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P R O G R A M P A S C A S A R J A N A
U N I V E R S I T A S N E G E R I Y O G Y A K A R T A
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d a l a m S e m i n a r N a s i o n a l P r o g r a m S t u d i P e n e l i t i a n d a n E v a l u a s i P e n d i d i k a n
P r o g r a m P a s c a s a r j a n a U n i v e r s i t a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r t a
B e k e i j a s a m a d e n g a n H i m p u n a n E v a l u a s i P e n d i d i k a n I n d o n e s i a ( H E P I ) D I Y
d a n L a y a n a n E v a l u a s i P e n d i d i k a n ( L E P )
d e n g a n T e m a “ M e m b a n g u n S t r a t e g i E v a l u a s i y a n g K r e d i b e l u n t u k U j i a n S e k o l a h d a n U j i a n N a s i o n a l
i r e k t u r
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S E M I N AR N A S I O N A L
M em bangun Strategi Evaluasi yang K redibel untuk
U jian Sekolah dan U jian N asional”
P R O G R A M S T U D I P E N E L I T I A N D A N E V A L U A S I P E N D I D I K A N
B E K E R J A S A M A D E N G A N
H I M P U N A N E V A L U A S I P E N D I D I K A N IN D O N E S I A (H E P I) D IY
D A N L A Y A N A N E V A L U A S I P E N D I D I K A N
P R O G R A M P A S C A S A R J A N A
B ID A N G K A JIA N
Com puterized A daptive Testins (CAT)
1. P e n g e m b a n g a n
Computerized Adaptive Test (CAT)
u n t u k M e n i n g k a t k a n K r e d i b i l i t a s U j i a n D r . S u p r a n a n t o2 . S i s t e m P e n g u j i a n A d a p t i f B e r d a s a r k a n
Software
C e r d a sCAT
D r . R u k l i
3 . C o m p u t e r i z e d A d a p t i v e T e s t i n g U s i n g T r i a n g l e D e c i s i o n T r e e M e t h o d ( C A T - T D T ) D r . W i n a m o
4 . P e n g e m b a n g a n S i s t e m P e n g u j i a n H a s i l B e l a j a r B e r b a n t u a n K o m p u t e r
{Computerized
Adaptive Testing)
D r . S a m s u l H a d i & D r . H a r y a n t o
Standard Setting
1. P e n e n t u a n S k o r B a t a s T i n g k a t K i n e r j a B e r d a s a r k a n M e t o d e K e l o m p o k K o n t r a s D r . N a n i k E s t i d a r s a n i
2 . I m p l e m e n t a s i M e t o d e A n g o f f d a l a m U j i a n N a s i o n a l d i S e k o l a h D a s a r S r i R e j e k i , M .P d .
3 . B a t a s K e l u l u s a n (
Standard Setting)
U j i a n N a s i o n a l S M A d e n g a n M e t o d eBookmark
D r . H e r i R e t n o w a t i
E valuasi Prosram /Kebiiakan
1. D a m p a k P r o g r a m P e n g e n t a s a n K e m i s k i n a n d i K a b u p a t e n J a y a p u r a D r . I s t i a n a H e r m a w a t i
2 . A d o p s i P e n g a r u s u t a m a a n G e n d e r d a l a m O r g a n i s a s i F a t a y a t N a h d l a t u l U l a m a D r . M a m i H a j a r o h
A B S T R A K
P E N G E M B A N G A N S I S T E M P E N G U J I A N H A S I L B E L A J A R
B E R B A N T U A N K O M P U T E R (i
CO M PUTERIZED A D A P T IV E
TESTING)*)
S a m s u l H a d i ( s a m s u l _ h d @ u n y . a c . i d ) H a r y a n t o (h a r y a n t o .f t u n y @ g m a i l . c o m )
T u j u a n p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h m e n g e m b a n g k a n s i s t e m p e n g u j i a n h a s i l b e l a j a r b e r b a n t u a n k o m p u t e r . S e c a r a r i n c i p e n e l i t i a n i n i u n t u k m e n g e m b a n g k a n : s i s t e m b a n k s o a l y a n g d a p a t m e n a m p u n g b u t i r s o a l y a n g b i s a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k b e r b a g a i k e p e r l u a n t e s , a l g o r i t m a y a n g d a p a t m e n d u k u n g p e n g a d m i n i s t r a s i a n t e s d e n g a n m o d e C B T , d a n a l g o r i t m a y a n g d a p a t m e n d u k u n g p e n g a d m i n i s t r a s i a n t e s d e n g a n m o d e C A T .
P e n e l i t i a n i n i m e r u p a k a n p e n e l i t i a n p e n g e m b a n g a n p e r a n g k a t l u n a k . S i s t e m y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n m e n c a k u p p e n g u j i a n m e n g g u n a k a n k o m p u t e r (
Com puterized-based Testing,
C B T ) b e r d a s a r k a n t e o r i t e s k l a s i k d a n p e n g u j i a n a d a p t i f m e n g g u n a k a n k o m p u t e r (Computerized Adaptive Testing,
C A T ) y a n g m e n g g u n a k a n t e o r i r e s p o n s b u t i r . C B T p a d a p r i n s i p n y a s a m a s e p e r t i u j i a n m e n g g u n a k a n k e r t a s d a n p e n s i l b i a s a , h a n y a s a j a p e n y a j i a n n y a m e n g g u n a k a n k o m p u t e r . J a d i s e m u a p e s e r t a t e s d a l a m C B T m e n g e r j a k a n s o a l y a n g s a m a . C A T m e m b e r i k a n s o a l y a n g b e r b e d a - b e d a k e p a d a s e t i a p p e s e r t a t e s . S o a l y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a p e s e r t a t e s d i s e s u a i k a n d e n g a n h a s i l k e m a m p u a n n y a d a n u j i a n s e l e s a i j i k a e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s t e l a h k o n v e r g e n . J a d i p e s e r t a t e s s a t u d e n g a n l a i n n y a d a p a t m e n y e l e s a i k a n t e s d e n g a n j u m l a h s o a l d a n w a k t u y a n g b e r b e d a - b e d a .H a s i l p e n e l i t i a n m e n u n j u k k a n s i s t e m b a n k s o a l y a n g d a p a t m e n a m p u n g b u t i r s o a l y a n g b i s a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k b e r b a g a i k e p e r l u a n t e s d a p a t d i b u a t d e n g a n e n t i t a s j e n j a n g p e n d i d i k a n , k e l a s , m a t a p e l a j a r a n , S K , K D , i n d i k a t o r , b u t i r , w a k t u p a k a i , t e s , d e t a i l t e s , p e s e r t a t e s , s e k o l a h , k a b u p a t e n , p r o p i n s i , d a n
user.
C B T d a p a t d i k e m b a n g k a n d e n g a n m e n y a j i k a n s o a l s e c a r a r a n d o m , m e n g u j i j a w a b a n p e s e r t a , m e n g h i t u n g j a w a b a n b e n a r & s a l a h , m e n g e c e k a l o k a s i w a k t u y a n g t e r s e d i a . J i k a w a k t u h a b i s a t a u s e m u a s o a l t e l a h d i s a j i k a n , m a k a a k a n d i h i t u n g k e m a m p u a n a k h i r p e s e r t a t e s . C A T d a p a t d i k e m b a n g k a n d e n g a n c a r a p e s e r t a te s d i b e r i s o a l d e n g a n t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n s e d a n g d e n g a n a s u m s i k e m a m p u a n a w a l n y a (9 a w a l ) j u g a s e d a n g . K e m u d i a n d i h i t u n g : 1) k e m a m p u a n (9 ) s e t e l a h m e n j a w a b b e r d a s a r k a n d a y a b e d a ( a ) , t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n ( b ) , d a n t e b a k a n s e m u (c ) b u t i r s o a l, 2 ) p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b b e n a r b e r d a s a r k a n k e m a m p u a n t e r s e b u t ( P ( 9 ) ) , 3 ) p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b s a l a h ( Q ( 9 ) ) , 4 ) f u n g s i i n f o r m a s i b u t i r (I, ( 9 ) ) , 5 ) k e s a l a h a n b a k u ( S E ( 9 ) ) , d a n 6 ) h a r g a m u t l a k s e l i s i h k e s a l a h a n b a k u a n t a r p e n y a j i a n s o a l. P r o s e s d i u l a n g s a m p a i s e l i s i h k e s a l a h a n b a k u a n t a r p e n y a j i a n s o a l s e k e c i l m u n g k i n a t a u s o a l a t a u w a k t u h a b i s .K a t a k u n c i : C A T , C B T ,
com puterized adaptive testing
P e n d a h u lu a n
T e r s e d i a n y a k o m p u t e r d i s e j u m l a h s e k o l a h d a p a t d i m a n f a a t k a n u n t u k p e n g e m b a n g a n p r o s e s p e m b e l a j a r a n a t a u p e n g u j i a n h a s i l b e l a j a r s i s w a a t a u p e s e r t a d i d i k . P e n g g u n a a n k o m p u t e r d i s e k o l a h d a l a m p e n g u j i a n h a s i l b e l a j a r d a p a t b e r b e n t u k
Com puterized Base Test
( C B T ) a t a uComputerized Adaptive
Testing
( C A T ) . A g a r k o m p u t e r d a p a t b e r f u n g s i s e b a g a i C B T a t a u C A T , m a k a p e r l u d i k e m b a n g k a n p r o g r a m n y a . P r o g r a m k o m p u t e r t e r s e b u t s e h a r u s n y a d a p a t m e n a m p u n g b u t i r s o a l d a r i b e r b a g a i j e n j a n g p e n d i d i k a n , t i n g k a t k e l a s , s t a n d a r k o m p e t e n s i d a n k o m p e t e n s i d a s a r .C B T p a d a p r i n s i p n y a s a m a s e p e r t i u j i a n m e n g g u n a k a n k e r t a s d a n p e n s i l b i a s a , h a n y a s a j a p e n y a j i a n n y a m e n g g u n a k a n k o m p u t e r . J a d i s e m u a p e s e r t a te s d a l a m C B T m e n g e r j a k a n s o a l y a n g s a m a . P e n y a j a n b u t i r s o a l s e c a r a C B T m a s i h d i k e m b a n g k a n k a r e n a s a m p a i s a a t i n i C B T m a s i h b a n y a k d i g u n a k a n , s e l a i n it u C B T d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n a m p u n g r e s p o n s p e s e r t a t e s y a n g d a p a t d i g u n a k a n d a l a m p r o s e s k a l i b r a s i s o a l y a n g d i g u n a k a n .
B e r b e d a d e n g a n C B T , C A T m e m b e r i k a n s o a l y a n g b e r b e d a - b e d a k e p a d a s e t i a p p e s e r t a te s . S o a l y a n g d i b e r i k a n k e p a d a p e s e r t a t e s d i s e s u a i k a n d e n g a n h a s i l k e m a m p u a n n y a d a n u j i a n s e l e s a i j i k a e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s t e l a h k o n v e r g e n d e n g a n k e s a l a h a n b a k u t e r t e n t u . J a d i p e s e r t a t e s s a t u d e n g a n l a i n n y a d a p a t m e n y e l e s a i k a n t e s d e n g a n j u m l a h s o a l y a n g b e r b e d a .
A d a s e j u m l a h k e u n t u n g a n p e n g g u n a a n C A T d a l a m s i s t e m u j i a n . P e r t a m a a d a l a h w a k t u y a n g d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k u j i a n l e b i h s i n g k a t , p e s e r t a d i d i k d a l a m m e n g e r j a k a n s o a l b e r s i f a t i n d i v i d u a l . H a l i n i b e r a r t i b a h w a b u t i r y a n g d i s a j i k a n u n t u k t i a p p e s e r t a d i d i k b e r b e d a , s e h i n g g a m e n g u r a n g i p e l u a n g b e k e r j a s a m a k a r e n a b u t i r s o a l y a n g d i s a j i k a n u n t u k t i a p p e s e r t a d i d i k b e r b e d a . N a m u n h a s i l t e s b i s a d i b a n d i n g k a n k a r e n a s e m u a b u t i r s o a l d a l a m b a n k s o a l t e l a h d i k a l i b r a s i , y a i t u t e l a h m e m i l i k i p a r a m e t e r b u t i r y a n g b e r u p a t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n d a n d a y a b e d a .
B e r d a s a r k a n l a t a r b e l a k a n g t e r s e b u t , m a k a p e n e l i t i a n i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n p e r a n g k a t l u n a k s i s t e m p e n g u j i a n h a s i l p e m b e l a j a r a n b e r b a n t u a n k o m p u t e r y a n g m e n c a k u p :
a . S i s t e m b a n k s o a l y a n g d a p a t m e n a m p u n g b u t i r s o a l y a n g b i s a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k b e r b a g a i k e p e r l u a n te s
b . A l g o r i t m a y a n g d a p a t m e n d u k u n g p e n g a d m i n i s t r a s i a n t e s d e n g a n m o d e C B T c . A l g o r i t m a y a n g d a p a t m e n d u k u n g p e n g a d m i n i s t r a s i a n t e s d e n g a n m o d e C A T
1. T e o r i T e s K la s ik
T e s y a n g b a i k d a p a t d i k e t a h u i d a r i k a r a k t e r i s t i k t e s a t u b u t i r p e n y u s u n te s t e r s e b u t . K a r a k t e r i s t i k t e s a t a u b u t i r d a p a t d i k e t a h u i d e n g a n d u a p e n d e k a t a n t e o r i . K e d u a p e n d e k a t a n t e r s e b u t y a k n i t e o r i t e s k l a s i k d a n t e o r i r e s p o n s b u t i r . T e o r i te s k l a s i k , a t a u d i s e b u t j u g a t e o r i t e s s k o r m u m i k l a s i k , d i d a s a r k a n p a d a m o d e l a d i t i f , y a i t u s k o r a m a t a n m e r u p a k a n p e n j u m l a h a n d a r i s k o r s e b e n a r n y a d a n s k o r k e s a l a h a n p e n g u k u r a n ( A l l e n & Y e n , 1 9 7 9 : 5 7 ) . S e c a r a m a t e m a t i s p e r n y a t a a n t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i r u m u s k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t .
X = T + E
...(1 ) d e n g a n :T
: s k o r m u m i ,E
: s k o r k e s a l a h a n p e n g u k u r a n .K e s a l a h a n p e n g u k u r a n d a l a m t e o r i t e s k l a s i k m e r u p a k a n k e s a l a h a n y a n g t i d a k s i s t e m a t i s a t a u a c a k . K e s a l a h a n p e n g u k u r a n m e r u p a k a n p e n y i m p a n g a n s e c a r a t e o r e t i s d a r i s k o r a m a t a n y a n g d i p e r o l e h d e n g a n s k o r a m a t a n y a n g d i h a r a p k a n . K e s a l a h a n p e n g u k u r a n y a n g s i s t e m a t i s d i a n g g a p b u k a n m e r u p a k a n k e s a l a h a n p e n g u k u r a n . A s u m s i - a s u m s i y a n g m e n d a s a r i t e o r i t e s k l a s i k i n i d i j a d i k a n d a s a r u n t u k m e n g e m b a n g k a n m m u s m a t e m a t i s u n t u k m e n g e s t i m a s i v a l i d i t a s d a n r e l i a b i l i t a s t e s . V a l i d i t a s d a n k o e f i s i e n r e l i a b i l i t a s p a d a p e r a n g k a t te s d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n i l a i k u a l i t a s t e s . K u a l i t a s t e s d a l a m t e o r i t e s k l a s i k j u g a d a p a t d i t e n t u k a n d e n g a n i n d e k s k e s u k a r a n d a n d a y a p e m b e d a .
P e n d e k a t a n l a i n y a n g d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g a n a l i s i s t e s s e l a i n m e n g g u n a k a n t e o r i t e s k l a s i k a d a l a h p e n d e k a t a n t e o r i r e s p o n s b u t i r . P e n d e k a t a n i n i m e m i l i k i k e l e b i h a n d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p e n d e k a t a n k l a s i k . P e n d e k a t a n t e o r i t e s k l a s i k m e m i l i k i b e b e r a p a k e l e m a h a n . K e t e r b a t a s a n p a d a t e o r i t e s k l a s i k y a k n i a d a n y a s i f a t
groupdependent
d a nitemdependent
( H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n , & R o g e r s , 1 9 9 1 : 2 - 5 ) , j u g a i n d e k s d a y a p e m b e d a , t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n , d a n k o e f i s i e n r e l i a b i l i t a s s k o r t e s j u g a t e r g a n t u n g k e p a d a p e s e r t a t e s y a n g m e n g e r j a k a n te s t e r s e b u t .U n t u k m e n g a t a s i k e l e m a h a n - k e l e m a h a n y a n g a d a p a d a t e o r i t e s k l a s i k , p a r a a h l i p e n g u k u r a n m e n c a r i m o d e l a l t e r n a t i f . M e n u r u t H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n , & R o g e r s ( 1 9 9 1 : 2 - 5 ) s e r t a H u l i n , D r a s g o w , & P a r s o n s ( 1 9 8 3 ) , m o d e l a l t e r n a t i f i n i m e m i l i k i s i f a t : ( a ) s t a t i s t i k b u t i r y a n g t i d a k t e r g a n t u n g p a d a k e l o m p o k s u b j e k , ( b ) s k o r t e s d a p a t m e n g g a m b a r k a n k e m a m p u a n s u b j e k , (c ) m o d e l d i n y a t a k a n d a l a m t i n g k a t a n
(level)
b u t i r , t i d a k d a l a m t i n g k a t a n t e s , d ) m o d e l t i d a k m e m e r l u k a n t e s p a r a l e l u n t u k m e n g h i t u n g k o e f i s i e n r e l i a b i l i t a s , d a n e ) m o d e l m e n y e d i a k a n u k u r a n y a n g t e p a t u n t u k s e t i a p s k o r k e m a m p u a n . M o d e l a l t e r n a t i f i n i m e r u p a k a n m o d e l p e n g u k u r a n y a n g d i s e b u t d e n g a n t e o r i r e s p o n s b u t i r(Item Response Theory).
2. T e o r i R e s p o n s B u tir
M e n u r u t H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n , & R o g e r s ( 1 9 9 1 : 2 - 5 ) , t e o r i r e s p o n s b u t i r
(Item Response Theory)
d i d a s a r k a n p a d a d u a b u a h p o s t u l a t , y a i t u : (a ) p r e s t a s i s u b j e k p a d a s u a t u b u t i r s o a l d a p a t d i p r e d i k s i k a n d e n g a n s e p e r a n g k a t f a k t o r y a n g d i s e b u t k e m a m p u a n l a t e n (latent traits),
d a n ( b ) h u b u n g a n a n t a r a p r e s t a s i s u b j e k p a d a s u a t u b u t i r d a n p e r a n g k a t k e m a m p u a n y a n g m e n d a s a r i n y a s e s u a i d e n g a n g r a f i k f u n g s i n a i k m o n o t o n t e r t e n t u , y a n g d i s e b u t k u r v a k a r a k t e r i s t i k b u t i r(item characteristic curve, ICC).
K u r v a k a r a k t e r i s t i k b u t i r i n i m e n g g a m b a r k a n b a h w a s e m a k i n t i n g g i l e v e l k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s , s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t p u l a p e l u a n g m e n j a w a b b e n a r s u a t u b u t i r .S e s u a i d e n g a n n a m a n y a , m o d e l l o g i s t i k t i g a p a r a m e t e r d i t e n t u k a n o l e h t i g a k a r a k t e r i s t i k b u t i r y a i t u i n d e k s k e s u k a r a n b u t i r s o a l , i n d e k s d a y a b e d a b u t i r , d a n i n d e k s t e b a k a n s e m u
(pseudoguessing).
D e n g a n a d a n y a i n d e k s t e b a k a n s e m u p a d a m o d e l l o g i s t i k t i g a p a r a m e t e r , m e m u n g k i n k a n s u b j e k y a n g m e m i l i k i k e m a m p u a n r e n d a h m e m p u n y a i p e l u a n g u n t u k m e n j a w a b b u t i r s o a l d e n g a n b e n a r . S e c a r a m a t e m a t i s , m o d e l l o g i s t i k t i g a p a r a m e t e r d a p a t d i n y a t a k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t ( H a m b l e t o n , & S w a m i n a t h a n , 1 9 8 5 : 4 9 ; H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n , & R o g e r s , 1 9 9 1 : 1 7 ; d u T o i t , 2 0 0 3 ) .K e t e r a n g a n :
6
: t i n g k a t k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te sP{ (6)
: p r o b a b i l i t a s p e s e r t a t e s y a n g m e m i l i k i k e m a m p u a n0
d a p a t m e n j a w a b b u t i r i d e n g a n b e n a ra t
: i n d e k s d a y a p e m b e d a : i n d e k s k e s u k a r a n b u t i r k e - i c ( : i n d e k s t e b a k a n s e m u b u t i r k e - ie
: b i l a n g a n n a t u r a l , n i l a i n y a m e n d e k a t i 2 ,7 1 8D
: f a k t o r s k a l a y a n g h a r g a n y a 1 ,7 .M o d e l 2 p a r a m e t e r d a n 1 p a r a m e t e r m e r u p a k a n b a g i a n d a r i m o d e l 3 p a r a m e t e r . M o d e l 2 p a r a m e t e r m e r u p a k a n k a s u s k h u s u s d a r i m o d e l 3 p a r a m e t e r , y a k n i k e t i k a c = 0 . M o d e l 1 p a r a m e t e r m e r u p a k a n k a s u s k h u s u s d a r i m o d e l 2 p a r a m e t e r , y a k n i k e t i k a a = 1 a t a u a m e r u p a k a n t e t a p a n u n t u k k e s e l u r u h a n b u t i r t e s . S a a t i n i t e l a h b a n y a k p r o g r a m k o m p u t e r y a n g d i b u a t u n t u k m e n g e s t i m a s i p a r a m e t e r b u t i r te s .
N i l a i p a r a m e t e r b u t i r d a n k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a m e r u p a k a n h a s i l e s t i m a s i . K a r e n a m e r u p a k a n h a s i l e s t i m a s i , k e b e n a r a n n y a b e r s i f a t p r o b a b i l i s t i k d a n t i d a k l e p a s d a r i k e s a l a h a n p e n g u k u r a n . K e s a l a h a n p e n g u k u r a n s t a n d a r
(Standard Error
o f Measurement, SE)
d a l a m t e o r i r e s p o n s b u t i r b e r b a n d i n g t e r b a l i k k u a d r a t i k d e n g a n f u n g s i i n f o r m a s i , S e m a k i n b e s a r f u n g s i i n f o r m a s i , s e m a k i n k e c i lSE
a t a u s e b a l i k n y a ( H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n , & R o g e r s , 1 9 9 1 , 9 4 ) . J i k a n i l a i f u n g s i i n f o r m a s i d i n y a t a k a n d e n g a nk(
0),
n i l a i e s t i m a s i S E d i n y a t a k a n d e n g a nSE(0),
d a n
N
a d a l a h j u m l a h b u t i r y a n g a d a , h u b u n g a n k e d u a n y a m e n u r u t H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n , & R o g e r s ( 1 9 9 1 : 9 4 ) d a n B a k e r ( 2 0 0 1 , 1 1 9 ) d i n y a t a k a n d e n g a n3. P e n g u jia n H a s il B e la ja r B e r b a n tu a n K o m p u te r
(C om puterized A daptive
P e m a n f a a t a n k o m p u t e r u n t u k p e n g u j i a n p e r t a m a k a l i d i l a k u k a n h a n y a u n t u k m e n g g a n t i k a n P P T
(paper-pencil test/PPT).
P e m a n f a a t a n k o m p u t e r u n t u k p e n g u j i a nSE(6
) =i
(3)i n i d i s e b u t d e n g a n
Computerized Based Testing
( C B T ) . P a d a p r i n s i p n y a C B T s a m a d e n g a n P P T , y a i t u s e ti a p p e s e r t a t e s m e n e r i m a s e p e r a n g k a t b u t i r t e s y a n g s a m a . K a r e n a p e n y a j i a n b u t i r s o a l d a l a m C B T t i d a k t e r c e t a k d i k e r ta s , m a k a d a l a m C B T d i m u n g k i n k a n p e n y a j i a n b u t i r s o a l d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a a c a k . C B T y a n g d e m i k i a n te n tu d a p a t m e n g u r a n g i k e s e m p a t a n p e s e r t a t e s m e n c o n t e k p e k e i j a a n p e s e r t a te s y a n g la in . N a m u n k a r e n a s e m u a p e s e r t a t e s k a r e n a j u m l a h b u t i r s o a l, m a k a w a k t u y a n g t e r s e d i a u n t u k m e n g e r j a k a n s o a l j u g a s a m a b a i k u n t u k p e s e r t a t e s y a n g p a n d a i m a u p u n y a n g k u r a n g p a n d a i .Computerized AdaptiveTesting
( C A T ) a d a l a h s i s t e m p e n g u j i a n b e r b a n t u a n k o m p u t e r y a n g l e b i h m a j u d i b a n d i n g C B T . D a l a m C A T b u t i r s o a l y a n g d ib e r i k a n k e p a d a p e s e r t a t e s d i s e s u a i d e n g a n k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te s . P r o s e s p e n y a j i a n b u t i r s o a l d a l a m C A T d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a b e r u l a n g k a l i s a m p a i t i n g k a t k e s a l a h a n e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s s e k e c i l m u n g k i n .K a r e n a C A T h a n y a m e n y a j i k a n s o a l y a n g t i n g k a t k e s u k a r a n n y a s e s u a i d e n g a n k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te s , m a k a s o a l y a n g d i s a j i k a n d e n g a n C A T b i s a 5 0 % le b ih p e n d e k d i b a n d i n g d e n g a n s o a l y a n g d i s a j i k a n d e n g a n P P T d e n g a n k e t e l i t i a n p e n g u k u r a n y a n g s a m a a t a u l e b i h b a i k ( J in g y u L iu , 2 0 0 7 ) . D e n g a n d e m ik ia n , p e n g g u n a a n C A T d a p a t m e n g u r a n g i j u m l a h w a k t u y a n g d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k m e n g a d m i n i s t r a s i k a n te s d a n b i a y a y a n g d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k p e n y u s u n a n b u t i r - b u t i r s o a l d a l a m b a n k s o a l.
C A T m e m a n f a a t k a n t e o r i r e s p o n s b u t i r . K a r e n a it u s o a l y a n g d i s a j i k a n k e p a d a p e s e r t a te s m e m p u n y a i i n d e k s d a y a b e d a a , i n d e k s k e s u k a r a n b , d a n i n d e k s t e b a k a n s e m u c . M e n u r u t B i m b a u m ( H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n & R o g e r s , 1 9 9 1 ) b e r d a s a r k a n k e t i g a p a r a m e t e r b u t i r s o a l y a n g d i k e r j a k a n p e e r t a t e s , m a k a d a p a t d i h i t u n g t i n g k a t k e m a m p u a n n y a d e n g a n r u m u s s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
0
= ^ + ^ l n ( 0 . 5 ( l + V ( l + 8 q ) ... (4) d e n g a n6
: t i n g k a t k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te s a , : i n d e k s d a y a p e m b e d a b u t i r k e - ibi
: i n d e k s k e s u k a r a n b u t i r k e - i c ( : i n d e k s t e b a k a n s e m u b u t i r k e - iD
: f a k t o r p e n s k a l a a n y a n g h a r g a n y a 1 ,7 .K e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te s
(9)
d a l a m p e r s a m a a n 4 m e m p u n y a i h u b u n g a n d e n g a n p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b b e n a rP[(0)
d a l a m p e r s a m a a n 2 . M a k s u d n y a , j i k a0
d i k e t a h u i , m a k a P ; ( 0 ) d a p a t d i h i t u n g . J i k aP[(d)
t e l a h d i h i t u n g , m a k a p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b s a l a hQi (9)
d a p a t d i h i t u n g d e n g a n r u m u s :Qt(B) = 1
-Pt ( 0 )
... ( 5 ) J i k a p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b b e n a rPt ( d)
d a n p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b s a l a hQ i ( 0
) t e l a h d i k e t a h u i , m a k a k e s a l a h a n b a k u p e n g u k u r a nS E
( 0 ) d a p a t d i h i t u n g m e n g g u n a k a n p e r s a m a a n 3 . P e r s a m a a n 2 s a m p a i d e n g a n 5 d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n y a j i k a n b u t i r s o a l d a n m e n g e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te s d a l a m C A T .s e m a k i n k o n s t a n s e r t a h a r g a m u t l a k s e l i s i h
SE(9)
a n t a r p e r u l a n g a n p e n y a j i a n s o a l y a n g s e m a k i n k e c i l. J i k a h a r g a m u t l a k s e li s i hSE(0)
a n t a r p e r u l a n g a n p e n y a j i a n s o a l t e l a h m e n c a p a i b a t a s t e r k e c i l y a n g d it e n t u k a n , m a k a p r o s e s p e n y a j i a n s o a l k e p a d a p e s e r t a t e s d a l a m C A T d a p a t d i h e n t i k a n . C a r a p e n g h e n t i a n p e n y a j i a n s o a l i n i d i s e b u t d e n g a nstopping rule
a t a ustopping criterion.
L i n a c r e ( d a l a m S u n h e e C h a e , U n s o n K a n g , E u n h w a J e o n , & L i n a c r e , 2 0 0 0 ) m e n y a t a k a n a d a b e b e r a p a
stopping criterion
y a n g d a p a t d ig u n a k a n d a l a m C A T , y a itu : j i k a b u t i r s o a l h a b i s , j i k a p a n j a n g t e s t e l a h t e r c a p a i , j i k a t i n g k a t k e t e l i t i a n e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n t e l a h t e r c a p a i , d a n j i k a h a s i l e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n j a u h d a r i k r i t e r i a l u l u s - g a g a l y a n g t e l a h d i t e t a p k a n s e b e l u m n y a .U r a i a n t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a
stopping rule
a t a ustopping criterion
d a l a m C A T a d a b a n y a k a l te r n a t if . P a d a p r i n s i p n y a
stopping rule
a t a ustopping
criterion
m e m a s t i k a n b a h w a j u m l a h s o a l y a n g d i s a j i k a n d a l a m C A T h a r u s d ib a ta s i. P e m b a t a s a n j u m l a h s o a l t e r s e b u t b i s a k a r e n a b u t i r s o a l h a b i s , p a n j a n g t e s t e l a h t e r c a p a i , t i n g k a t k e t e l i t i a n e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n t e l a h t e r c a p a i , a t a u h a s i l e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n j a u h d a r i k r i t e r i a l u l u s - g a g a l . S e t e l a hstopping rule
a t a ustopping
criterion
C A T h a r u s b i s a m e m b e r i k a n e s t i m a s i a k h i r k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te s .M e to d e P e litia n
P e n e l i t i a n i n i m e n g g u n a k a n p e n d e k a t a n p e n e l i t i a n
Research
and
Developm ent
p e r a n g k a t l u n a k . M o d e l p e n g e m b a n g a n y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h m o d e llinear sequential
y a n g d i s e b u t j u g a s e b a g a iclassic life
cycle
a t a u m o d e lwaterfall
y a n g m e m i l i k i 6 l a n g k a h s e p e r t i b e r i k u t i n i ( S h a r m a , 2 0 1 2 ) . M o d e llinear sequential
d i m u l a i d e n g a n r e k a y a s a s i s t e m u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n s e l u r u h k e b u t u h a n s i s t e m t e r m a s u k k e b u t u h a n p e n g e m b a n g a n p e r a n g k a t l u n a k . L a n g k a h k e d u a , a n a l i s i s , f o k u s p a d a k e b u t u h a n p e r a n g k a t l u n a k , y a n g m e n c a k u p d o m a i n i n f o r m a s i , f u n g s i , u n j u k k e r j a , d a n t a m p i l a n . L a n g k a h k e t i g a , p e r a n c a n g a n , u n t u k m e n t e r j e m a h k a n k e b u t u h a n m e n j a d i l a n g k a h - l a n g k a h o p e r a s i o n a l u n t u k p e n u l i s a n p r o g r a m . K e e m p a t , p e n g k o d e a n , u n t u k m e n g u b a h r a n c a n g a n m e n j a d i p e r i n t a h y a n g d a p a t d i m e n g e r t i o l e h m e s i n m e n g g u n a k a n b a h a s a p e m r o g r a m a n t e r t e n t u . T e r a k h i r , p e n g u j i a n , d i l a k u k a n u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i k e b e r f u n g s i a n p r o g r a m , s e d a n g k a n p e m e l i h a r a a n u n t u k m e n i n g k a t k a n k i n e r j a p r o g r a m .1. R a n c a n g a n P e r a n g k a t L u n a k
a. A r s it e k tu r S is te m
P e r a n g k a t l u n a k y a n g d i h a s i l k a n d a r i p e n e l i t i a n i n i d i h a r a p k a n d a p a t d i g u n a k a n o l e h p e s e r t a t e s d a l a m j u m l a h b a n y a k d a l a m w a k t u y a n g b e r s a m a a n , k a r e n a i t u s i s t e m
client-server
b e r b a s i s j a r i n g a n m u t l a k d i p e r l u k a n . P e r a n g k a t l u n a k y a n g d i g u n a k a n d i h a r a p k a n j u g a d a p a t m e n j a n g k a u w i l a y a h y a n g l u a s d a n m u d a h d i a k s e s , s e h i n g g a s i s t e mclient-server
b e r b a s i s w e b y a n g d a p a t d i a k s e s m e l a l u i i n t e r n e t a t a u i n t r a n e t m e n j a d i i d e a l .P H P . A r s i t e k t u r s i s t e m p e r a n g k a t l u n a k s i s t e m p e n g u j i a n h a s i l B e l a j a r b e r b a n t u a n k o m p u t e r y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i i n i a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t .
s \
I t e m D a t a b a s e P H P W e b
I n t e r f a c e
V _
C l ie n t M a c h in e
W e b B r o w s e r
G a m b a r 1. A r s i t e k t u r S i s t e m
b . S is te m B a s is D a ta B a n k S o a l
S u p a y a s i s t e m d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n a m p u n g b e r b a g a i k e p e r l u a n t e s , m a k a s i s t e m b a s i s d a t a n y a h a r u s m e m p u n y a i e n t i t a s y a n g l e n g k a p m e n c a k u p : j e n j a n g p e n d i d i k a n , k e l a s , m a t a p e l a j a r a n , S K , K D , i n d i k a t o r , b u t i r , w a k t u p a k a i , te s , d e t a i l t e s , p e s e r t a t e s , s e k o l a h , k a b u p a t e n , p r o p i n s i , d a n
user.Relasi
a n t a r e n t i t a s s i s t e m b a n k s o a l y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a G a m b a r 2 . D a l a m s i s t e m t e r s e b u t t a b e l p e n g g u n a ( u s e r ) u n t u k m e n a m p u n g d a t a a d m i n , p e n g e l o l a , d a n p e n g g u n a b i a s a . D a t a p e s e r t a t e s d i t a m p u n g d a l a m t a b e l l a i n , y a i t u t a b e l p e s e r t a . K e w e n a n g a n s e t i a p p e n g g u n a a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t . A d m i n d a p a t m e n g e l o l a i s i s e m u a t a b e l . P e n g e l o l a d a p a t m e m a n i p u l a s i s e m u a t a b e l , k e c u a l i t a b e l
user.
P e n g g u n a b i a s a h a n y a b i s a m e m b a n t u m e n g e l o l a b u t i r s o a l. P e s e r t a te s d a p a t m e n g u b a h s e c a r a t i d a k s e n g a j a i s i t a b e l y a n g t e r k a i t d e n g a n h a s i l t e s k e t i k a i a m e n g i r i m k a n j a w a b a n a t a s b u t i r s o a l y a n g d i s a j i k a n s i s t e m . S e m u a b a g i a n d a p a t d i a k s e s p e n g g u n a s e t e l a hlogin.
U n t u k m e n j a m i n k e a m a n a n s i s t e musername
d a npa ssw ord
d i e n k r i p s i d a n s e m u a h a l a m a n s e l a l uredirect
k e h a l a m a nlogin
d a n t i d a k d a p a t d i-bypass.
c. A lg o r itm a C B T
s e m u a s o a l y a n g d i k e r j a k a n p e s e r t a t e s .
Flowchart
C B T u n t u k s e t i a p p a k e t s o a l y a n g m e n g u k u r p e n c a p a a i a n s t a n d a r k o m p e t e n s i ( S K ) d a n k o m p e t e n s i d a s a r ( K D ) d a r i s u a t u m a t a p e l a j a r a n d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a G a m b a r 3 . D a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s d i n y a t a k a n d e n g a n s k a l a 0 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 0 0 b e r d a s a r k a n p e r s e n t a s e s o a l y a n g d i j a w a b d e n g a n b e n a r o l e h p e s e r t a te s .S a ji k a n s o a l s e c a r a r a n d o m
C e k j a w a b a n
H i t u n g j a w a b a n b e n a r & s a la h
W a k t u h a b is ?
T id a k
Y a
__________ I__________
H it u n g k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te s
G a m b a r 3 .
Flowchart
C B Td . A lg o r itm a C A T
E s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s d a l a m C A T d i l a k u k a n b e r d a s a r k a n t e o r i r e s p o n s b u t i r . M u l a - m u l a p e s e r t a t e s d i b e r i s o a l d e n g a n t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n a w a l y a n g s e d a n g p u l a ( b a w a l = 0 ) k a r e n a d i a n g g a p m e m p u n y a i t i n g k a t k e m a m p u a n a w a l n y a
(6
a w a l ) s e d a n g(6
a w a l = 0 ) . P e s e r t a t e s d i b e r i k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k m e n j a w a b s o a l d e n g a n a l o k a s i w a k t u t e r t e n t u .J i k a s o a l d e n g a n t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n s e d a n g t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i j a w a b b e n a r , p e s e r t a d i b e r i s o a l b a r u y a n g l e b i h s u l i t , j i k a d i j a w a b s a l a h m a k a p e s e r t a d i b e r i s o a l y a n g l e b i h m u d a h . K e m u d i a n k e m a m p u a n ( 0 ) s e t e l a h m e n j a w a b s o a l b a r u
P(9),
Q ( 9 ) , / j ( 0 ) , S £ ( 0 ) , d a n h a r g a m u t l a k s e l i s i h k e s a l a h a n b a k u a n t a r p e n y a j i a n s o a l d i h i t u n g . P r o s e s i n i d i l a k u k a n s a m p a istopping rule
t e r c a p a i , k e m u d i a n k e m a m p u a n ( 0 ) a k h ir p e s e r t a t e s d i h i t u n g . M e k a n i s m e p r o g r a m C A T u n t u k s e t i a p s t a n d a r k o m p e t e n s i ( S K ) d a r i s e t i a p m a t a p e l a j a r a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a G a m b a r 4 .D a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i
stopping rule
y a n g d i g u n a k a n a d a 2 , y a i t u , s e b a g a i b e r i k u t .a . J i k a B u t i r S o a l H a b i s
B e r i p e s e r t a t e s b u t i r s o a l d e n g a n
i n d e k s k e s u k a r a n b u t i r ( b ) a w a l = O
▼
► M
▼
---r , . u B e r i p e s e r t a t e s b u t i r s o a l
B a c a j a w a b a n p e s e r t a t e s — . K . . . ,
J r d e n g a n b < b s e b e l u m n y a
J a w a b a n s a l a h a ta u
. w a k t u h a b i s ? ..
H i t u n g 0 s e t e l a h j a w a b , P ( 0 ) ,
Q ( 0 ) , II F , S E ( 0 ) , d a n S e l i s i h
S E ( 0 ) a n t a r - i t e r a s i
H i t u n g 0 s e t e l a h j a w a b , P ( 0 ) ,
Q ( 0 ) , IIF , S E ( 0 ) , d a n S e l i s i h
S E ( 0 ) a n t a r - i t e r a s i
sto o p in g rule
t e r c a p a i ?
S topping rule
t e r c a p a i ?
B e r i p e s e r t a t e s b u t i r s o a l
d e n g a n b > b s e b e l u m n y a
Y a
▼
- ► H i t u n g 0 a k h i r
G a m b a r 4 .
Flowchart
C A Tb . J i k a T i n g k a t K e t e l i t i a n E s t i m a s i K e m a m p u a n T e l a h T e r c a p a i
J i k a s o a l y a n g d i s a j i k a n k e p a d a p e s e r t a t e s b e l u m h a b i s t e t a p i h a s i l s e t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a te s t e l a h k o n s i s t e n y a n g d i t a n d a i d e n g a n h a r g a m u t l a k s e l i s i h S E a n t a r i t e r a s i s a n g a t k e c i l ( < = 0 , 0 1 ) , m a k a p e n y a j i a n s o a l d i h e n t i k a n . D a l a m h a l i n i k e m a m p u a n ( 0 ) p e s e r t a te s a d a l a h k e m a m p u a n t e r t i n g g i y a n g p e r n a h d i c a p a i n y a
R u m u s y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g h i t u n g k e m a m p u a n ( 0 ) , p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b b e n a r b e r d a s a r k a n k e m a m p u a n t e r s e b u t (
P (9
) ) , p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b s a l a h ( Q ( 9 ) ) , f u n g s i i n f o r m a s i b u t i r ( / ( ( 0 ) ) , d a n k e s a l a h a n b a k u ( 5 £ '( 0 ) a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t ( B i r n b a u m d a l a m H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n & R o g e r s , 1 9 9 1 ; H a m b l e t o n , S w a m i n a t h a n & R o g e r s , 1 9 9 1 ; B a k e r , 2 0 0 1 ) .e = b i
+ ^ - l n ( 0 . 5 ( l + V (1 + 8
Ci )(1
- c,) e Da^ 0_b^
Pi(9) = Ci +
1 +
e Da;(0-&i)Qi(6) = 1 - Pi(6)
h(9) =
P i(0 )Q i(0 )
SE( 9 ) =
1
J Z i L i W )
t e r t i n g g i n y a a d a l a h + 3 . A l a s a n p e m b a t a s a n i n i a d a l a h k a r e n a d a l a m k o n d i s i a t a u d i s t r i b u s i n o r m a l d a t a y a n g l e b i h k e c i l d a r i - 3 a t a u l e b i h b e s a r d a r i + 3 j u m l a h n y a s a n g a t s e d i k i t .
S u p a y a h a s i l C A T l e b i h m u d a h d i t e r i m a o le h b a n y a k p ih a k , k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s
(0)
y a n g d a p a t b e r n i l a i p o s i t i f a t a u n e g a t i f t e r s e b u t k e m u d i a n d i u b a h m e n j a d i s k o r d e n g a n s k a l a t e r e n d a h 0 d a n t e r t i n g g i 1 0 0 . R u m u s y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h k e m a m p u a n d a l a m s k o r d a l a m s k a l a t e r s e b u t a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t .5 0
Sk o r (
1 0 0 ) = 5O + y 0
R u m u s t e r s e b u t a k a n m e n g h a s i l k a n S k o r ( 1 0 0 ) < 0 j i k a 0 < -3 d a n a k a n m e n g h a s i l k a n S k o r ( 1 0 0 ) > 1 0 0 j i k a 0 > 3 . A g a r t i d a k a d a S k o r ( 1 0 0 ) < 0 a t a u S k o r ( 1 0 0 ) > 1 0 0 , m a k a p e r a n g k a t l u n a k y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n h a r u s d a p a t m e m a k s a a t a u m e m b u l a t k a n S k o r ( 1 0 0 ) < 0 m e n j a d i 0 d a n S k o r ( 1 0 0 ) > 1 0 0 m e n j a d i 1 0 0 m e n g g u n a k a n l o g i k a p e m r o g r a m a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :
Ji k a Sk o r (
100) <
0, maka S kor (100)
= 0
Ji k a Sk o r (
100) >
100, maka Sko r (100)
= 100
e. A n a lis is D a ta
D a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i p e n g u j i a n k e b e n a r a n p r o g r a m d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n
black-box testing. Black-black-box testing
a d a l a h m e t o d e p e n g u j i a n f u n g s i o n a l i t a s p r o g r a m d e n g a n c a r a m e m b e r i k o n d i s i a t a u d a t a p a d a p r o g r a m u n t u k m e n g e t a h u i k e s e s u a i a n s p e s i f i k a s i p r o g r a m d e n g a n r a n c a n g a n . J i k a s p e s i f i k a s i p r o g r a m b e l u m s e s u a i d e n g a n y a n g d i h a r a p k a n k e m u d i a n d i l a k u k a n p e n y e s u a i a n - p e n y e s u a i a n s a m p a i p r o g r a m b i s a b e r j a l a n s e p e r t i y a n g d i h a r a p k a n .H a s il P e n e litia n d a n P e m b a h a s a n
1. H a s il S im u la s i C B T
H a s i l s i m u l a s i C B T d a r i p e s e r t a t e s d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m T a b e l 1 .K o l o m t e r a k h i r d a r i T a b e l 1 t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s p a d a C B T i n i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s d i n y a t a k a n d e n g a n s k a l a 0 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 0 0 b e r d a s a r k a n p e r s e n t a s e s o a l y a n g d i j a w a b d e n g a n b e n a r o l e h p e s e r t a t e s . S i m u l a s i i n i s e s u a i d e n g a n r a n c a n g a n y a n g t e l a h d i k e m u k a k a n s e b e l u m n y a .
T a b e l 1. H a s i l C B T
No.
Kode Butir
Daya Beda
Tingkat
Kesulitan
Tebakan
Skor
Jawaban
0 (Skala
100)
1
11
1.67
0.7
0.15
0
28.571
2
50
0.75
0.03
0.88
1
3
43
0.69
0.44
0.52
0
4
62
1.28
0.38
0.05
0
5
22
0.92
0.2
0.97
0
6
59
1.58
1.04
0.44
1
2. H a sil S im u la si C A T
H a s i l s i m u l a s i C A T d a r i p e s e r t a t e s b e r k e m a m p u a n r e n d a h d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m T a b e l 2 . H a s i l p e n g o l a h a n d a t a T a b e l 2 s e c a r a g r a f i k m e m p e r o l e h r i w a y a t h a s i l p e s e r t a t e s s e p e r t i d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a G a m b a r 5 . P a d a s i m u l a s i t e r s e b u t m u l a - m u l a p e s e r t a t e s d i a n g g a p m e m p u n y a i t i n g k a t k e m a m p u a n a w a l n y a
(6
a w a l ) s e d a n g (0 a w a l = 0 ) d a n d i b e r i s o a l d e n g a n t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n a w a l y a n g s e d a n g p u l a ( b a w a l = 0 ) . P e s e r t a t e s d i b e r i k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k m e n j a w a b s o a l d e n g a n a l o k a s i w a k t u t e r t e n t u . B e r d a s a r k a n j a w a b a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n p e s e r t a t e s , k e m u d i a n d i h i t u n g : k e m a m p u a n ( 0 ) p e s e r t a t e s s e t e l a h m e n j a w a b b u t i r s o a l , p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b b e n a r b e r d a s a r k a n k e m a m p u a n t e r s e b u t ( P ( 0 ) ) , p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b s a l a h ( Q ( 0 ) ) , f u n g s i i n f o r m a s i b u t i r ( / £( 0 ) ) , k e s a l a h a n b a k u (SE( 6
) ) , d a n h a r g a m u t l a k s e l i s i h k e s a l a h a n b a k u a n t a r p e n y a j i a n s o a l.K a r e n a j a w a b a n p e r t a n y a a n p e r t a m a s a l a h , y a i t u d i t a n d a i d e n g a n s k o r j a w a b a n = 0 , m a k a p a d a p u t a r a n k e d u a p e s e r t a d i b e r i s o a l y a n g l e b i h m u d a h , y a i t u d e n g a n t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n - 0 ,4 5 . S o a l k e d u a i n i t e r n y a t a d a p a t d i j a w a b d e n g a n b e n a r . M e n g g u n a k a n r u m u s - r u m u s y a n g t e l a h d i k e m u k a k a n m a k a d a p a t d i h i t u n g k e m b a l i : k e m a m p u a n ( 0 ) p e s e r t a t e s s e t e l a h m e n j a w a b b u t i r s o a l , p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b b e n a r b e r d a s a r k a n k e m a m p u a n t e r s e b u t ( P ( 0 ) ) , p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b s a l a h ( Q ( 0 ) ) , f u n g s i i n f o r m a s i b u t i r ( / £( 0 ) ) , k e s a l a h a n b a k u (
SE( 6
) ) , d a n h a r g a m u t l a k s e l i s i h k e s a l a h a n b a k u a n t a r p e n y a j i a n s o a l.T a b e l 2 . H a s i l S i m u l a s i C A T p a d a S i s w a B e r k e m a m p u a n R e n d a h
N o . K o d e B u t i r
D a y a B e d a
T i n g k a t K e s u l i t a n
T e b a k a n
S k o r J a w a b a n
e
A w a l
e
S e t e l a h J a w a b
P ( 6 ) Q(0) - i - P ( 6 )
IIF SE
(6)
S e li s i h SE A n t a r I t e r a s i
1 93 0 .1 3 0 0 .3 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
2 87 0 .61 - 0 . 4 5 0 .81 1 0 .0 0 - 0 . 4 5 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 1.41 0 .5 9
3 6 0 .6 - 0 . 2 5 0 .1 3 0 - 0 . 4 5 - 0 . 4 5 0 .5 8 0 .4 2 0 .2 4 1 .16 0 .2 5
4 63 0 .9 1 - 0 . 0 5 0 .5 5 1 - 0 . 4 5 - 0 .0 5 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 1 .00 0 .1 6
5 6 9 1.3 7 0 .1 5 0 .7 1 1 - 0 . 0 5 0 .1 5 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 0 .9 0 0 .1 1
6 83 0 .9 5 0 .3 5 0.1 1 0 .1 5 0 .3 5 0 .5 0 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 0 .8 2 0 .0 8
7 88 1 .36 0 .5 5 0 .3 9 0 0 .3 5 0 .3 5 0 .5 8 0 .4 2 0 .2 4 0 .7 6 0 .0 6
8 7 6 1 .67 0 .7 5 0 .1 1 0 0 .3 5 0 .3 5 0 .6 6 0 .3 4 0 .2 2 0 .7 1 0 .0 4
9 86 1.7 9 0 .9 5 0 .2 6 0 0 .3 5 0 .3 5 0 .7 3 0 .2 7 0 .1 9 0 .6 8 0 .0 3
10 2 8 0 .4 9 1.15 0 .5 5 0 0 .3 5 0 .3 5 0 .8 0 0 .2 0 0 .1 6 0 .6 7 0 .0 1
P e n y a j i a n s o a l d a n p e r h i t u n g a n t e r s e b u t d i u l a n g - u l a n g s a m p a i a k h i r n y a
R iw a y a t Hasil Tes P eserta
2.50 p
r n
“ 1 .5 0 \
< 1.00 \
a
\
5 0 .5 0 — ■ >
000
-0 .5 0
1.00
K — ~ y "
" 11 ■
m
V
i /
S 7 9■ 9 Se t e l a h Ja w a b
-Se l i s i h SE An t a r Iter asi
Soal K e ...
G a m b a r 5 . R i w a y a t H a s i l T e s P e s e r t a C A T B e r k e m a m p u a n R e n d a h
H a s i l s i m u l a s i C A T d a r i p e s e r t a t e s b e r k e m a m p u a n t i n g g i d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m T a b e l 3 . C a r a p e r h i t u n g a n a n g k a - a n g k a y a n g a d a d a l a m k o l o m d a r i t a b e l t e r s e b u t s a m a d e n g a n c a r a p e r h i t u n g a n y a n g d i g u n a k a n s i m u l a s i C A T d e n g a n p e s e r t a t e s b e r k e m a m p u a n r e n d a h . P e n g o l a h a n d a t a s e c a r a g r a f i k a n g k a - a n g k a y a n g a d a d i T a b e l 3 d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a G a m b a r 6 . G a m b a r 6 m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a u n t u k l i m a k a l i p e s e r t a m e n j a w a b s a l a h e s t i m a s i k e m a m p u a n p e s e r t a t e s s u d a h k o n v e r g e n .
H a s i l C B T m a u p u n C A T d a r i s i m u l a s i i n i m e n y i m p a n d a t a j a w a b a n b e n a r a t a u s a l a h d a r i p e s e r t a t e s u n t u k s e t i a p b u t i r y a n g d i k e r j a k a n . K a r e n a s e t i a p b u t i r s o a l m e m p u n y a i k o d e b u t i r d a n b u t i r t e r s e b u t m e m p u n y a i r e l a s i s e c a r a l a n g s u n g d e n g a n i n d i k a t o r d a n t i d a k l a n g s u n g d e n g a n K D d a n S K , m a k a s e h a r u s n y a j u m l a h s o a l d e n g a n i n d i k a t o r t e r t e n t u y a n g d i j a w a b b e n a r a t a u d i j a w a b s a l a h o l e h p e s e r t a t e s d a p a t d i k e t a h u i . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n s i s t e m i n i j u g a d a p a t d i g u n a k a n u n t u k d i a g n o s t i k e s u l i t a n b e l a j a r s i s w a .
T a b e l 3 . H a s i l S i m u l a s i C A T p a d a S i s w a B e r
N o . K o d e B u t i r D a y a B e d a
T i n g k a t K e s u l i t a n
T e b a k a n S k o r J a w a b a n
e
A w a l
e
S e t e l a h J a w a b
P i( 0 ) Q(0)= 1-P(0) IIF S E ( 0 ) S e li s i h
SE A n t a r I t e r a s i
1 55 0.29 0 0.14 1 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.25 2.00 2.00 2 70 1.37 0.5 0.75 1 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 1.41 0.59 3 74 0.78 1 0.02 1 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.25 1.15 0.26
4 19 1.18 1.5 0.4 1 1.00 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 1.00 0.15
5 65 0.89 2 0.55 1 1.50 2.00 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.89 0.11
6 4 1.9 2.5 0.44 1 2.00 2.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.82 0.08
7 3 0.02 3 0.43 1 2.50 3.00 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.76 0.06
8 47 0.27 3.5 0.01 1 3.00 3.50 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.71 0.05 9 12 0.48 4 0.16 1 3.50 4.00 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.67 0.04
10 70 1.78 4.5 0.52 0 4.00 4.00 0.70 0.30 0.21 0.64 0.03 11 19 0.35 5 0.16 0 4.00 4.00 0.85 0.15 0.13 0.62 0.02
12 50 1.09 5 . 5 0.24 0 4.00 4.00 0.93 0.07 0.07 0.61 0.01
13 25 1.21 6 0.27 0 4.00 4.00 0.97 0.03 0.03 0.61 0.00 14 98 0.65 6.5 0.61 0 4.00 4.00 0.99 0.01 0.01 0.61 0.00
R iw ayat Hasii Tes P eser ta
9 Setelah Jawab
Selisih SE A ntar
Ite rasi
G a m b a r 6 . R i w a y a t H a s i l T e s P e s e r t a C A T B e r k e m a m p u a n T i n g g i
3. H a s il P e n g e m b a n g a n P e r a n g k a t L u n a k
T a m p i l a n p e r t a m a p e r a n g k a t l u n a k u n t u k A d m i n , P e n g e l o l a , d a n P e n g g u n a b u k a n p e s e r t a t e s m e m i n t a n a m a p e n g g u n a
(user name
) d a n s a n d i(password).
K a r e n a i t u t i d a k s e m u a o r a n g b i s a m e n g g u n a k a n m e n u y a n g a d a . J i k a p e n g g u n a d a p a t m e m a s u k k a n n a m a p e n g g u n a d a n s a n d i p a d a l e v e l a d m i n d e n g a n b e n a r , m a k a a k a n m u n c u l t a m b i l a n s e p e r t i G a m b a r 7 d a l a m l a m p i r a n . G a m b a r t e r s e b u t m e n u n j u k k a n m e n u u n t u k m e n g e l o l a s o a l , m e n g a t u r te s , m e n g e l o l a p e s e r t a t e s , m e n g e l o l a l a p o r a n t e s , d a n m e n g e l o l a p e n g g u n a . J i k a p e n g g u n a m e m a s u k k a n n a m a p e n g g u n a d a n s a n d i p a d a l e v e l p e n g e l o l a m a k a m e n u k e l o l a p e n g g u n a t i d a k m u n c u l , s e d a n g k a n j i k a p e n g g u n a m e m a s u k k a n n a m a p e n g g u n a d a n s a n d i p a d a l e v e l p e n g g u n a b i a s a , m a k a m e n u y a n g m u n c u l h a n y a k e l o l a s o a l.B a g i a n p e r a n g k a t l u n a k s i s t e m p e n g u j i a n
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y a n g p a l i n g k r u s i a l a d a l a h b a g i a n y a n g b a n y a k m e n g g u n a k a n r u m u s d a n p e r u l a n g a n . B a g i a n i n i a d a p a d a b a g i a n y a n g d a p a t m e n a m p i l k a n h a s i l t e s . T a m p i l a n h a s i l C B T y a n g d i a k s e s d a r i m e n u a d m i n t e r n y a t a t e l a h s e s u a i d e n g a n r a n c a n g a n . K e m a m p u a n a k h i r p e s e r t a t e s d a l a m C B T d i n y a t a k a n d a l a m s k a l a 0 s a m p a i d e n g a n 1 0 0 b e r d a s a r k a n p e r s e n t a s e s o a l y a n g d i j a w a b b e n a r . H a l i n i d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m G a m b a r 8.T a m p i l a n h a s i l C A T y a n g d i a k s e s d a r i m e n u a d m i n d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a G a m b a r 9 . M e s k i p u n a n g k a - a n g k a y a n g a d a d a l a m t a b e l b e r b e d a d e n g a n h a s i l s i m u l a s i , t e t a p i b e s a r n y a a n g k a - a n g k a y a n g a d a d a l a m t a m p i l a n h a s i l C A T t e l a h s e s u a i d e n g a n r u m u s y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m s u m u l a s i C A T p a d a T a b e l 2 d a n T a b e l 3 . P e r b e d a a n a n g k a y a n g a d a d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a d a l a m u j i c o b a p r o g r a m p e n g g u n a t i d a k t a h u k u n c i s o a l y a n g d i s a j i k a n C A T , s e h i n g g a t i d a k b i s a m e n g a t u r b e n a r a t a u s a l a h s e p e r t i p a d a d a t a s i m u l a s i .
U n t u k p e s e r t a t e s , a g a r b i s a m e n g a k s e s t e s y a n g d i s e l e n g g a r a k a n d a l a m m o d e C B T m u p u n C A T h a r u s m e m i l i h p r o v i n s i , k a b u p a t e n / k o t a , j e n j a n g p e n d i d i k a n , n a m a s e k o l a h , s e r t a m e n g i s i n o m o r p e s e r t a t e s d a n k o d e a k s e s m a s u k . J i k a m a s u k a n d a r i p e s e r t a t e s t e r s e b u t v a l i d d e n g a n d a t a y a n g d i s i m p a n d i
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, m a k a a k a n t a m p i l m e n u s e p e r t i G a m b a r 1 0 .G a m b a r 1 0 m e n u n j u k k a n m e n u u n t u k p e s e r t a t e s , y a i t u b e r u p a d a f t a r te s y a n g t e r s e d i a . T e s y a n g w a k t u a k t i f n y a s e s u a i w a k t u
login
p e s e r t a t e s b i s a d i a k s e s d a n d i k e r j a k a n p e s e r t a t e s . G a m b a r 1 0 m e n u n j u k k a n a d a 2 t e s y a n g t e r s e d i a u n t u k p e s e r t a t e s . J u m l a h t e s y a n g t e r s e d i a t e r s e b u t d i a t u r d a r i m e n u a d m i n . J i k a p e s e r t a t e s m e m i l i h t e s y a n g p e r t a m a ( k l a s i k ) m a k a a k a n d i t a m p i l k a n s o a l C B T s e p e r t i d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a G a m b a r 1 1 .P e s e r t a t e s m e n g e r j a k a n s o a l C B T d e n g a n c a r a m e m i l i h j a w a b a n y a n g s e s u a i d a r i s e m u a s o a l y a n g t e l a h d i t e t a p k a n o l e h a d m i n , k e m u d i a n m e n g k l i k t o m b o l k i r i m . L a n g k a h i n i a k a n d i t a n g g a p i s e r v e r d e n g a n m e n a m p i l k a n h a s i l te s s e p e r t i d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a G a m b a r 1 2 . G a m b a r 1 2 m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a s e l a i n s k o r , p e s e r t a t e s j u g a d a p a t m e n g e t a h u i i n d i k a t o r s o a l y a n g d i j a w a b d e n g a n b e n a r a t a u s a l a h o l e h p e s e r t a te s .
J i k a p a d a t a m p i l a n G a m b a r 1 0 p e s e r t a t e s m e m i l i h t e s y a n g k e d u a (1 P L ) m a k a a k a n d i t a m p i l k a n s o a l C A T s e p e r t i d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a G a m b a r 1 3 . B e r b e d a d e n g a n C B T , p e n y a j i a n s o a l p a d a C A T d i s a j i k a n s a t u b u t i r u n t u k s e t i a p t a m p i l a n . B u t i r s o a l b e r i k u t n y a a k a n d i t a m p i l k a n k e p e s e r t a t e s b e r d a s a r k a n b e n a r a t a u s a l a h n y a j a w a b a n p e s e r t a t e s . J i k a j a w a b a n b e n a r , t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n s o a l a k a n l e b i h t i n g g i , s e d a n g k a n j i k a j a w a b a n s a l a h t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n s o a l a k a n l e b i h r e n d a h .
P r o s e s p e n y a j i a n s o a l d a l a m C A T d i l a k u k a n b e r u l a n g - u l a n g s a m p a i
stopping rule
t e r c a p a i . J i k astopping rule
t e r c a p a i k e m u d i a n d i s a j i k a n h a s i l te s y a n g b i s a d i l i h a t o l e h p e s e r t a . H a s i l C A T p e s e r t a d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a G a m b a r 1 4 . H a s i l C A T p a d a p e n e l i t i a n i n i m e n u n j u k k a n s k o r t i a p s t a n d a r k o m p e t e n s i d a n s k o r r a t a - r a t a s e l u r u h k o m p e t e n s i y a n g d i u j i k a n .U r a i a n d a n g a m b a r y a n g t e l a h d i s a j i k a n s e b e l u m n y a m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a s i s t e m p e n g u j i a n h a s i l b e l a j a r b e r b a n t u a n k o m p u t e r y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i t e l a h b e r f u n g s i s e p e r t i y a n g d i h a r a p k a n . U n t u k m e n g e t a h u i e f e k p e n g g u n a a n s i s t e m i n i k e p a d a p e s e r t a t e s d a n p r a k t i s i p e n d i d i k a n d i p e r l u k a n p e n e l i t i a n l e b i h l a n j u t .
K e s im p u la n D a n S a r a n
1. K e s im p u la n
B e r d a s a r k a n h a s i l a n a l i s i s d a t a d a n p e m b a h a s a n , h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n i n i d a p a t s i m p u l k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t .
a . S i s t e m b a n k s o a l y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n m a m p u m e n a m p u n g b u t i r s o a l y a n g b i s a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k b e r b a g a i k e p e r l u a n t e s d a n d a p a t d i b u a t d e n g a n e n t i t a s j e n j a n g p e n d i d i k a n , k e l a s , m a t a p e l a j a r a n , s t a n d a r k o m p e t e n s i , k o m p e t e n s i d a s a r , i n d i k a t o r , b u t i r , w a k t u p a k a i , n a m a t e s , d e t a i l t e s , p e s e r t a t e s , s e k o l a h , k a b u p a t e n , p r o p i n s i , d a n p e n g g u n a .
b . C B T d a p a t d i k e m b a n g k a n d e n g a n m e n y a j i k a n s o a l s e c a r a
random
, m e n g u j i j a w a b a n p e s e r t a , m e n g h i t u n g j a w a b a n b e n a r & s a l a h , m e n g e c e k a l o k a s i w a k t u y a n g t e r s e d i a . B i l a w a k t u h a b i s a t a u s e m u a s o a l t e l a h d i s a j i k a n , s e l a n j u t n y a d i h i t u n g k e m a m p u a n a k h i r p e s e r t a te s .b e r d a s a r k a n d a y a b e d a ( a ) , t i n g k a t k e s u l i t a n ( b ) , d a n t e b a k a n s e m u (c ) b u t i r s o a l , 2 ) p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b b e n a r b e r d a s a r k a n k e m a m p u a n t e r s e b u t ( P ( 0 ) ) , 3 ) p r o b a b i l i t a s m e n j a w a b s a l a h ( Q ( 0 ) ) , 4 ) f u n g s i i n f o r m a s i b u t i r
(li(0)),
5 ) k e s a l a h a n b a k u (SE( 0
) ) , d a n 6 ) h a r g a a b s o l u t s e l i s i h k e s a l a h a n b a k u a n t a r p e n y a j i a n s o a l . P r o s e s d i u l a n g s a m p a i s e l i s i h k e s a l a h a n b a k u a n t a r p e n y a j i a n s o a l s e k e c i l m u n g k i n , s o a l a t a u w a k t u h a b i s .2. S a r a n
a. P e r l u i m p l e m e n t a s i s i s t e m y a n g t e l a h d i k e m b a n g k a n p a d a s a m p e l t e r b a t a s d a n s a m p e l y a n g l e b i h l u a s .
b . P e r l u p e n e l i t i a n d a m p a k p e n g g u n a a n s i s t e m y a n g t e l a h d i k e m b a n g k a n i n i k e p a d a p e s e r t a t e s d a n p r a k t i s i p e n d i d i k a n .
D A F T A R P U S T A K A
A l l e n , M . J . & Y e n , W . M . ( 1 9 7 9 ) .
Introduction to m easurem ent theory.
M o n t e r e y , C A : B r o o k s / C o l e P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y .
B a k e r , F . B . 2 0 0 1 .
The basics o f item response theory.
E R I C C l e a r i n g h o u s e o n A s s e s s m e n t a n d E v a l u a t i o n .H a m b l e t o n , R . K . & S w a m i n a t h a n , H . ( 1 9 8 5 ) .
Item response theory.
B o s t o n , M A : K l u w e r I n c .H a m b l e t o n , R . K . , S w a m i n a t h a n , H ., & R o g e r s , H .J . ( 1 9 9 1 ) .
Fundam ental o f item
response theory.
N e w b u r y P a r k , C A : S a g e P u b l i c a t i o n I n c .H u l i n , C .L ., D r a s g o w , F . & P a r s o n s , C . K . ( 1 9 8 3 ) .
Item response theory:
A pplication to psychological m easurement.
H o m e w o o d , IL : D o w J o n e s - I r w i n .J i n g y u L i u . ( 2 0 0 7 ) .
Com paring m ulti-dim ensional and uni-dim ensional com puter
adaptive strategies in psychological and health assessm ent.
D i s s e r t a t i o n o f U n i v e r s i t y o f P i t t s b u r g h .L i n a c r e , J .M . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . C o m p u t e r - A d a p t i v e T e s t i n g : A M e t h o d o l o g y W h o s e T i m e H a s C o m e . P u b l i s h e d i n S u n h e e C h a e , U n s o n K a n g , E u n h w a J e o n , a n d J. M . L i n a c r e . ( 2 0 0 0 )
D evelopm ent o f C om puterized M iddle School
A chievem ent Test [in K orean].
S e o u l : K o m e s a P r e s s .M i s l e v y , R . J . & B o c k , R .D . ( 1 9 9 0 ) .
BILO G 3: Item analysis & test scoring with
binary logistic m odels.
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