Pengantar Kontrol Kebisingan 2008( JILID I)

(1)

PENGANTAR

KONTROL

KEBISINGAN

oleh oleh Muhammad

Muhammad DirhamsyahDirhamsyah Jurusan

Jurusan TeknikTeknik MesinMesin Universitas

Universitas SyiahSyiah KualaKuala 2008

(2)

Dasar

(3)

Suara Suara

(4)

Kebisingan Kebisingan

(5)

Terminologi

(6)

Tekanan

Tekanan dandan EnergiEnergi SuaraSuara

SPL

SPL == 2020 loglog₁₀₁₀ (( PP_rms_rms// PP_ref_ref),), dBdB

SPW

(7)

Parameter

(8)

Propagasi

(9)

Tekanan

(10)

Tekanan

(11)

Tekanan

(12)

Konversi

Konversi TekananTekanan BunyiBunyi

(dB

(13)

Aplikasi

(14)

dB

(15)

Persepsi

Persepsi PerubahanPerubahan PeringkatPeringkat BunyiBunyi dalam

(16)

Persepsi

(17)

Penggunaan

(18)

Contoh

(19)

Jenis

(20)

Anechoic

(21)

Ruang

Ruang bertekananbertekanan

(Pressure

(22)

Ruang

Ruang SuaraSuara

(Sound

(23)

Indek

Indek DirektivitasDirektivitas

(Directivity

(24)

Penambahan

Penambahan TekananTekanan SuaraSuara di

(25)

Dua

(26)

Penambahan

(27)

Pengurangan

(28)

Pengurangan

(29)

Penambahan

(30)

Kesimpulan Kesimpulan

•• TingkatTingkat tekanantekanan suarasuara dalamdalam dBdB senilaisenilai 2

2 ** 1010‐‐55 PascalPascal

•• BatasanBatasan kemampuankemampuan pendengarapendengara manusiamanusia sebesar

sebesar 130dB130dB

•• PenambahanPenambahan dandan penguranganpengurangan nilainilai dBdB dapatdapat menggunakan

(31)

Analisa

Analisa FrekuensiFrekuensi dandan PanjangPanjang

gelombang gelombang

(32)

Batasan

(33)

Batasan

(34)

Analisa

(35)

Analisa

(36)

Panjang

(37)

Panjang

(38)

Difraksi

(39)

Difraksi

(40)

Refleksi

(41)

Analisis

(42)

Bentuk

(43)

Jenis

(44)

Filter Filter

(45)

Filter

(46)

Jenis

(47)

Filter

(48)

Filter

(49)

1/1

(50)

Spektogram Spektogram

(51)

Persepsi

(52)

Frekuensi

(53)

Kawasan

(54)

Persepsi

(55)

Kontur

(56)

Kontur

(57)

Kurva

(58)

Kalibrasi

(59)

Penggunaan

(60)

Analisis

(61)

Analisis

(62)

Analyzer Analyzer

(63)

Spektogram

(64)

(2) (2)

(65)

Contoh Contoh analisis

analisis WaveletWavelet

(a) Time domain signal of two sine wave

(a) Time domain signal of two sine waves with varying amplitudes with varying amplitude

(b)

(b) Fast Fast Fourier Fourier transform transform of of the the signalsignal

(c) Wavelet transform of the same signal (c) Wavelet transform of the same signal

(66)

Kebisingan

(67)

Contoh

Contoh KebisinganKebisingan TrafikTrafik

Peringkat

Peringkat kebisingankebisingan trafiktrafik tergantung

tergantung padapada tigatiga faktorfaktor :: (1)Volume

(1)Volume trafik,trafik, (2)Kecepatan, (2)Kecepatan, (3)Jumlah

(68)

Katagori

(69)

Aliran

(70)

Aliran

(71)

Akustik

(72)

Sumber

Sumber kebisingankebisingan

Sumber kebisingan yang

meningkat dalam meningkat dalam bangunan: bangunan: -- TetanggaTetangga -- TrafikTrafik -- IndustriIndustri

Aplikasi akustik bangunan

semakin meningkat dalam

skop untuk mengatasi

kontrol kebisingan dan

gangguan bising dalam

segala jenis bangunan.

(73)

Akustik

Akustik bangunanbangunan

Akustik

Akustik bangunanbangunan – merupakan – merupakan fenomenafenomena akustik

akustik dengandengan ruangruang tertutuptertutup sepertiseperti halnya

halnya ruanganruangan atauatau bangunan.bangunan. Ganggunan

Ganggunan akustikakustik yangyang terjaditerjadi berupaberupa

••RefleksiRefleksi

••PenyerapanPenyerapan

••WaktuWaktu gemagema

(74)

Refleksi

Refleksi suarasuara

•• SoundSound cancan bebe reflectedreflected inin a

a similarsimilar wayway toto lightlight

•• angle of angle of incidenceincidence == angleangle of

of reflectionreflection

•• ReflectingReflecting objectobject mustmust bebe at

at leastleast thethe samesame sizesize asas the

(75)

Refleksi

Refleksi PenundaanPenundaan panjangpanjang

•• InIn largerlarger halls,halls, ‘ray‘ray tracing’ cantracing’ can identifyidentify problematic

problematic echoesechoes

•• EchoEcho == aa reflectionreflection whichwhich arrivesarrives moremore thanthan 5050 ms

ms afterafter thethe directdirect soundsound

•• Reflections canReflections can bebe preventedprevented byby coveringcovering thethe surfaces

surfaces concernedconcerned withwith absorbentabsorbent materialmaterial or

or byby makingmaking themthem intointo diffusingdiffusing surfacessurfaces byby means

(76)

Penyerapan

Penyerapan suarasuara

Main types

Main types of of absorbers:absorbers:



PorousPorous materialsmaterials

•• consistconsist materialsmaterials suchsuch asas fiberboard,fiberboard, mineralmineral wools,wools, insulation

insulation blankets,blankets, etc.etc.

•• convertconvert soundsound energyenergy intointo heat.heat.

•• moremore efficientefficient atat highhigh thanthan lowlow frequenciesfrequencies

•• cancan bebe usedused inin thethe formform of of spacespace absorbersabsorbers

•• possiblepossible withwith thethe undersideunderside reflectingreflecting whilewhile thethe toptop is

is absorbent;absorbent; cancan preventprevent longlong delayeddelayed soundsound atat thethe same

same time,time, providingproviding moremore reflectionreflection of of soundsound toto certain

(77)

Penyerapan

Penyerapan SuaraSuara

Membrane

Membrane oror panelpanel absorbersabsorbers

•• good absorptiongood absorption characteristicscharacteristics inin lowlow frequency

frequency rangerange (50(50 – 500 – 500 Hz)Hz)

•• the approximatethe approximate resonantresonant frequency,frequency, f f f

f == 6060 // (md)(md)1/21/2 Where

Where mm == massmass of of thethe panelpanel (kg/m(kg/m22₎₎ d

(78)

Perilaku

Perilaku suarasuara – Penyerapan – Penyerapan suarasuara

Helmholtz atau

Helmholtz atau cavitycavity resonatorsresonators Container dengan

Container dengan leherleher kecilkecil terbukaterbuka dandan ikutikut bergerak

bergerak oleholeh resonansiresonansi udaraudara dalamdalam cavitycavity udaraudara

dmana

dmana cc == kecepatankecepatan suarasuara didi udaraudara rr == radiusradius leherleher

ll == panjangpanjang leherleher V

V == volumevolume cavitycavity

( ( )) ⎥⎥⎦⎦ ⎤⎤ ⎢⎢ ⎣⎣ ⎡⎡ + + = = V V r r ll cr cr f f π π π π π π 22 2 2 2 2 V V l l 2r 2r

(79)

Waktu

Waktu gemagema (Reverberation(Reverberation Time)Time) Sabine’s

Sabine’s formulaformula

Dimana

Dimana TT == waktuwaktu gema,gema, detikdetik V=

V= volumevolume ruang,ruang, mm33 A=

A= penyerapanpenyerapan ruang,ruang, mm22 Dan

Dan 0.160.16 merupakanmerupakan suatausuatau empirikempirik konstan,konstan, detik/mdetik/m Waktu

Waktu gema,gema, TT₆₀₆₀ adalahadalah lamanyalamanya suarasuara hilanghilang sebesarsebesar 60 60 dB(A).dB(A). A A V V T T == 00 .. 1616

(80)

Reverberation

Reverberation TimeTime

Sabine’s

Sabine’s formulaformula

Jika

Jika luasluas permukaanpermukaan == S,S, makamaka ratarata_‐‐ratarata koefisienkoefisien penyerapan

penyerapan (average(average absorptionabsorption coefficient),coefficient), άά ά ά Maka, Maka, S S A A = = α α S S V V T T == 00..1616

(81)

Penyerapan

Penyerapan bunyibunyi

Pada

Pada banyakbanyak jenis jenis contohcontoh yangyang digunakandigunakan menggunakan

menggunakan rumus,rumus,

Jika

Jika permukaanpermukaan ruangruang digunakandigunakan dengandengan contohcontoh yangyang berbeda,

berbeda, maka,maka,

α α α α ii ii ii S S S S

∑

= = 11

∑

= = = = = = N N ii ii N N ii ii ii S S S S 1 1 1 1 α α α α

(82)

Material

Material PenyerapPenyerap BunyiBunyi

•• DuaDua metodametoda untukuntuk mengukurmengukur koefisienkoefisien penyerapanpenyerapan ::

•• MetodaMetoda ruangruang gemagema (Reverberation(Reverberation chamber)chamber)

•• MetodaMetoda tabungtabung impedansiimpedansi (Impedance(Impedance tube)tube)

•• MetodaMetoda ReverberationReverberation chamberchamber (ISO(ISO R354R354_‐‐1985,1985, ASTM

ASTM C423C423_‐‐19841984 andand ASAS 10451045_‐‐1988)1988)

α α α α − − = = 1 1 R R ruang, ruang, Koefisien Koefisien SS

(83)

Teknik

Teknik PengujianPengujian AkustikAkustik Impedance

Impedance TubeTube

Karakteristik

Karakteristik akustikakustik daridari panelpanel diperolehdiperoleh dengandengan menggunakan

menggunakan metodametoda impedanceimpedance tubetube berdasarkanberdasarkan ISO

(84)

Metoda

Metoda ReverberationReverberation ChamberChamber

S’

S’== LuasLuas permukaanpermukaan totaltotal termasuktermasuk luasluas sampelsampel T’

T’₆₀₆₀== WaktuWaktu gemagema ReverberationReverberation tanpatanpa sampelsampel T

T₆₀₆₀ == WaktuWaktu gemagema (Reverbera(Reverberation) tion) dengandengan sampel

sampel S

S == LuasLuas permukaanpermukaan sampelsampel V

V == volumevolume ruangruang α

α == KoefisienKoefisien penyerapanpenyerapan SabineSabine (absorption(absorption

( ( )) )) (( '' '' '' 1 1 25 25 .. 55 55 ₂₂ 60 60 60 60 m m T T S S S S S S T T cc V V S S _⎥⎥ ⎦⎦ ⎤⎤ ⎢⎢ ⎣⎣ ⎡⎡ − − − − − − = = α α

(85)

Metoda

(86)

Pengukuran

Pengukuran ReverberationReverberation TimeTime

Dalam

Dalam ruangruang gemagema (reverberation(reverberation room):room):

Pada

Pada ruangruang normalnormal (dengan(dengan _‐‐ highhigh backgroundbackground noise):noise):

Lp, Lp, dBdB tt T T₆₀₆₀ 60 60 dBdB Lp, Lp, dBdB 60 60 dBdB T T tt Background

(87)

Pengukuran

Pengukuran ReverberationReverberation TimeTime

•• PengukuranPengukuran dapatdapat digunakandigunakan dengandengan metodametoda dibawah.dibawah.

•• SebuahSebuah mikrofonmikrofon dihubungkandihubungkan keke frequency frequency analyser analyser yangyang terhubungterhubung pada

pada perekamanperekaman suarasuara ((level level recorder recorder ).).

•• PerekamanPerekaman didi konversikankonversikan keke pengukuranpengukuran tekanantekanan bunyibunyi dalamdalam dB.dB.

•• PeralatanPeralatan berbasiskanberbasiskan microprocessormicroprocessor_‐‐basedbased modernmodern dapatdapat menghasilkan

menghasilkan grafikgrafik yangyang dapatdapat langsunglangsung mengukurmengukur waktuwaktu gemagema ((reverberationreverberation timetime).).

Sound

Sound sourcesource

microphone microphone Frequency Frequency analyser analyser Level

(88)

Jenis

Jenis ReverberationReverberation TimeTime padapada RuangRuang 3

3RDRD_O_OC_CT_TA_AV_VE_{E B}_BA_AN_ND_DW_WIID_DT_TH_{H C}_CE_EN_NT_TR_RE_{E F}_FR_RE_EQ_Q._{. ((H}_Hzz)) _R_RE_EV_VE_ER_RB_BE_ER_RA_AT_TIIO_ON_{N T}_TIIM_ME_{E ((ss))}

1 10000 11..5555 1 12255 11..6600 1 16600 11..4455 2 20000 11..3300 2 25500 11..2200 3 31155 11..0055 4 40000 11..0055 5 50000 11..0000 6 63300 11..1100 8 80000 11..0000 1 1000000 00..9900 1 1225500 11..0055 1 1660000 11..0055 2 2000000 11..0055 2 2550000 11..0000 3 3115500 00..9955

(89)

Bangunan

Bangunan AkustikAkustik Apa

Apa yangyang harusharus diukur?diukur?

 SuaraSuara latarlatar (Background

(Background Noise)Noise)

 WaktuWaktu gemagema (Reverberation

(Reverberation Time)Time)

 PenyerapanPenyerapan SuaraSuara (Sound

(Sound Absorption)Absorption)

 IsolasiIsolasi suarasuara “Airbor

“Airborne” ne” dandan impakimpak (airborne

(airborne andand ImpactImpact sound insulation)

(90)

Airborne

Airborne dandan ImpactImpact

Indek

Indek PenguranganPengurangan SuaraSuara (Sound(Sound ReductionReduction Index) atauIndex) atau kehilangan

kehilangan transmisitransmisi suarasuara (Sound(Sound TransmissionTransmission Loss)Loss)

Prinsip

Prinsip transmisitransmisi suarasuara melaluimelalui dindingdinding :: WW₃₃dandan WW₄₄merepresentasikanmerepresentasikan transmisitransmisi flanking

flanking soundsound keke komponenkomponen daridari struktur;struktur; WW₃₃yangyang selalunyaselalunya didi radiasikanradiasikan keke ruangruang 2,2, W

W₄₄yang tidakyangtidak termasuk.termasuk.

Room Room 1 1 W W₁₁ W W₄₄ W W₃₃ W W₂₂ Room Room 2 2 Dissipated Dissipated as as heatheat

(91)

Airborne

Airborne dandan ImpactImpact Sound

Sound insulationinsulation

Indek

Indek ReduksiReduksi SuaraSuara (Sound(Sound ReductionReduction Index) atauIndex) atau Kehilangan

Kehilangan TransmisiTransmisi suarasuara (Sound(Sound TransmissionTransmission Loss)Loss) 

KoefisienKoefisien transmisitransmisi suara,suara, ττ



IndekIndek reduksireduksi suara,suara, RR

1 1 2 2 W W W W = = τ τ dB dB R R τ τ 1 1 log log 10 10 = =

(92)

Pengukuran

Pengukuran ReduksiReduksi SuaraSuara

•• MetodaMetoda untukuntuk mengukurmengukur insulasiinsulasi dinyatakandinyatakan secarasecara standarstandar nasional

nasional dandan internasional.internasional.

•• MetodaMetoda yangyang umumnyaumumnya digunakandigunakan untukuntuk mencarimencari insulasiinsulasi suara

suara airborneairborne adalahadalah metodametoda duadua_‐‐ruangruang (the(the twotwo_‐‐roomroom method).

method).

LL₁₁ == PeringkatPeringkat tekanantekanan suarasuara (sound(sound pressurepressure level)level) padapada sumber

sumber suarasuara dalamdalam ruangruang (dB)(dB)

LL₂₂ == PeringkatPeringkat tekanantekanan suarasuara padapada ruangruang penerimapenerima (dB)(dB) S

S == LuasLuas spesimenspesimen pengujianpengujian A

A == LuasLuas penyerapanpenyerapan suarasuara ekivalenekivalen

dB dB A A S S L L L L R R == ₁₁ −− ₂₂ ++ 1010 loglog

(93)

Methoda

(94)

Membandingkan

Membandingkan hasilhasil dengandengan keperluan

keperluan – Isolasi – Isolasi suarasuara

Single

Single FigureFigure IndicesIndices

•• ISOISO 717717_‐‐19821982 menggambarkanmenggambarkan suatusuatu metodametoda yangyang mempunyai

mempunyai gambarangambaran tunggaltunggal daridari airborneairborne dandan kurvakurva insulasi

insulasi impakimpak suarasuara yangyang didi ukurukur berdasarkanberdasarkan ISOISO 140.140.

•• IndekIndek ReduksiReduksi PembebananPembebanan PuncakPuncak suarasuara ““Weighted Weighted Apparent

(95)

Membandingkan

Membandingkan hasilhasil dengandengan keperluan

keperluan – Isolasi – Isolasi suarasuara

(96)

Survey

(97)

Insulation

Insulation – Standar – Standar AkustikAkustik BangunanBangunan

Raw insulation, D Raw insulation, D Norm

Normalisealisedd insuinsulatiolation, DnTn, DnT Norm

Normalisealisedd insulinsulation in dBAation in dBA, DnAT, DnAT

French

French standard Nstandard NF F S 31-057S 31-057

Raw

Raw insulation D insulation D = = LL₁₁-L-L₂₂ No

Normrmalialisedsed acoacoustustic insulic insulatiation Dnon Dn ==

Norm

Normalisedalised acoustiacoustic insulation Dn,Tc insulation Dn,T==

International Standard ISO 140-4 International Standard ISO 140-4

Weigh

Weighted normalisted normaliseded acoustiacoustic insulation Dn,wc insulation Dn,w Weigh

Weighted normalisted normaliseded acoustiacoustic insulation Dn,T,wc insulation Dn,T,w

International standard ISO 717-1 International standard ISO 717-1

S

Soouunnd d rreedduuccttiioon n iinnddeex x RR IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaal l ssttaannddaarrd d IISSO O 114400--3 3 ((NNF F EENN 140-3)

140-3) A

Appppaarreennt t ssoouunnd d rreedduuccttiioon n iinnddeex x RR’’ IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaal l ssttaannddaarrd d IISSO O 114400--4 4 ((NNF F EENN 140-4)

140-4)

Weighted sound reduction index RW Weighted sound reduction index RW

Apparent weighted sound reduction index R’w Apparent weighted sound reduction index R’w

International Standard ISO 717-1 (NF EN International Standard ISO 717-1 (NF EN 717-1)

(98)

Bunyi

Bunyi ImpactImpact

Impac

Impact normalt normalisedised sound presound pressure levssure level LnTel LnT Impac

Impact nort normalimalisedsed sound sound pressupressure levre level in el in dBAdBA LnATLnAT

French standard NF S French standard NF S 31-057

057

Impac

Impact normalt normalisedised sound presound pressure levssure level Lnel Ln Impac

Impact normalt normalisedised sound presound pressure levssure level L’nel L’n Impac

Impact standardt standardisedised sounsound pressure level L’nTd pressure level L’nT

International standard International standard ISO 140-6 et ISO 140-7 ISO 140-6 et ISO 140-7

Impact norm

Impact normalisedalised weighted souweighted sound pressure nd pressure level Ln,wlevel Ln,w Impact norm

Impact normalisedalised weighted soweighted sound pressure und pressure level L’n,wlevel L’n,w Impact standard weighted sound pressure level L’nT,w Impact standard weighted sound pressure level L’nT,w

International standard International standard ISO 717-2

(99)

Kebisingan

Kebisingan PeralatanPeralatan

E

Eqquuiippmmeennt t nnooiisse e nnoorrmmaalliisseedd lleevveel l LLeeTT FFrreenncch h ssttaannddaarrdd NF S 31-057 NF S 31-057

Absorption coefficient

Absorption coefficient ∝∝ss International standard ISO 354 (NF EN 20354)International standard ISO 354 (NF EN 20354) Weighted absorption index

Weighted absorption index ∝∝ww International standard ISO 11654 (NF ENInternational standard ISO 11654 (NF EN 11654)

11654)

Absorption Absorption

(100)

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS OF OF BUILDINGBUILDING

ACOUSTICS ACOUSTICS

•• ImpactImpact testtest

•• GlazingGlazing testtest

(101)

IMPACT

IMPACT TEST TEST

Overall

Overall SetSet_‐‐upup of of thethe ImpactImpact TestTest

Chadwick Chadwick Roof Roof Tapping

Tapping MachineMachine

Microphone Microphone Rotating

Rotating BoomBoom

Speaker Speaker

(102)

IMPACT

IMPACT TEST TEST – METHODOLOGY – METHODOLOGY

•• MainMain purposepurpose :: toto findfind aa singlesingle_‐‐numbernumber quantity

quantity usedused forfor definingdefining thethe impactimpact soundsound insulation

insulation of of aa roof roof structurestructure asas stipulatedstipulated inin ISO

ISO 717717_‐‐22 StandardStandard Procedures.Procedures.

•• Weighted Normalised Impact Weighted Normalised Impact Sound Sound PressurePressure Level

Level denoted bydenoted by thethe symbol,symbol, L’L’_n,w_n,w

CALIBRATION CALIBRATION

REVERBERATION REVERBERATION TIME

TIME OFOF RECEIVINGRECEIVING ROOM

ROOM

MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND NOISENOISE LEVEL

LEVEL MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT

SOUND

SOUND PRESSUREPRESSURE LEVELLEVEL INSIDEINSIDE THE

THE TESTTEST ROOMROOM MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT CALCULATION CALCULATION OFOF L’ L’_n,w_n,w

(103)

IMPACT

IMPACT TEST TEST

_‐‐

RESULTSRESULTS

•• InIn generalgeneral withinwithin thethe frequencyfrequency rangerange of of interestinterest (From

(From 100Hz100Hz upup toto 3150Hz)3150Hz) thethe differencedifference betweenbetween the

the receivedreceived soundsound pressurepressure levelslevels fromfrom thethe impactimpact test

test andand thethe backgroundbackground noisenoise levelslevels areare aboveabove 20dB.

20dB.

•• TheThe calculatedcalculated Weighted Weighted NoNormrmalalisised ed ImImpapact ct Sound

(104)

GLAZING

GLAZING TEST TEST

RECEIVING RECEIVING ROOM ROOM TRANSMITTING TRANSMITTING ROOM ROOM Opening Opening forfor Acoustic Acoustic TestingTesting 1m 1m22 6.28m 6.28m 4.41m 4.41m 5.30m 5.30m 5.48m 5.48m Acoustic Acoustic Door Door Speaker Speaker Microphone Microphone 6.5m 6.5m 5.5m 5.5m 6.0m 6.0m

(105)

GLAZING

GLAZING TEST TEST

Cross

Cross sectionsection of of thethe acousticacoustic testtest roomsrooms

TRANSMITTING

TRANSMITTING ROOMROOM

RECEIVING RECEIVING ROOM ROOM Glazing Glazing Test Test Sample Sample

(106)

GLAZING

GLAZING TEST TEST

Sample

(107)

ABSORPTION

ABSORPTION TEST TEST

•• LocationLocation :: AcousticAcoustic Laboratory,Laboratory, UKMUKM

•• Reverberation roomReverberation room capacitycapacity volumevolume == 171171 mm33 •• SampleSample testtest :: 1010 mm22 _wall_{wall panel}_panel

6. 6. 32m32m 4.58 4.58 m m 5.33 5.33 m m 6.28m 6.28m 4.41 4.41 m m 5.50 5.50 m m 5.30 5.30 m m 5.48m 5.48m Acoustic Acoustic Door Door Opening

Opening forfor Acoustic Acoustic Testing Testing 1m1m22

(108)

ABSORPTION

microphone microphone

Test

Test samplesample

speake speake rr

Cross

(109)

ABSORPTION

Reverberation

(110)

ABSORPTION

_‐‐

RESULTSRESULTS

(111)

ABSORPTION

(112)

Korelasi

(113)

Pengukuran

Pengukuran GetaranGetaran

Many

Many installationsinstallations inin modernmodern building,building, eg.eg. LiftsLifts andand washingwashing machine,

machine, produceproduce bothboth noisenoise andand vibration.vibration. Noise

Noise measurementsmeasurements mustmust thereforetherefore bebe complementedcomplemented byby vibrationvibration measurements.

measurements.

(114)

Pengukuran

Pengukuran GetaranGetaran

•• MeasuringMeasuring thethe LossLoss FactorFactor of of aa PartitionPartition the

the LossLoss Factor,Factor, ηη calculatedcalculated fromfrom

,, f f == centrecentre frequencyfrequency of of thethe 1/3 octave1/3 octave bandband T

(115)

Rantai

(116)

Analisa

(117)

Analisa

(118)

Spektrum

(119)

Spektrum

(120)

Representasi

(121)

Skala

(122)

Skala

(123)

Skala

(124)

Filter

(125)

Filter

(126)

Jenis

(127)

Filter

(128)

Filter

(129)

Skala

(130)

Pemilihan

(131)

Analisa

(132)

Skala

(133)

Skala

(134)

Transmisi

(135)

Kondisi

(136)

Parameter

(137)

Pemilihan

(138)

Detektor

(139)

Purata

(140)

Analisis

(141)

Akselerometer Akselerometer

(142)

Verifikasi

(143)

Pengujian

(144)

Pengujian

(145)

Pengujian

(146)

Pengujian

(147)

Pengujian

(148)

Pengujian

(149)

Pengujian

(150)

Pengujian

(151)

Pengujian

(152)

Pengujian

(153)

Pengujian

(154)

Pengujian

(155)

Pengujian

(156)

Bantalan Bantalan

(Bearing

(157)

Lingkungan Lingkungan

(158)

Melbourne Airport's Environmental

Management System (EMS)

was accredited to

was accredited to world's best practworld's best practice standard, ISO 14001 iice standard, ISO 14001 in June 2004 -n June 2004 - making itmaking it

the first airport in

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Airport Noise Management

There are four main mechanisms that are used to manage and minimise

the noise effe

the noise effects generacts generated by aircrafted by aircraft approacht approaching or departiing or departingng fromfrom

Melbourne Airport.

•• Control of AirspaceControl of Airspace

Airservices Australia is responsible for management and control of the flight Airservices Australia is responsible for management and control of the flight paths used by aircraft approaching and departing from Melbourne Airport. paths used by aircraft approaching and departing from Melbourne Airport. •• Monitoring of Noise Monitoring of Noise ComplaintsComplaints

Noise complaints are received by Airservices on its 24-hour number Noise complaints are received by Airservices on its 24-hour number 1300-302-240.

240.

•• Noise Abatement CommitteeNoise Abatement Committee

The Committee's role is to review the impact of aircraft noise exposure on the The Committee's role is to review the impact of aircraft noise exposure on the surrounding community and in a consultative manner, make recommendations surrounding community and in a consultative manner, make recommendations to minimi

to minimise the effect of airse the effect of aircraft noiscraft noise. The Commie. The Committee meets onttee meets on a quarterla quarterlyy basis.

basis.

•• Land use ControlsLand use Controls

The controls are mainly concerned with the development of residential land and The controls are mainly concerned with the development of residential land and are administered by the local council's statutory planning departments.

(160)

Trafik

(161)

Trafik

(162)

(163)

(164)

Studi Studi

(165)

Pemantauan

(166)

NC NC Milling-Machine Machine CNC CNC Lathe Lathe G G e e a a r r B B o o x x Lathe Machine Lathe Machine Small-Drilling Small-Drilling Machine Machine •

• SinyalSinyal kerusakankerusakan didi tampilkantampilkan pada

pada spektogramspektogram adalahadalah implusif implusif

•

• ProsedurProsedur perawatanperawatan perluperlu didi laksanakan

laksanakan agaragar lebihlebih efisienefisien

Pemantauan

(167)

(a) (a)

Terjadi

Terjadi impulsimpuls yangyang mengganggu

mengganggu sinyalsinyal sinus

sinus

(b) (b)

Hasil

Hasil dengandengan FastFast Fourier Fourier Transform Transform (c) (c) Menggunakan Menggunakan wavelet transform wavelet transform Contoh

Contoh analisisanalisis sinyalsinyal dengandengan gangguangangguan impak

(168)

Evaluasi

Evaluasi PerformansiPerformansi MesinMesin

Experiment

Experiment setupsetup

Raw

Raw materialmaterial

Drilling

Drilling operationoperation Drilling performanceDrilling performance

Evaluasi Evaluasi

(169)

Sumber

(170)

Sistem

Sistem PemantauanPemantauan DiniDini

Tsunami Tsunami

(171)

P

PRROODDUUCCTTS S 2200006 6 2200007 7 2200008 8 22000099

SURFACE

SURFACE BUOYBUOY RERE EENNGGIINNEEEERREED D IINNDDIIGGIINNEEOOUUS S IIMMPPRROOVVEEDD VEHICLEVEHICLE NEWNEW CONCEPT,CONCEPT, MULTIMULTI PURPOSE

PURPOSE

OCEAN

OCEAN BOTTOMBOTTOM UNIT

UNIT

SIMPLE

SIMPLE SSTTRRUUCCTTUURRE E SSIIMMPPLLEE DESIGN,DESIGN, IMPROVE

IMPROVE MATERIALMATERIAL

NEW

NEW APPROACHAPPROACH TOTO HOUSE

HOUSE PAYLOADPAYLOAD ANDAND DEPLOYMENT

DEPLOYMENT

NEW

NEW CONCEPT,CONCEPT, MULTIMULTI PURPOSE

PURPOSE SCENTIFICSCENTIFIC PLATFORM

PLATFORM

ACOUSTIC

ACOUSTIC LINKLINK SINGLESINGLE CHANNELCHANNEL OMNI

OMNI DIRECTIONALDIRECTIONAL

DUAL

DUAL CHANNEL,CHANNEL, REPEATER REPEATER LINK,LINK, DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL

DUAL

DUAL CHANNELCHANNEL MULTIMULTI ACCESS

ACCESS

FULL

FULL REDUNDANT,REDUNDANT, MULTI

MULTI ACCESS,ACCESS, HIHI RELIABILITY

RELIABILITY LINKLINK

SATELLITE

SATELLITE LINKLINK ,,

WIRELESS

WIRELESS LINKLINK

SINGLE

SINGLECCHHAANNNNEEL L TTWWOOSYSTEM,SYSTEM,HALFHALF

FULL

FULLREDUNDANTREDUNDANT

ONE

ONESYSTEM,SYSTEM,FULLFULL

REDUNDANT

REDUNDANT,,MOBILEMOBILE

INTEGRATED

INTEGRATEDSYSTEM,SYSTEM,

FULL

FULLREDUNDANT,REDUNDANT,

HIGH

HIGHMOBILITYMOBILITY

SENSORY SENSORY SYSTEM SYSTEM && PROCESSING PROCESSING

PRESURE

PRESURE SENSORSENSOR SINGLE

SINGLE PROCESSINGPROCESSING

MULTIPLE

MULTIPLE SENSORSSENSORS DUAL

DUAL PROCESSINGPROCESSING

TSUNAMI

TSUNAMI ANDAND OTHEROTHER SCIENTIFIC

SCIENTIFIC DUAL

DUAL PROCESSINGPROCESSING

INTELLIGENT

INTELLIGENT SENSORYSENSORY SYSTEM

SYSTEM NETWORK,NETWORK, INTELLIGENT

INTELLIGENT PROCESSING PROCESSING

READ

READ DOWNDOWN STATION STATION

SIMPLE

SIMPLE RECEPTIONRECEPTION && DISPLAY

DISPLAY && MONITORING MONITORING

MULTI

MULTI DISPLAYDISPLAY ,, MULTI

MULTI SERVERS,SERVERS, NETWORK

NETWORK READYREADY

MULTI

MULTI DISPLAY,DISPLAY, SOFTSOFT SWITCHABLE

SWITCHABLE MONITORING, MONITORING, NETWORK

NETWORK CAPABLECAPABLE

INTERNATIONALLY INTERNATIONALLY CAPABLE

CAPABLE MONITORING, MONITORING, FULLFULL NETWORK

NETWORK CAPABLECAPABLE DATA

DATA BUOYBUOY CENTERCENTER

DATA

NETWORKING

NA

NA BPPTBPPTLAN,LAN,AUTHORIZEAUTHORIZE AND

AND PUBLICPUBLICACCESSACCESS

NATIONAL NATIONAL&& REGIONAL

REGIONALNETWORKNETWORK DATA

DATAPOSTINGPOSTINGANDAND ACCESS ACCESS INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL INTERNETWORKING, INTERNETWORKING, INDONESIA

INDONESIADATADATA BUOY

BUOYCENTERCENTER PETA

PETA RENCANARENCANA SISTEMSISTEM INAINA_‐‐BUOYBUOY PENGEMBANGAN

(172)

systems meet a number of data stream

requirements that are essential to an

operational tsunami forecast system:

1.

1. Measurement: Measurement: tsunami tsunami amplitude amplitude timetime

series

2.

2. Accuracy: Accuracy: 0.5 0.5 cm cm or or lessless

3.

3. Sampling: Sampling: 1 1 min min or or lessless

4.

4. Processing: Processing: 2 2 min min or or lessless

5.

5. Delivery: Delivery: 5 5 min min or or lessless

C

Chhaarraacctteerriissttiicc SSppeecciiffiiccaattiioonn

Reliability an

Reliability and data return d data return ratio: ratio: Greater than 80%Greater than 80%

M

Maaxxiimmuum dm deeppllooyymmeennt dt deepptthh:: 6600000 m0 m

Minimum

Minimum deployment deployment duration: duration: Greater than Greater than 1 year1 year

Operating

Operating ConditionConditions: s: Beaufort Beaufort 9 9 (survive(survive

Beaufort 11)

Maintenance

Maintenance interval, interval, buoy: buoy: Greater Greater than than 2 2 yearsyears

Maintenance

Maintenance interval, interval, Greater Greater than than 4 4 yrsyrs

tsunameter

Sampling

Sampling interval, interval, internal internal record: record: 15 15 secsec

Sampling

Sampling interval, interval, event event reports: reports: 15 15 and and 60 60 secsec

Sampling

Sampling interval, interval, tidal tidal reports: reports: 15 15 minmin

Measurement

Measurement sensitivity: sensitivity: Less Less than than 1 1 mm mm inin

6000 m; 2

6000 m; 2 10–710–7

Tsunami

Tsunami data data report report trigger trigger Automatically Automatically byby

tsunami detection tsunami detection algorithm; on algorithm; on d deemmaanndd bby y wwaarrnniinng g cceenntteerr request request Reporting

Reporting delay: delay: Less Less than than 3 3 minmin

Maximum status report interval: Less than 6 hrs

SYSTEM

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT _PERFORMANCE_{PERFORMANCE PARTICULARS}_PARTICULARS

SYSTEM

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Surface

Surface Buoy,Buoy,

Generasi

_‐‐

11 KrakatauKrakatau

INMARSAT

INMARSAT SATCOMSATCOM METEO

METEO SENSORSENSOR

RADAR

RADAR REFLECTORREFLECTOR

ACOUSTIC

ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERTRANSDUCER INSTRUMENTATION

INSTRUMENTATION BAYBAY

•• ACOUSTICACOUSTIC MODEMMODEM

•• INMARSATINMARSAT TT_‐‐BOXBOX

•• PROCESSINGPROCESSING UNITUNIT

•• AWSAWS DATADATA LOGGERLOGGER

•• BATTERYBATTERY FLASH

(174)

Ocean

Ocean BottomBottom UnitUnit (OBU)(OBU)

Pressure

Pressure sensorsensor CPU

CPU

Battery Battery Acoustic

Acoustic modemmodem Releaser

(175)

MOORING MOORING CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION Surface Buoy Surface Buoy INDONESIA TEWS INDONESIA TEWS Sach

Sachelel 1.5”1.5”, Ring , Ring ¾”¾”

Sach

Sachelel CrosCrosby by ½”½”

Swivel Eye + Eye 5/8”, 5 t Swivel Eye + Eye 5/8”, 5 t Sach

Sachelel CrosCrosby by ½”½”

PWB Chain ½”, 10m long PWB Chain ½”, 10m long

Floaters Bentos, 8 balls Floaters Bentos, 8 balls @25kg buoyancy @25kg buoyancy Steel Wire, ½”,

Steel Wire, ½”, 250 m long250 m long Sach

Sachelel ½”, Rin½”, Ring ¾”, Sachg ¾”, Sachelel ½”

½”

Sach

Sachelel ½”, Rin½”, Ring ¾”, Sachg ¾”, Sachelel ½”

½” Sac

Sachelhel ½”, Ri½”, Ring ¾”ng ¾”, Sac, Sachelhel ½”½” Steel Wire, ½”,

Steel Wire, ½”, 250 250 m longm long

Floaters Bentos, 8 balls @25kg buoyancy Floaters Bentos, 8 balls @25kg buoyancy Sac

Sachelhel ½”, Ri½”, Ring ¾”ng ¾”, Sach, Sachelel ½”½”

Acoustic Releaser MORS (40kg) Acoustic Releaser MORS (40kg) Chain PWB, ¾”, 10 m long Chain PWB, ¾”, 10 m long

Parachute with 7m lines Parachute with 7m lines (opt)

(opt)

Sinker ( Steel covered Concrete) 3,2 t Sinker ( Steel covered Concrete) 3,2 t Chain Chain PWB, ¾”, PWB, ¾”, 10 m long 10 m long Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ” ” Sach

Sachel ¾el ¾ ”, Ring ¾””, Ring ¾”, Sache, Sachel 1”l 1” Nylon Rope 1”, 22

Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 0 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”” Nylon Rope 1”, 22

Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 0 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”” Nylon Rope 1”, 170 m long

Nylon Rope 1”, 170 m long

Swivel

Swivel Eye+ Eye+ Eye, Eye, 5 5 tt Sac

Sachel ¾hel ¾ ”, Ri”, Ring ¾ng ¾”, S”, Sachachel ¾el ¾ ”” Sac

Sachel ¾hel ¾ ”, Ri”, Ring ¾ng ¾”, Sa”, Sachchel ¾el ¾ ”” Sach

Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾el 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sach”, Sachel ¾el ¾ ”” Sach

Sachel 1 ”, Rinel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sacg ¾”, Sachel ¾hel ¾ ””

Floaters Bentos, 8 balls

Floaters Bentos, 8 balls @25kg buoyancy@25kg buoyancy Floaters Bentos, 4 balls @25kg buoyancy Floaters Bentos, 4 balls @25kg buoyancy Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”,

Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”, Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾Ring ¾”, Sachel ¾ ”

”

Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long, Sachel 1 ”,

”

Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long Nylon Rope 1”, 220 m long

Sachel 1” Sachel 1”

(176)

VPN VPN oror Internet Internet

Surface

Surface BuoyBuoy INMARSATINMARSAT LES LES

DATA

DATA LINKLINK BUOYBUOY – RDS, – RDS, SAATSAAT INIINI

BPPT

(177)

(178)

zon

zona a patpataahanhan

Kerak Bumi Sebelum Regangan

Kerak Bumi Sebelum Regangan Gaya Elastis Mencapai LimitGaya Elastis Mencapai Limit

Gelombang S

Gelombang Seieissmik mik

Pelepasan ‘stress’

ti

tititik kk kontontrolrol

Gempabumi

Geodetic measurement: how it works Geodetic measurement: how it works

csubarya@bakosurtanal.go.id csubarya@bakosurtanal.go.id

(179)

(180)

Precise Real-Time GPS: Precise Real-Time GPS:

Requirements Requirements

l

l Reliable communication channels (dedicated lines, spread-Reliable communication channels (dedicated lines, spread-spectrum radio, wireless Internet, satellite, FM sub-carriers, …) spectrum radio, wireless Internet, satellite, FM sub-carriers, …)

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CONTINUOUS (PERMANENT) CONTINUOUS (PERMANENT)

GPS GPS

Continuously recording GPS receivers Continuously recording GPS receivers permanently installed

permanently installed Give positions instantly Give positions instantly

Provide significantly more precise data: Provide significantly more precise data: No errors in setting up equipment and No errors in setting up equipment and

reoccupying sites reoccupying sites Very stable monuments Very stable monuments

Many more positions to constrain time Many more positions to constrain time

series series

Can observe transient signals such as Can observe transient signals such as due to earthquake

(182)

GPS = Great Places to Sleep

(183)

BRUEL

BRUEL ANDAND KJAERKJAER

BA766611,

BA766611, BA766911BA766911 ,, BA767612,BA767612, BV0052,BV0052, BV0053,BV0053, BV0054,BV0054, BV0055,BV0055, TP213,TP213, TP216TP216

CSUBARYA@BAKOSURTANAL.GO.ID CSUBARYA@BAKOSURTANAL.GO.ID INA

INA_‐‐BUOYBUOY SYSTEM,SYSTEM, ENG.ENG. && DEV.DEV. – BPPT – BPPT PROF

PROF JAILANIJAILANI MM NOORNOOR

HAND HAND_‐‐OUTOUT

Referensi