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Maranatha Christian University
ABSTRACT
Dalam tugas akhir ini, saya akan menganalisis pelanggaran bidal yang berujung pada konflik yang saya ambil dari film Desperate Housewives musim ke-6. Bidal merupakan bagian kajian dari pragmatik yang merupakan ilmu mengenai tuturan. Alasan saya mengambil film Desperate Housewives musim ke-6 ialah karena di dalamnya cukup banyak tokoh-tokoh yang melakukan pelanggaran bidal yang berujung pada konflik, sehingga layak untuk dijadikan bahan analisis. Pelanggaran bidal yang terjadi terdiri atas flouting the maxim of
quantity, flouting the maxim of quality, flouting the maxim of relation, flouting the maxim of manner, violating a maxim, infringing a maxim, opting out of a maxim, and suspending a maxim.
Salah satu temuan yang saya peroleh dari kajian saya ini ialah bahwa cukup banyak tokoh-tokoh di dalam film ini yang melakukan pelanggaran bidal
violating a maxim karena upaya para tokoh untuk menyembunyikan suatu
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1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 4
1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 4
1.4 Methods of Research ... 5
1.5 Organization of the Thesis ... 5
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Maranatha Christian University CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION ... 36
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 41
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Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
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Maranatha Christian University conflict which can be seen within people’s utterances. According to Harry
Shaw, conflict is “a struggle between man and man” (Shaw 91).
The topic of my thesis falls under the study of pragmatics which is a
branch of linguistics which concerns with the speaker’s utterances and the
speaker’s meaning in a particular context. According to George Yule,
“Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a
speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader)” (Yule 3).
In a conversation, sometimes there are times when people actually have more meaning than what their utterances mean. And there are times when people say something which is different from the lexical meanings of their words. Thus, there is a difference between what the speaker says and what the speaker means. What is contained in the speaker’s utterances sometimes does not only have one meaning, but could have several meanings apart from its overt meaning. Those meanings are called implicature. Therefore, if there is an
implicature within the speaker’s utterances, the hearer is required to understand
the actual meaning behind the speaker’s utterances. This aims to avoid
misunderstanding between the speaker and the hearer.
Herbert Paul Grice, who is an English language philosopher, introduces
the Cooperative Principle, “Make your contribution such as is required, at the
stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of talk exchange
in which you are engaged” (Thomas 61-62), to make a conversation run
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Maranatha Christian University People very often fail to observe the maxims for certain reasons when they are in a conversation. Sometimes people fail to observe the maxims because they do not want to hurt the interlocutors, they want to hide something from the interlocutors, they do not want to be involved in a conversation, and so forth. This communication performance is known as non-observance of the maxims as what Grice claims in Meaning in Interaction (1995) by Jenny Thomas. Furthermore, Grice indicates five types of failure in observing the maxims which are flouting, violating, infringing, opting out, and suspending a maxim. Those five kinds of non-observance of the maxims can lead to conflicts between the speaker and the hearer.
The reason why I choose to analyze non-observance of the maxims is because there is often a misunderstanding between the speaker and the hearer which comes from their utterances that can lead to a conflict.
For my analysis, I choose a television series Desperate Housewives Season 6 as a data source. While the topic of my thesis is Analysis of Conflicts
Caused by Non-Observance of the Gricean Maxims in Desperate Housewives Television Series Season 6.
Desperate Housewives film is about five women, Bree Van de Kamp,
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Maranatha Christian University happy home”. I choose Desperate Housewives Season 6 as a data source of my analysis because this film has a lot of conflicts among the characters which are caused by non-observance of the maxims. In addition, there are a lot of implicatures within the utterances of each character.
This study will be very beneficial for students of the English Department, Faculty of Letters, Maranatha Christian University, because after reading my study, they will understand how to analyze the utterances of the speaker which contains non-observance of the maxims that can lead to conflict in a film. This is also beneficial for people outside the English Department because they will understand, that conflicts in their daily lives arise caused by non-observance of the maxims. Thus, they can avoid the conflicts by observing the maxims.
(779 words)
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In this thesis, I would like to analyze the following problems: 1. What types of non-observance of the Gricean maxims are found in
Desperate Housewives television series season 6? 2. What implicature is generated?
3. How does the non-observance of the Gricean maxims lead to conflicts?
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Maranatha Christian University The purposes of this study are as follows:
1. To know the types of non-observance of the Gricean maxims found in Desperate Housewives television series season 6.
2. To know the generated implicature. watched the television series for the second time and noted down the speaker’s utterances which contain non-observance of the Gricean maxims. Fifth, I analyzed the type of non-observance the Gricean maxims and the implicature
that generated within speaker’s utterance. Sixth, I analyzed the way the non
-observance of the Gricean maxims leads to conflict. Finally, I wrote the research.
1.5 Organization of the Thesis
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Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, I would like to write a conclusion based on my analysis in the previous chapter. I have found twenty data of the non-observance of maxims in Desperate Housewives television series season 6, which can lead to misunderstanding or even a conflict between the characters in the film. In this chapter, I also want to count the points from the data that I have analyzed.
This study shows us the use of the non-observance of maxims in
Desperate Housewives television series season 6, which can lead to
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Maranatha Christian University The first major type of non-observance of maxims which leads to a conflict between the characters in Desperate Housewives season 6 is violating a maxim. Concealment of the truth is really effective when the maxim of
violation is applied because by using it, the speaker can hide the truth and also the secret from the hearer. This can lead to a conflict between the characters if the speaker fails to mislead the hearer. In my data, almost all female characters are housewives who know each other. And many characters, as the speakers, fail to mislead the hearer because it is not easy to fool the hearer. It is because the hearer already knows the truth when the speaker tries to violate a maxim. After I have analyzed my data, I have found that the characters of the film violate a maxim at least twelve times in data 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, and 20.
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Maranatha Christian University The third type of non-observance of maxims which leads to a conflict between the characters in the film is opting out of a maxim. Interestingly, if it is related to the concealment which is identical with opting out of a maxim, sometimes the speaker will refuse to be involved in a conversation. It can lead to a conflict if the hearer tries hard to talk about something that we do not want to talk. Although the definition of opting out of a maxim is identical with rejection, the number is not as many as violating a maxim. There is one time when the characters of the film opt out of a maxim. It can be seen in data 7.
Flouting the maxim of quantity also happens to be the third type of
non-observance of maxim which leads to a conflict between the characters in the film. Efforts to cover the entire truth is the reason why flouting the maxim of quantity is used. In my data, the characters conceal the truth by giving less information. In other words, they will give the unfinished sentence to the hearer because they do not want to be asked more deeply. It can lead to a conflict if the speaker fails to flout the maxim of quantity. It is because the hearer already knows the hidden truth. From the data that have been analyzed, I find that there is one time when the characters of the film are flouting the maxim of quantity. It can be seen in data 15.
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Maranatha Christian University previous chapter, flouting the maxim of relation occurs one time. It is the same number as opting out of a maxim and flouting the maxim of quantity. It can be seen in data 16.
The essence of using all of those maxims are concealment of truth. However, many of the characters in the film fail because their intention or the truth is already known by the hearer.
There is not any infringing a maxim in my data because in Desperate
Housewives season 6, there is only a native speaker which has a perfect
linguistic performance. Another non-observance of maxims is suspending a maxim is also not found in my data because there is no taboo things that is caused by culture. Lastly, flouting the maxim of quality also does not appear in my data, it is because in my data, the speaker says untrue with his or her intention to mislead the hearer, while there is no intention to mislead in flouting the maxim of quality.
This study has shown us the conflicts caused by non-observance of the maxims in Desperate Housewives television series season 6. The characters in the film use some types of non-observance of the maxims in their utterance for their own reasons. Besides conflict, in the film, I find that humor can also be analyzed by using non-observance of the maxims. And humor can be taken as a topic for the next researches because there are plenty of examples.
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Maranatha Christian University different topic or the conflict which is triggered by miscalculation of the politeness strategies.
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Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Desperate Housewives Season Six. Dir. John David Coles, Fred Gerber, and
David Grossman. ABC, 2004. DVD.
References
“Conversation.” Cambridge Online Dictionary. Cambridge Dictionaries Online,
2015. Web. 20 March 2015.
“Desperate Housewives.” American Broadcasting Company. N.p., n.d. Web. 2
May 2014.
Shaw, Harry. Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 1972. Print. Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics.
Longman, 1995. Print.
