HIGH SEAS. Batas: 1. Status Hukum High Seas; 2. Kebebasan di High Seas; 3. Yurisdiksi di High Seas;

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HIGH SEAS

Iman

ImanPrihandonoPrihandono, , SH., MH., LL.MSH., MH., LL.M Departemen

DepartemenHukumHukumInternasionalInternasional Fakultas

FakultasHukumHukumUniversitasUniversitasAirlanggaAirlangga E

E--Mail: Mail: iprihandono@unair.ac.idiprihandono@unair.ac.id Blog

Blog: : imanprihandono.wordpress.comimanprihandono.wordpress.com

1.

Status HukumStatus HukumHigh Seas;High Seas;

2.

KebebasanKebebasandidiHigh Seas;High Seas;

3.

YurisdiksiYurisdiksididiHigh Seas;High Seas;

Batas:

“

“all parts of the sea not included in the all parts of the sea not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state

state””. (Art 1. High Seas Convention 1958). (Art 1. High Seas Convention 1958)

“

“all parts of the sea that are not included all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State

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1. Status

1. Status Hukum

Hukum

High Seas:



High Seas High Seas terbukaterbukabagibagiseluruhseluruhnegara. negara. Tidak

Tidaksatupunsatupunnegaranegaradapatdapatmengklaimmengklaim bagian

bagiandaridariHigh Seas High Seas sebagaisebagai kedaulatannya

kedaulatannya(HSC Art. 2, LOSC Art. 87, (HSC Art. 2, LOSC Art. 87, 89).

89).

Prinsip

Kebebasan

:



UlpianUlpian((abadabadpertengahanpertengahan):):””the sea is the sea is open to everybody by nature

open to everybody by nature””



CelcusCelcus((abadabadpertengahanpertengahan): ): ““the sea like the sea like the air is common to all mankind

the air is common to all mankind””..



SetelahSetelahabadabadpertengahanpertengahanII (II (PausPaus

Alexander VI, 1494):

Alexander VI, 1494): tuntutantuntutankedaulatankedaulatan

di

dilautlautuntukuntukkepentingankepentingannegaranegarapantaipantai, , menghindari

menghindaribajakbajaklautlaut, , mengawasimengawasilalulalu lintas

lintaslautlaut..



Abad XVI Abad XVI dandanXVII XVII trend trend ––penemuanpenemuan

daerah

daerah--daerahdaerahbarubarusehinggasehinggakebebasankebebasan berlayar

berlayardiakuidiakuioleholehnegaranegara--negaranegara..



PenggunaanPenggunaanlautlautdandanudaraudaraadalahadalahbebasbebas bagi

bagisemuasemuaorangorangdandanoleholehkarenakarena

jenisnya

jenisnyayang yang khususkhusus, , lautlauttidaktidakakanakan dapat

dapatdimilikidimilikioleholehsiapapunsiapapundandanoleholeh negara

negaramanapunmanapun((RatuRatuElizabethElizabeth--InggrisInggris).).



InggrisInggrismerupakanmerupakannegaranegarabesarbesaryang yang mengakui

mengakuiprinsipprinsipkebebasankebebasanberlayarberlayar, , karena

karenasesuaisesuaidengandengankepentingannyakepentingannya ingin

inginmendapatkanmendapatkandaerahdaerahbarubaru..

Tuntutan

TuntutanBelandaBelandaterhadapterhadapSpanyolSpanyoldandanPortugisPortugis

tentang

tentangkedaulatankedaulatandidilautlaut

“

“DoktrinDoktrinGrotiusGrotius””: : De De YureYurePraedaePraedae(1868(1868))

“

“Mare Mare LiberumLiberum””

(

(prinsipprinsipkebebasankebebasanberlayarberlayardidilautlaut))

1.

1. LautLauttidaktidakdapatdapatdimilikidimiliki((resresextra extra commercium

commercium).). 2.

2. FalsafahFalsafahhukum hukum alamalam: : lautlautituitubebasbebasdandandapatdapat

digunakan

digunakanoleholehsiapapunsiapapun. .

Abad XVII,

Abad XVII, InggrisInggrismenentangmenentangkaryakaryaGrotiusGrotius

↓

↓ John Selden

John Selden

Mare

Mare ClausumClausum(1635)(1635)

↓

↓ 1.

1. LautLautyang berbatasanyang berbatasandengandenganpantai.pantai. 2.

2. LautLautlepas.lepas. 3.

3. LautLautInggrisInggris((narrow seasnarrow seas).).

Abad XVIII



InggrisInggriskembalikembalimengakuimengakuikebebasankebebasandidi laut

laut, , tetapitetapiuntukuntuklautlautdiluardiluarbatasbatas kedaulatan

kedaulatanInggrisInggris..



Hal iniHal inidipertegasdipertegasoleholehparaparaahliahlihukum hukum lainnya

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Natur

Yuridis

Laut

Lepas



ResResNulliusNullius, , lautlautadalahadalahbebasbebaskarenakarena

tidak

tidakadaadayang yang memilikinyamemilikinya..

Art. 87 LOSC

Art. 87 LOSC: : semuasemuanegaranegaramempunyaimempunyai

kebebasan

kebebasandidilautlautlepaslepas, , tetapitetapidilakukandilakukan dengan

dengansyaratsyarat--syaratsyarattertentutertentu..



Res

Communis

,

laut

adalah

milik

bersama

,

sehingga

negara

-

negara

bebas

untuk

menggunakannya

.

↓

↓ Dibawah

Dibawahkedaulatankedaulatanbersamabersama..

↓ ↓ Diatur

Diaturmelaluimelaluipengelolaanpengelolaanbersamabersama..

↓ ↓ Domain

Domain publikpublikinternasionalinternasional..

↓ ↓ Kepentingan

Kepentinganbersamabersamamasyarakatmasyarakatinternasionalinternasional..

2. 2. Kebebasan

Kebebasan

di

High Seas



“…“…freedoms of navigation, fishing, laying freedoms of navigation, fishing, laying and maintenance of submarine cables and and maintenance of submarine cables and pipelines and

pipelines and overflightoverflight””. (Art. 2 HSC);. (Art. 2 HSC);



“…“…d) freedom to construct artificial islands d) freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permitted under and other installations permitted under international law

international law……(f) freedom of scientific (f) freedom of scientific research

research…”…”. (Art. 87 LOSC). . (Art. 87 LOSC).

Batasan

Kebebasan

:



SepanjangSepanjangtidaktidakmengklaimmengklaimsebagiansebagiandaridari High Seas

High Seas makamakabebasbebasuntukuntukdigunakandigunakan, ,

kecuali

kecualibilabiladiaturdiatursecarasecarakhususkhusus..



shall be exercised by all States with shall be exercised by all States with due due

regard

regardfor the interests of other States in for the interests of other States in

their exercise of the freedom of the high

seas, and also with

seas, and also with due regarddue regardfor the for the

rights under this Convention with respect

to activities in the Area (Art. 87(2) LOSC).

Due Regard



Reasonableness Test.Reasonableness Test.



PrakteknyaPrakteknyaNegara denganNegara dengankekuatankekuatan politik

politikyang besaryang besardapatdapatmemaksakanmemaksakan penggunaan

penggunaanHigh Seas, meskipunHigh Seas, meskipun penggunaan

penggunaantersebuttersebutunreasonableunreasonablebagibagi negara

negara--negaranegaralain. lain.

French Nuclear Test 1974

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

PeringatanPeringatandinidinisudahsudahdiberikandiberikankepadakepada pelayaran

pelayaranasingasingdidiPacific bahwaPacific bahwaakanakan diadakan

diadakanNuclear Test;Nuclear Test;



DiprotesDiprotesoleholehAustralia Australia dandanNew Zealand;New Zealand;



TanpaTanpapenyelesaianpenyelesaianhukum;hukum;

Batasan

lain:



Lying Pipelines across continental shelf Lying Pipelines across continental shelf (Art. 79 LOSC).

(Art. 79 LOSC).



Artificial Island, Structure and Installation Artificial Island, Structure and Installation (LOSC Art. 80

(LOSC Art. 80 dandan60).60).



Freedom of fishing Freedom of fishing dibatasidibatasidengandengan kewajiban

kewajibankonservasikonservasi(Art. 63 dan(Art. 63 dan64 64 LOSC).

LOSC).



“…“…be preserved for peaceful purposes…”be preserved for peaceful purposes…” (Art. 88 LOSC).

(Art. 88 LOSC).

3. 3. Yurisdiksi

Yurisdiksi

di

High Seas



PrinsipPrinsip“YURISDIKSI NEGARA BENDERA “YURISDIKSI NEGARA BENDERA KAPAL

KAPAL””(The Exclusiveness of Flag State (The Exclusiveness of Flag State Jurisdiction).

Jurisdiction).



“Every State shall effectively exercise its “Every State shall effectively exercise its jurisdiction and control in administrative, jurisdiction and control in administrative, technical and social matters over ships technical and social matters over ships

flying its flag

flying its flag”. (Art. 94 LOSC) ”. (Art. 94 LOSC)

Lotus Case

(PICJ 1927)



The The LotusLotuscasecaseconcerns a concerns a criminal trialcriminal trial

which was the result of the August 02, which was the result of the August 02, 1926 collision between

1926 collision between S.S. LotusS.S. Lotus, a , a French

French steamshipsteamship(or steamer), and the (or steamer), and the

S.S.

S.S. BozBoz--KourtKourt, a Turkish steamer, in a , a Turkish steamer, in a region just north of

region just north of MytileneMytilene. As a result . As a result of the accident, eight Turkish nationals of the accident, eight Turkish nationals aboard the

aboard the BozBoz--KourtKourtdrowned when the drowned when the vessel was torn apart by the

vessel was torn apart by the LotusLotus. .



The The LotusLotusprincipleprincipleor or LotusLotusapproachapproach, , usually considered a foundation of

usually considered a foundation of international international law

law, says that , says that sovereign statessovereign statesmay act in any may act in any way they wish so long as they do not

way they wish so long as they do not

contravene an explicit prohibition. This principle contravene an explicit prohibition. This principle –

–an outgrowth of the Lotus case an outgrowth of the Lotus case ––was later was later overruled by article 11 of the

overruled by article 11 of the 1958 High Seas 1958 High Seas Convention

Convention. The convention, held in . The convention, held in GenevaGeneva, , laid emphasis on the fact that only the flag state laid emphasis on the fact that only the flag state or the state of which the

or the state of which the alleged offenderalleged offenderwas was a national had jurisdiction over sailors regarding a national had jurisdiction over sailors regarding incidents occurring in high seas.

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Kewajiban

terhadap

bendera:

bendera

:



Ships shall sail under the flag of Ships shall sail under the flag of oneoneState State only;

only;



A ship A ship may not changemay not changeits flag during a its flag during a voyage or while in a port of call, save in voyage or while in a port of call, save in the case of a real transfer of ownership or the case of a real transfer of ownership or change of registry;

change of registry;



A ship which sails under the flags of two A ship which sails under the flags of two or more States may be assimilated to a or more States may be assimilated to a ship

ship without nationalitywithout nationality; (Art. 92 ; (Art. 92 LOSC).

LOSC).

Kewajiban

Negara Bendera

Negara

Bendera:

:



shall fix the shall fix the conditionsconditionsfor the grant of for the grant of its nationality to ships, for the registration its nationality to ships, for the registration of ships in its territory, and for the right to of ships in its territory, and for the right to fly its flag.

fly its flag.



There must exist a There must exist a genuine linkgenuine linkbetween between the State and the ship.

the State and the ship.



Issue to ships to which it has granted the Issue to ships to which it has granted the right to fly its flag

right to fly its flag documentsdocuments. (Art. 91 . (Art. 91 LOSC)

LOSC)



Maintain a register of ships containing the Maintain a register of ships containing the names and particulars of ships flying its names and particulars of ships flying its flag;

flag;



to ensure safety at sea: the construction, to ensure safety at sea: the construction, equipment and seaworthiness of ships; equipment and seaworthiness of ships;



to conform to generally accepted to conform to generally accepted international regulation; (Art. 94 LOSC). international regulation; (Art. 94 LOSC).



MengaturMengaturdandanmenghukummenghukumkesalahankesalahan yang

yang mengakibatkanmengakibatkankerusakankerusakanpadapada submarine cables

submarine cables dandanpipelines dipipelines diHigh High Seas (Art. 114 LOSC);

Seas (Art. 114 LOSC);



MemastikanMemastikanpelaksanaanpelaksanaan““Safety at SeaSafety at Sea”” melalui

melaluiregulasiregulasi(Art. 94, 98 LOSC);(Art. 94, 98 LOSC);

THE END THE END