CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the writer explained about researh type, research design, role
of research, source of the data, collecting data procedure, data analysis procedure
and method for verification of the research finding.
A. Research Type
In this research, the writer used a document or content analysis as
research type. Content analysis focused and interprete textbooks material to
learn about human behavior. Content or document analysis method applied
to written or visual materials for the purpose of identifying specified
characteristics of the material. The material analyzed can be texts,
newspapers, or any type of documents.
According to Gao that content analysis is a set of procedures for
collecting and organizing information in a standardized format that allows
analysts to make inferences about the characteristics and meaning of written
and other recorded material. Simple formats can be developed for
summarizing information or counting the frequency of statements.1
According to Berelson that content analysis is a research technique
for the objective, systematic, and qualitative description of the manifest
1
Content analysis conformed to three basic principles of scientific
method. They are:
1. Objectivity
Which means that the analysis is pursued on the basis of explicit rules,
which enable different researchers to obtain the same results from the
same documents or messages.
2. Systematic
The inclusion or exclusion of content is done according to some
consistently applied rules where by the possibility of including only
materials which support the researcher’s ideas is eliminated.
3. Generalizability
The results obtained by the researcher can be applied to other similar
situations.
Content Analysis begins with a specific statement of the objectives or
research questions to be studied. The researcher must therefore locate a
source of communication relevant to the research question and ask questions
that can be solved by content analysis. It is also known as a method of
analysing documents.
Content analysis allows the researcher to test theoretical issues to
to distil words into fewer content related categories. It is assumed that when
classified into the same categories the like share the same meaning. 2
In this case the writer analyzed the words used in Manusia Setengah
Salmon Novel.
Technically content analysis includes: 3
a. Classify efforts signs which use in communication, here the writer
classified the Indonesia-English code mixing in word classes in
Raditya Dika novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon.
b. Using criteria as a basis for classification, here the writer used the
criteria of code-mixing based on the theory. After knowing the
code mixing forms, the writer gave the meaning of words found
from dictionaries and matches it based on the story. Then, the
writer showed the dominant of code mixing that used in Raditya
Dika novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon.
c. Using some analysis techniques in making predictions, here the
writer used some techniques to analysis the forms, meanings
dominants and reason using of Indonesia-English code mixing in
Raditya Dika novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon.
B. Research Design
The writer used qualitative method approches in this research. The
qualitative approach to the study of social and behavioral phenomena holds
that the aim and methods of the social sciences are, at least in principle, the
2
Satu Elo dan Helvi Kyngas, “JAN Research Methodology The Qualitative Analysis Content Process”, Jurnal of Advance Nursing Vol. 62 , No.1, Finland :Blacwell, 2007, p.107.
3
same as the aim and methods of the natural or physical sciences. Qualitative
research is the researcher him or herself, often collecting data through direct
observation or interviews.
Qualitative approach is one in which the inquirer often makes
knowledge claims based primarily on constructivist perspectives ( i.e the
multiple meanings of individual experiences, meanings socially and
historically constructed, with an intent of developing a theory of pattern) or
advocacy/participatory perspectives (i.e political, issue-oriented,
collaborative or chance oriented) or both.
Content analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded
material tolerant about human behavior. The material may be public
records, textbooks, letters, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other
documents. Content analysis usually begins with a question that the
researcher believes can best be answered by studying documents.
The table below present some pre-data of code mixing used in Raditya
Dika Novel entitled Manusia Setengah Salmon.
First reader
No. Word Page Function Rotation
1 Absurd 2 Adjective 1
2 Headstand 3 Noun 1
3 Cereal 4 Noun 1
4 Game 13 Noun 1
5 Follower 15, 150, 188 Noun 4
Second reader
No. Word Page Function Rotation
2 Cool 22 Noun 2
3 Well 26 Adjective 1
4 Jump 26 Noun 1
5 Surprise 31 Noun 1
C. Role of Research in the Study
One of the major characteristics that distinguish qualitative research
from others is the method used to collect and analyze the data. The primary
instrument used for data collection in qualitative research is the researcher
him or herself, often collecting data through direct observation and
documentation.
In this study, the writer defined instrument as a tool or a means that
the writer used to collect the data. So, the writer is the only instrument that
analyzes the whole data used in this research based on the researcher’s point
of views which related to the theory applied.
D. Source of the Data
The source of the data took from the Raditya Dika novel entitled
Manusia Setengah Salmon. The writer chooses this novel because this is one
of the most bestseller novels in Indonesia. This novel concept comedy was
written by the author of the story as in previous books. The contents of this
novel is very interesting, light reading, funny and also there are many words
that can truly inspire. It contains Indonesia-English code mixing in form of
words. The data analyzed are the code mixing words that are written by
E. Collecting Data Procedures
In qualitative research there are many ways to collect the data such as
study document, observation, test, interview and questioner. In this case the
writer used study document as the way to collect the data. Content analysis
is research methodology that utilize some prosedures to takes conclution
from the book or document.4
The writer analysed Manusia Setengah Salmon novel to collect the
data which related with this research. For collect the data, the writer run
observation through these steps as follows:
a. The writer read the Manusia Setengah Salmon Novel.
b. The writer selected the Indonesian-English code mixing used in
Manusia Setengah Salmon Novel.
c. The writer wrote and collect the data from the novel.
d. The writer listed the data.
e. The writer classified the data based on:
1) The Insertion of Words
The insertion of words means the language unit that
stands on its own, its consist of free morphemes and bound
morphemes.
f. The writer determined the meaning of code mixing that used in
Manusia Setengah Salmon Novel.
4
g. The writer classified the dominantly code mixing words that used
in Manusia Setengah Salmon Novel..
h. The writer analyzed the reason of using code mixing as follow:
1) Need feeling notive.
2) Prestige feeling notive
3) Asserting status, pride and power.
4) Being more informative.
5) Making jokes.
6) Expressing self emotion.
F. Data Analysis Procedures
Data analysis qualitative is eforts are being made by working with the
data, organize data, sorted them into units that can be managed, synthesize,
search and find patterns, find what is important and what is learned, and
decide what can he told others.5
It used the technique of qualitative context analysis to analyze the
data, where the process of analysis is done together. The qualitative data
consist of words even though numbers are described through interpretation.
The techniques of data analysis are through several steps as follows
1. Data Collection
The writer read this novel to understand the whole story
while observing what word classes are use in Indonesian-English
code mixing of Manusia Setengah Salmon novel.
5
The writer wrote the English words becomes a data that
contain all code mixing words used in Manusia Setengah Salmon
novel.
2. Data Reduction
It is by identifiying the code mixing words to find the
words based on word classes.
The writer identified the code mixing words to find the
words based on word classes used in manusia setengah salmon
novel.
3. Data Display
The writer collected the code mixing words in the table
contains of each word classes. This process aims to make easy the
reader and next researcher.
4. Conclusion / Verification.
The writer clasified all code mixing words to the type of
words in the form of word formation processes, the fuction and
the meaning of code mixing words that used in manusia setengah
salmon novel.
G. Method for Verification of the Research Findings
The validity of the data is the most important in the research in this
study, to find and make the verification of the research findings, the writer
held some verification of the data. The data collected in this study is suitable
The validity of the data is the condision that fulfill : 6 1. Explaining the right value,
2. Presenting a base that be applyed,
3. Permitting other opinion that made consistency.
In acquiring the data, in this study the writer used triangulation.7 The triangulation used is theory triangulation which involves consideration of
how the phenomenon under study might be explained by multiple theories.
There are four techniques to determine the validity of data, namely
credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability.8 To test the validity of data the writer uses them, as follow:
1. Credibility
Credibility is the same as validity in quantitative research.
The integrity of qualitative research depends on attending to the
issue of validity. Validity concerns the accuracy or truthfulness of
the findings. The term most frequently used by qualitative
researchers to refer to this characteristic is credibility.
Credibility in qualitative research concerns the truthfulness
of the inquiry’s findings.9 In test of data credibility or internal
validity, the data must be admitted and received the truth by
6
Lexy J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Bandung : PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, p. 320-321.
7
Imam Gunawan, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Teori dan Praktik, Jakarta : PT. Bumi Aksara, 2013, p.288-289.
8
Sugiono, Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif Dilengkapi Contoh Proposal dan Laporan Penelitian, Bandung: Alfabeta,2010,p. 366.
9
information source from the field of the study. To effort in order
that the truth of result of the students believed, it is supported by
some ways as follow:
a. Extension of the observation
The extension of observations to test the credibility of
data research focused on the examination of the data has been
obtained. If after rechecking the data that has been obtained
found the right data then its mean the data is credible. In this
study the writer done the extension of the observation for one
month for rechecking of data that have been found and
analyzed.
b. Triangulation
Triangulation used to check the truth of data by
exploiting something out the data for checking necessary or as
standart of compression. This study, the writer used theory
triangulation. Theory triangulation involves consideration of
how the phenomenon under study might be explained by
multiple theories. Considering different theories, the researcher
may gain better insights.
c. Member check
Members are asked to check and re-check the subject of
the study in order to get a similarity of perception. The
gotten to the study and is used in writing the report of the
study. The researcher asked participants to review and critique
field notes or tape recordings for accuracy and meaning. The
researcher’s also sharing his or her interpretations of the data
with the participants can help clear up miscommunication,
identify inaccuracies, and help obtain additional useful data. In
member checks, the researcher solicits feedback from the
participants about the study’s findings.
d. Peer debriefing
Discuss the data and the informant who had been
collected from various parties.
2. Transferability
Transferability relate to the questions, how far the result of
the study might be applied by the other people in other context.
Transferability is the external factor. Therefore, the writer is
demanded to report the data conclusion clearly, systematically and
acceptably. To the result of the study could be transferred to the
similar classes.
3. Dependability
The technique is done by reporting of interim report or
ending report that get of discussion with colleague. Discussing the
data and information that have been collected from the others
true report of the research. The result and process must be
balanced.
4. Conformability
A term used in qualitative research, equivalent to validity
in quantitative research, related to the degree to which findings in
a study can be corroborated by others investigating the same
situation.10 Conformability in qualitative research is the same as the quantitative researcher’s concept of objectivity. Both deal
with the idea of neutrality or the extent to which the research is
free of bias in the procedures and the interpretation of results.
Because it may be impossible to achieve the levels of objectivity
that quantitative studies strive for, qualitative researchers are
concerned with whether the data they collect and the conclusions
they draw would be confirmed by others investigating the same
situation. Thus, in qualitative studies, the focus shifts from the
neutrality of the researcher to the conformability of the data and
interpretations.11 In the present study, to reach the conformability the researcher followed the procedure of the study scientifically.
10Ibid,
p. 638.
11Ibid.
