J
OURNAL OFD
EGRADED ANDM
ININGL
ANDSM
ANAGEMENTVolume 10, Number 3 (April 2023):4509-4516, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4509 ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id
Open Access 4509 Research Article
Physiological responses and growth of Samanea saman grown in a biodegradable seedling container filled with post-silica mined soil media in the greenhouse
Sri Wilarso Budi1*, Andi Sukendro1, Cahyo Wibowo1, Khiorunnisa Rizki Dwi Jayati2
1 Silviculture Department, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Campus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
2 Graduate Program of Tropical Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Campus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
*corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract Article history:
Received 25 November 2022 Accepted 19 January 2023 Published 1 April 2023
A biodegradable seedling container was developed to minimize plastic waste in the field during post-mining land revegetation activities.
Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the physiological response and growth of Samanea saman grown in a biodegradable seedling container filled with post-silica mined soil media. A factorial experimental design was used with two factors, namely (1) basic raw materials, namely recycled newspaper, compost, and cocopeat, and (2) size of raw materials, including 5 mesh, 10 mesh, and 8 mesh. The parameters measured were photosynthetic rate, leaf greenness index, transpiration rate, height, and diameter of S. saman seedlings. The results showed that the interaction between the composition and size of basic raw materials of the biodegradable seedling container significantly increased the photosynthetic rate, leaf greenness index, transpiration rate, height, and diameter of seedlings. There was also a positive correlation between the rate of photosynthetic and leaf greenness index (r = 0.838). Furthermore, the C/N ratio of the biodegradable pot varied depending on the composition of materials used. After two months, the C/N ratio decreased, indicating that decomposition processes had occurred. Analysis of the biodegradable seedling container showed that it contains less than 0.08 mg Pb kg-1, which was considered a non-toxic element for plant growth.
Keywords:
biodegradable
physiological and growth response post-mining land
seedling container
To cite this article: Budi, S.W., Sukendro, A., Wibowo, C. and Jayati, K.R.D. 2023. Physiological responses and growth of Samanea saman grown in a biodegradable seedling container filled with post-silica mined soil media in the greenhouse. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(3):4509-4516, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4509.
Introduction
The mining sector plays an important role in the economic development of the world. According to Indonesian Statistic Data (2021), it contributes to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 8.98%.
Despite the high contribution to economic development in several countries, it has been reported that mining had various negative impacts on the
environment. Furthermore, mining activities contribute to the loss of flora and fauna diversity (Appleton et al., 2006; Rehman et al., 2021), forest degradation, soil erosion (Swenson et al., 2011), as well as water contamination by heavy metal (Demkova et al., 2017). They also have negative impacts on the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties, such as degradation of soil structure and horizons, as well as decreasing pH (Budi et al., 2020), total nitrogen,
Open Access 4510 total carbon, available P, cation exchange capacity,
exchangeable Ca, Na (Prematuri et al., 2020), and microbial communities (Leila et al., 2020). Several efforts have been reported to improve the post-mining land environment through reclamation and revegetation (Budiana et al., 2017; Subhan, 2020;
Iskandar et al., 2022a; Iskandar et al., 2022b; Sahara et al., 2022).
Approximately one billion seedlings are produced yearly for the revegetation of post-mining land and the rehabilitation of degraded forests (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2018).
Recently, the majority of seedling containers used for planting stock production are based on petroleum- derived materials, such as polystyrene, polyethylene, or polypropylene (Tamadoni et al., 2020). These non- renewable materials have some advantages, including water resistance, durability, low cost, and resistance to chemical and microbial degradation (Kyrikou and Brassioulis, 2007). To produce one million planting stock, approximately 3,500 tons of polybags are needed as seedling containers. At transplanting, the polybag was removed, and this led to soil contamination. Tamadoni et al. (2020) reported that plastic waste could reduce soil porosity and fertility due to the release of some toxic substances, such as phthalate acid ester. It can also affect the microbial population and need a long time to degrade. Therefore, the reduction in the use of petroleum-based materials for planting stock production is a major concern.
Several studies reported the development of biodegradable seedling containers based on different organic materials. Khan et al. (2000) produced jiffi pots made from clay soil, recycled newspaper, and cow dung. Theuer (2005) also developed biodegradable pots made from plastic. Hasegawa and Ohno (2002) used pulp slurry, while Budi et al. (2012) utilized recycled newspaper, leaf litter, and compost with tapioca flour and wood tannin as a natural adhesive.
Alamsyah et al. (2018) further generated green polybags from seaweed wastes combined with synthetic resin. Subsequently, Balestri et al. (2019) showed that bio containers from seagrass, thermoplastic, and plasticizer acetyl tributyl citrate could support the revegetation of coastal dunes. Frida et al. (2020) modelled an organic pot using
“kecombrang” stem and tapioca flour as an adhesive.
Asmara et al. (2021) then evaluated the organic pot from casava steam waste and coconut coir with tapioca flour as an adhesive for water spinach cultivation.
However, the synthetic adhesives and recycled newspaper materials used in the process contain excess heavy metal, negatively affecting plant growth.
Environmentally friendly seedling containers are increasingly needed and have a chance to be a marketable commodity at the national and international levels. This indicates that the standard of raw materials must be environmentally oriented by fulfilling the 4R requirements demanded by the international community, namely, Reduce energy,
Reuse, Replace and Recycle. Using a biodegradable seedling container without adhesive is expected to supply nutrients needed for plant growth and increase soil microorganism diversity. Environmentally friendly seedling containers are practical because they can be directly planted in the field without wrapping an opening. This is different from conventional seedling containers made from plastics. It is expected that the decomposition process of these products is rapid and does not cause environmental damage as well as root damage during out planting in the field.
Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the physiological and growth responses of S. saman grown in biodegradable seedling containers with different compositions and sizes of raw materials without adhesive filled with post-silica mined soil media.
Materials and Methods
This study was carried out in the Greenhouse, Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University. The daily temperature of the greenhouse was between 29 oC-35 oC with a relative humidity of 70%-90%.
Preparation of basic raw materials and molding The recycled newspaper was milled and sieved with 5 mesh, 10 mesh, and 18 mesh, followed by soaking in water for 4 to 5 days. Furthermore, compost and cocopeat were obtained from the farmer's market and sieved with 5 mesh, 10 mesh, and 18 mesh. The compositions of the biodegradable seedling containers were (1) recycled newspaper (Kr) 100%, (2) recycled newspaper + compost (K) + cocopeat (C) (50%, 35%, 15% v/v), and (3) recycled newspaper (Kr) + compost (K) + cocopeat (C) (25%, 70%, 5% v/v). All the mixed raw materials were then printed into biodegradable seedling containers using iron plate printing, as described by Budi et al. (2012).
Preparation of soil media
The soil media was collected from the silica post- mining area at a depth of 0-20 cm in Cibadak, Sukabumi District of West Java (06o55’18.1” S and 106o47’10.8” E). The soil media was then air dried, sieved to pass through a 2 mm sieve, and autoclaved at 121 oC for 1 hour. The soil media has the following chemical characteristics: pH = 4.4, organic C = 2.82%, total N = 0.18%, available P2O5 = 227.5 ppm, total P2O5 = 68 ppm, K+ = 0.84 cmol(+) kg-1, aluminium = 2.85 cmol(+) kg-1 , and Fe2O3 = 2.16 ppm. Compost was obtained from the company CV. Surya Gemilang Bogor Indonesia with the trade name of Agro Flower.
Results of compost analysis carried out at the ICBB Laboratory, PT Biodiversitas Bioteknologi Indonesia, showed that the compost has the following characteristics: pH = 7.5, organic C = 37.79%, N = 1.77%, K = 1.35%, and P2O5 = 1.30%. Lime was purchased from the farmer's market as dolomite.
Open Access 4511 Preparation of S. saman seedling
Seeds of S. saman were obtained from the Center of Research and Development for Forest Seed, Bogor, Indonesia. They were soaked in hot water at 100 C for 5 minutes and transferred into cool water for 24 hours to break their dormancy. The seeds were placed in a germinator box filled with sterilized zeolite in a greenhouse for two weeks. Subsequently, the samples were transplanted into a biodegradable container filled with growing soil media and transferred to a greenhouse for 12 weeks.
The parameters observed
The physiological parameters, including photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), and leaf temperature (T leaf) were measured using Li-COR 6400 Bioscience (Li Cor Inc. Nebraska, USA) at 9.00- 11.30 AM. Furthermore, the leaf greenness index was determined using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter (Konica Minolta). Plant height was measured with a meter ruler from the bottom of the steam to the top of the seedling. Plant diameters were obtained using a digital caliper about 2 cm from the surface growth media.
Research design and data analysis
The study used was a factorial experiment, which comprised of two factors, namely (1) basic raw materials of the biodegradable seedling container, including newspaper, compost, and cocopeat and (2)
measure of raw materials consisting of three levels, namely 5 mesh, 10 mesh, and 18 mesh. Furthermore, the experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with six replicates. All data were treated with a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), while the means were compared using Duncan’s test (p<0.05).
Results and Discussion
Effect of biodegradable seedling container on physiological parameters
Several studies have reported that Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K) play an important role in plant growth and development (Hossain et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2021; Jiaying et al., 2022).
Furthermore, these elements are considered the major limiting factors for plant growth (Hossain et al., 2010).
Hawkesford et al. (2012) revealed that higher plant tissue contains approximately 1.5% N, 0.2% P, and 1.0% K, indicating that growth needs a large amount of these nutrients. Also, nitrogen is an essential element as well as a constituent of many secondary metabolic compounds (Mahdavi et al., 2020) and amino acids (Zuo et al., 2020). It also plays a key role in metabolic processes (Kumar et al., 2019) and increases the leaf greenness index (Zangani et al., 2021). This study demonstrated that the interaction of the size of basic raw materials and their composition significantly (p<0.05) increased the leaf greenness index of S. saman, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Physiological parameters as affected by biodegradable seedling container composition.
Composition of Biodegradable
Seedling Container Physiological Parameters
Leaf Greenness
Index SPAD Photosynthesis rate
(µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) Transpiration rate (mmol H2O m-2 s-1)
Kr100K0C0M5* 35.38 b 25.06 b 4.46 b
Kr100K0C0M10 34.43 b 24.62 b 4.40 b
Kr100K0C0M18 31.87 b 24.77 b 4.41 b
Kr50K35C15M5 40.47 ab 27.81 a 4.67 b
Kr50K35C15M10 40.23 ab 27.06 a 4.88 b
Kr50K35C15M18 38.78 ab 28.12 a 4.81 b
Kr25K70C5M5 40.12 ab 28.63 a 4.88 b
Kr25K70C5M10 46.30 a 28.79 a 5.47 a
Kr25K70C5M18 46.85 a 28.57 a 5.00 ab
*Note: Kr = recycled newspaper; K = compost; C = cocopeat; M = raw material size (mesh). Means represented by the same letter are not significantly different at α<0.05.
Although the growth medium in this study had a low concentration of nitrogen, namely 0.18%, the addition of 35% compost, 15% cocopeat, and 70% compost, as well as 5% cocopeat as the basic raw material of biodegradables seedling container increased nitrogen content by 536.8% and 617.49%, respectively, as described in Table 2. These results are consistent with Medina et al. (2021) and Zangani et al. (2021) that the addition of compost increased the total content of Ca, K, P, and S. Additionally, an increment of nitrogen
level in soil growth medium significantly increased leaf chlorophyll as indicated by the high greenness index. Chlorophyll is an active green pigment in plants, which is very important in the photosynthetic process. It also plays a key role in converting light energy into chemical energy (ATP) used for plant development and various biochemical processes (Liao et al., 2018). Furthermore, the formation of chlorophyll is affected by several factors, including light, hereditary characteristics, as well as the supply
Open Access 4512 of certain minerals (Li et al., 2018). Several studies
revealed that there was a positive correlation between chlorophyll content and the rate of photosynthesis (Buttery and Buzzell, 1977; Zakariyya and Prawoto, 2015). In this study, the leaf greenness index had a high correlation with the photosynthetic rate (Pearson correlation = 0.84; p<0.05), as shown in Figure 1.
Previous studies stated that photosynthesis is the most important source of energy for plant metabolism and growth (Li et al., 2018) due to the presence of an important pigment, namely chlorophyll, for light absorption. Previous studies demonstrated that photosynthesis is affected by various factors, including light (Kang et al., 2020) and certain mineral elements, such as N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg (Hossain et al., 2010;
Razaq et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018; Meng et al., 2021;
Zangani et al., 2021; Jiaying et al., 2022).
The results of this study demonstrated that the interaction of the size of basic raw materials and their composition significantly (p<0.05) increased the photosynthetic rate of S. saman seedlings, as shown in Table 1. Regardless of the raw material size, the addition of 35% compost, 15% cocopeat, and 70%
compost, as well as 5% cocopeat significantly increased the content of P by 2326.14% and 3569.41%, and the K content by 1580.47% and
1692.89%, as shown in Table 2. Several studies revealed that adequate N, P, and K elements are required to maintain the photosynthetic activity of the plant (Hossain et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2018; Jiaying et al., 2022). Furthermore, Tranker et al. (2018) stated that nitrogen is generally required in large amounts by the plant, followed by potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium. A previous study showed that leaf chlorophyll content was significantly affected by the levels N, P, and K. Lower levels of these elements can cause a decrease in the photosynthetic rate (Hossain et al., 2010). Several studies also reported that they greatly affect the production of rubisco carboxylase, an enzyme with a key role in CO2 assimilation in photosynthetic plants (Jiaying et al., 2022).
Phosphorous (P) is an essential nutrient which plays an important role in cell division and reproduction, as well as energy metabolism (Li et al., 2016). Previous studies showed that P has a great influence on root development and branching (Xu et al., 2012). Furthermore, a sufficient amount of P can increase total root length, average root diameter, and specific root length (Razaq et al., 2017). These findings indicate that it can potentially enhance the absorption of minerals and water from the soil as well as maintain the moisture content in the leaf.
Table 2. Nutrient contents of the biodegradable seedling container.
Composition of Biodegradable Seedling
Container Nutrients Contents
N (%) P (mg kg-1) K (mg kg-1) Pb (mg kg-1)
Kr100K0C0M5* 0.33 f 286.4 f 294.2 e <0.08 a
Kr100K0C0M10 0.15 g 210.5 f 353.1 e <0.08 a
Kr100K0C0M18 0.19 g 200.5 f 288.5 e <0.08 a
Kr50K35C15M5 1.46 d 5964.7 d 3318.9 d <0.08 a
Kr50K35C15M10 1.32 e 5150.7 e 5640.2 b <0.08 a
Kr50K35C15M18 1.47 cd 5804.5 d 6766.7 a <0.08 a
Kr25K70C5M5 1.68 a 9427.2 a 5496.0 b <0.08 a
Kr25K70C5M10 1.55 bc 8934.2 b 4784.0 c <0.08 a
Kr25K70C5M18 1.58 c 7229.1 c 6497.9 a <0.08 a
*Note: Kr = recycled newspaper; K = compost; C = cocopeat; M = raw material size (mesh). Means represented by the same letter are not significantly different at α<0.05.
This study demonstrated that the interaction of the size of basic raw materials and the composition of the biodegradable seedling container significantly increased the transpiration rate, as shown in Table 1.
This was probably due to the high content of P stimulating root branching of S. saman and increased water acquisition from the soil. A previous study revealed that increased water content in leaves led to a higher rate of transpiration (Gupta et al., 2018).
Adequate potassium supply is very important for the regulation of turgor-driven processes, such as water stomatal movement (Lu et al., 2019), due to its role as an inorganic osmotic compound in plant cells.
Several studies also revealed that the element increased photo assimilation from leaves to roots (Xu et al., 2020). Potassium promotes the diffusion of CO2
from the atmosphere into plant leaf cells (Rogiers et
al., 2020). It has also been reported to be involved in sucrose and photoassimilates translocation within the plant (Tranker et al., 2018). Several studies revealed that lead (Pb) content in printed media, such as newspapers, tabloids, magazines, was originally from ink (Christiansen et al., 2020). Pb was also classified as a heavy metal and is the second most toxic metal for living organisms on earth (Usman et al., 2020). At low concentrations, it can stimulate the growth of Tetraena qatarensis, but at 1600 mg kg-1, the element inhibits plant growth (Usman et al., 2020), particularly root development (Nas and Ali, 2018). Zhou et al. (2018) reported that increasing Pb concentration in the soil from 200 mg kg-1 to 1400 mg kg-1 inhibited development and decreased chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and maximal photochemical
Open Access 4513 efficiency. Furthermore, the high-level increased
enzymes antioxidant activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) (Usman et al., 2020), indicating that
toxicity has occurred. This study demonstrated that Pb content in a biodegradable seedling container was less than 0.08 mg kg-1; hence, the use of recycled newspaper as biodegradable seedling container raw materials is feasible.
Figure 1. Correlation between leaf greenness index and photosynthetic rate.
Effect of biodegradable seedling container on plant growth
The interaction between the size of basic raw materials and their composition significantly increased plant height and diameter, as shown in Table 3.
Furthermore, the best results were found at Kr25K70C5M18 for plant height and diameter.
Regardless of the size of the raw material, the addition of 35% compost and 15% cocopeat increased the height and diameter of S. saman by 41.55% and 1.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the use of 70% compost and 5% cocopeat caused an increment in the height and diameter of S. saman by 69.58% and 7.5%, respectively. The addition of these components also increased nutrient levels, particularly N, P, and K. This further contributed to increasing chlorophyll content and rate of photosynthetic of S. saman, thereby facilitating plant growth and development. The roles of compost and cocopeat in improving plant growth and yield have been reported by several studies. Rady et al. (2016), Khan et al. (2019), and Adi et al. (2020) stated that the addition of compost can increase nutrient absorption and development. It can also improve plant water deficit (Omara et al., 2022), improve the chemical and physical properties of soil (Rady et al., 2016), increase the content of essential nutrients (Medina et al., 2021), suppress various diseases (Channy and Martin, 2014; Bonanomi et al., 2020), serve as a substitute for chemical fertilizer (Rady et al., 2016), and enhance chlorophyll content (Omara et al., 2022). Previous studies revealed that the particle size of rice-husk biochar influenced the
available phosphorus concentration, where sizes >1 mm decreased the nutrient (Kartika et al., 2018).
However, the results of this study stated that larger particle size significantly increased P concentration due to the different materials used, as shown in Table 2. Previous reports have demonstrated that a high C/N ratio inhibited plant growth and development (Kuzyakov and Xu, 2013; Budi et al., 2020). This finding is consistent with this study, where the composition of recycled newspaper 100% (Kr100) contains a higher C/N ratio compared to recycled newspaper 50% (Kr50) and 25% (Kr25), as shown in Table 3. Furthermore, the inhibition of growth by organic material with a high value of this parameter was due to the nutrient competition between microorganisms and plants during the decomposition processes. The organic matter with a high C/N ratio, such as recycled newspaper, caused a slower rate of decomposition due to the low total nitrogen and high carbon is considerably high. Consequently, microorganisms start consuming nitrogen, which is present in recycled newspaper, for their rapid proliferation, multiplication, and survival. The immobilization of the nutrient is likely to occur due to the conversion of its available form to the non- available form. At present, sustainable agriculture is absolutely necessary to minimize environmental pollution, and it involves a forestry system that applies ecological principles to meet human needs without affecting the environment (Barbosa Junior et al., 2022). The seedling planting stock production still uses chemical fertilizers to increase seedlings’ growth
Open Access 4514 and development. The extensive use of chemical
phosphorous fertilizers can lead to contamination by Cd2+, which is easily taken up by roots and frequently translocated to other parts (Semida et al., 2015). Cd2+
is a heavy metal that causes retarded plant growth and is detrimental to human health (Rady et al., 2016).
Plastic bags (polybags) are also often used as
containers for seedlings production. These products are made of polyethylene, which is difficult to decompose and has the potential to pollute the soil.
Furthermore, the results of this study are expected to give potential insight into minimizing environmental pollution by replacing polybag seedling containers with biodegradable types.
Table 3. Plant height and diameter and C/N ratio as affected by biodegradable seedling container composition.
Composition of Seedling Growth increments and C/N ratio
Biodegradable Seedling
Container Height (cm) Diameter
(mm) Initial C/N
ratio C/N ratio after
2 months % Decrease of C/N ratio
Kr100K0C0M5* 4.98 cd 1.33 ab 207.42 a 153.71 b 25.36 abc
Kr100K0C0M10 4.87 cd 1.33 ab 373.21 b 278.56 a 25.74 abc
Kr100K0C0M18 4.07 d 1.26 ab 492.38 a 270.00 a 45.44 a
Kr50K35C15M5 7.03 bc 1.33 ab 39.58 c 25.07 c 36.63 ab
Kr50K35C15M10 7.22 bc 1.22 ab 34.87 c 30.47 c 12.11 bc
Kr50K35C15M18 5.45 bcd 1.41 b 29.00 c 26.14 c 9.84 c
Kr25K70C5M5 7.97 ab 1.32 ab 25.43 c 20.02 c 19.52 bc
Kr25K70C5M10 5.37 bcd 1.42 ab 28.35 c 23.10 c 18.54 bc Kr25K70C5M18 10.27 a 1.47 a 26.65 c 23.60 c 11.44 c
*Note: Kr = recycled newspaper; K = compost; C = cocopeat; M = raw material size (mesh). Means represented by the same letter are not significantly different at α<0.05.
Conclusion
Biodegradable seedling containers made from 25%
recycled newspaper, 70% compost, and 5% cocopeat had a small amount of Pb and significantly improved the performance of S. saman growth in the nursery.
These results support the proposed concept, which is suitable for replacing polybags using the biodegradable seedling container for plant production.
These findings show that biodegradable seedling containers have the potential to be used for the success of eco-friendly post-mine land rehabilitation.
However, further studies are needed to evaluate the physical properties of biodegradable seedling containers and decomposition in the field.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of Indonesia for supporting this study through the Letter of Agreement of Implementation with Research Grant No 3552/IT3.L1/PT.01.03/P/B/2022 dated May 31, 2022. The authors are grateful to Salsabila Putri Permana, Hizbulloh Almuzahiq, and Tatang for their assistance during the study.
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