 explain that the circumstances in which the data entered in the Carl bald on record in kinds of impoliteness, because the language used is clear, unambiguous and concise. From data 2 “Oh, man that sounds great I wish I could join you. I’m just so jammed up. I’m
totally of the grid. You know?” is the rejection direct, clear and
unambiguous although using words which well. “Yes Man” movie has many found of data using words that are good but the meaning of those words into impoliteness in bald on record.
Data 3
Carl: “Any other night would have been great. Darn it to heck!”
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Bald on record in kinds of impoliteness, because in this condition Carl impolite to peter used the words clear and unambiguous. From data 3 “Any other night would have been great. Darn it to heck!” we can see it
included in the bald on record because it is almost the same as the data 2. The main character in this movie often used words that are good for rejection of impoliteness because he wants to reject it directly without the consent of the other speakers.
From the above it is very explain these conversations used on bald on record. So it was very clear impoliteness has occurred indirectly and can be seen from facial expressions depicted. The words used are chosen to impolite that is conveyed to the interlocutor. This is more easily understood by the depiction of the face of mood, desire or others who experienced speaker.
Data 2 and 3 only a small part into the bald on record and from the data also we know about bald on record. because the data is taken already seen that the data included bald on record, but not only that. the data has FTA is performed in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way in circumstance where face is not irrelevant or minimized.
4.2.1.2. Positive impoliteness
The use of strategies designed to damage the addressee’s positive
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other; ; Avoid sitting together. Be disinterested, unconcerned, and unsympathetic. Use inappropriate identity markers -- for example, use title and surname when a close relationship pertains, or a nickname when a distant relationship pertains. Use obscure or secretive language -- for example, mystify the other with jargon, or use a code known to others in the group, but not the target. Seek disagreement -- select a sensitive topic. Make the other feel uncomfortable -- for example, do not avoid silence, joke, or use small talk. Use taboo words -- swear, or use abusive or profane language. Call the other names -- use derogatory nominations. Data 1
Carl: “I was just about to call you. That’s so weird. I had your
number dialed and was about to press send. Did you block your number?”
The data is happen when Carl in the video store and his close friend (Peter) call him by phone, but Carl ignores his calling. The data 1 is including which the data entered in the Positive impoliteness in kinds of impoliteness, because what he does is ignore.
Data 30
Peter: “I know, Carl. I know that Stephanie left and I know that you
have issues because of it but this isn't about you. It's about me.”
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peter not about Carl. This data included positive impoliteness, because peter selects a sensitive topic to Carl.
From the above it is very explain the conversation is used in a positive impoliteness. Conversations that occur can be considered positive because the user strategy impoliteness designed to undermine the positive face of the receiver wants. Strategies used to ignore, fail to acknowledge the presence of others, do not want to socialize with others, deliberately chose a sensitive topic and make others feel uncomfortable.
4.2.1.3. Negative impoliteness
The use of strategies designed to damage the addressee’s negative
face wants, e.g. Frighten -- instill a belief that action detrimental to the other will occur. Condescend, scorn or ridicule -- emphasize your relative power. Be contemptuous. Do not treat the other seriously. Belittle the other (e.g. use diminutives). Invade the other's space -- literally (e.g. position yourself closer to the other than the relationship permits) or metaphorically (e.g. ask for or speak about information which is too intimate given the relationship). Explicitly associate the other with a negative aspect -- personalize, use the pronouns 'I' and 'you'. Put the other's indebtedness on record. Violate the structure of conversation – interrupt.
Data 10
Rooney: “Looks like she’s with someone there too.”
