i
ADDRESS TERMS IN UMAR KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN VLADISLAV ZHUKOV‘S
JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL
A THESIS
Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Acquire a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature
By
Ririf Listyaning 12211141008
STUDY PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS STATE UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA
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PERNYATAAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya Nama : Ririf Listyaning
NIM : 12211141008
Program Studi : Sastra Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
Judul : ADDRESS TERMS IN UMAR KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN VLADISLAV ZHUKOV‘S
JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL
menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain, kecuali bagian-bagian tertentu yang saya ambil sebagai acuan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang lazim. Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab saya.
Yogyakarta, 19 Desember 2016 Penulis,
v MOTTO
MAN JADDA WAJADA
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DEDICATIONS
I dedicate this thesis to these great and important people in
my life:
My mom (Sutarmi), my dad (Slamet Achmadi), my
grandma (Isrofiyah), and my younger sister (Luthfi
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ACKNOWLEDMENTS
Alhamdulillahirobil’alamin, praise and gratitude be only to Allah SWT, for
all His mercy, blessings, and miracles that enable me to finish this thesis. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to:
1. my dearest parents and younger sister who always give support, love, kindness and prayer in my study;
2. my big families who always give kindness, care, and advices for my study; 3. my first and second consultants, Drs. Assruddin Barori Tou, Ph. D. and
Yosa Abduh Alzuhdy, M. Hum.who always give advices, help, and guidance of my paper;
4. my academic consultant, Niken Anggraeni, S. S., M. A. who always give support and guides during my academic years;
5. all of lecturers of English literature study program who give knowledge; 6. my best friends, BBL, Atika Desita, Yuliana Fatmawati, and Resiah for a
wonderful time that was spent together;
7. my best friends, 4 Serangkai, Isna Nur Imama, Lisa Widyanti, and Desi Ari Ningtyas for the leisure time, and all the support;
8. all friends in translation study program for all the support;
9. all friends, Sasing A who have given a wonderful and important time; 10.my best neighbor, Arif Hidayatullah, Tifani Nurul Fitri, Damas Eko
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Finally, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, comments and suggestions are kindly accepted. I expect that this thesis will be useful for everyone who is interested in translation study.
Yogyakarta, 19 December 2016 The researcher,
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv
ABSTRACT ... xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of theStudy ... 1
B. Identification of the Problem ... 6
C. Objectives of the Study ... 6
D. Significanceof the Study... 7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 8
A. Theoretical Review ... 8
1. Translation ... 8
2. Techniques of Translation ... 11
3. Address Terms. ... 20
4. Meaning Equivalence ... 27
x
6. Related Study ... 30
B. Conceptual Framework ... 32
1. Types of Address Terms ... 32
C. Analytical Construct ... 40
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 41
A. Type of Research ... 41
B. Data and Data Sources ... 41
C. Techniques of Data Collection ... 42
D. Techniques of Data Analysis ... 43
E. Research Instruments ... 45
F. Trustworthiness of the Data ... 46
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 47
A. Findings ... 47
xi
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 80
A. Conclusions ... 80
B. Suggestions ... 81
REFERENCES ... 83
APPENDICES... 85
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 :The English Pronoun System ... 21
Table 2 : The Indonesian Pronoun System ... 22
Table 3 : The English Kinship Terms ... 24
Table 4 : The Indonesian Kinship Terms ... 25
Table 5 : Data Sheet... 45
Table 6 : The Frequency and the Percentage of the Types of Address Terms ... 47
Table 7 : The Frequency and the Percentage of the Techniques of Translation ... 49
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LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SL : Source Language TL : Target Language ST : Source Text TT : Target Text
1st : First Personal Pronoun and first point of view 2nd : Second Personal Pronoun and second point of view 3rd : Third Personal Pronoun and third point of view P : Pronouns
K : Kinship Terms T : Titles
N : Names Bor : Borrowing Com : Compensation LT : Literal Translation Mod : Modulation
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ADDRESS TERMS IN UMAR KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND THEIR
TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN VLADISLAV ZHUKOV‘S JAVANESE
GENTRY NOVEL
By Ririf Listyaning
12211141008
ABSTRACT
This research aims at describing: the types of address terms found in Umar Kayam’s
Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel, the techniques of translation applied by the translator in translating address terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel, andthe meaning equivalence of the translation of address terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel.
This research applied a descriptive qualitative research method. The data sources are two novels, Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayinovel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel. The data are in the form of dialogue chunks containing address terms. When the data of address terms have the same meaning and context, the researcher only takes one sample to generalize the sample result. Then, the percentage and frequency are used to strengthen the findings and result.
There are 102 data found in Para Priyayi novel and its translated novel entitled
Javanese Gentry. The findings show that the most dominant is the kinship type of terms. On the contrary, the least type of address terms occurring in the novels is pronouns. Kinship terms and pronouns are very difficult to translate from source text to target text. They depend the differences of the background of cultures. Meanwhile, the most used technique of translation in translating address terms in the novels are borrowing. In terms of meaning equivalence, the translation of address terms has high degree of meaning equivalent than non-equivalent. In conclusion, the translator has successfully transferred the deep explanation of types of address terms as equivalently as possible.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A.Background of the Study
Every language reflects the social characters of the speakers, the addressees and the relations between them. When people communicate with others, their dialogues may contain address terms. Address terms are usually used to show the possession of formal and informal manners and the consideration of the people. They could be the first name, last name, nickname, titles, or combinations of them. On the other hand, address terms show that the speaker wants to express his or her feeling of respect, solidarity, intimacy, and familiarity toward other people. Therefore, address terms are one of the important tools of communication used in society and daily life. They depend on social factors. Wardhaugh (2006:267) notes that a variety of social factors usually governs the choice of address terms among these social factors are the particular occasion, the social status or rank, sex, age, family relationship, and occupation. His explanation means the use of address terms of people around the world are different, because address terms consider some factors. Meanwhile, Brown and Yule (1989:54) point that in different social contexts different terms of address will be used.
address terms. In Javanese family, a mother addresses her daughter with Nduk and her son with Le. A brother addresses his older sister with Mbak and addresses his older brother with Mas. A daughter addresses her mother with Mbok or Ibu. It can be said that address terms is easy to find in the dialogues. Indonesian address terms can be translated in several forms in Indonesian since there are many kinds of words to address someone such as pronoun of address (kamu, kita, kau, etc), titles (Dik, Mas, Pak, etc), names (Wanagalih, Lantip, Ngaisah, Soedarsono, etc), and kinship terms (Pakde, Ibu, Bapak, etc).
The examples of how address terms are used in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese
Gentry novel. The genre of Para Priyayi and Javanese Gentry are fiction. The novels tell about the life of Javanese gentry’s family (Lantip, Sastrodarsono,
Hardojo, Noegroho, and Harimurti) in colonial period. Each participant use address terms to call someone who has intimate relation. Below are the examples of address terms:
Example 1: Para Priyayi:
Pada suatu sore sesudah persinggahan rutin kami di Jalan Setenan, kami
duduk di amben di depan rumah Wanawalas. Sore itu sangatlah bagus. Langit di
sebelah barat kelihatan merah kekuningan. Belum pernah saya merasakan dan
melihat suasana seperti itu. Kemudian, Embok lantas mendekap dan mengelus
Embok: “Wagé, Le, anakku yo, Ngeer, kamu sekarang sudah besar. Kamu sudah enam tahun. Sudah waktunya, kamu pergi dari desa yang kecil dan sumpek ini,
Ngeer. ”
Wagé: “Pergi Mbok? Kita akan pergi?.”
Embok: “Bukan kita. Kamu sendiri, Le?.”
Wagé:”Saya harus pergi kemana, Mbok?.”
Embok:”Kamu akan nderek, ikut Ndoro Guru di Setenan, Le?.”
Javanese Gentry:
One afternoon after returning from our usual visit to Setenan Road, my mother and I were sitting on the bamboo sleeping-platform in the porch of our house in Wanawalas. The day was ending gloriously, the western sky being suffused with brassy red glow that gleams of light. I had never before seen or been affected by such an atmosphere. Then, she gave me a hug and stroked my hair.
Embok: “Wagé, my dear, my child, listen to me. You’re big now, you’re six. It is
time for you to go away, to leave this small pinched village.”
Wagé: “Leave, Mbok? Are we going to leave?”
Embok:”Not we, child. You are alone.”
Wagé:”Where do I have to go, Mbok?”
The above conversation happens between Embok and Wagé. The addresser, Embok, showing calls someone that include in address terms. The conversations applytypes of address terms: pronoun, kinship terms, titles, and names. In these novels, Para Priyayi and Javanese Gentry, there are some different addressing systems between English and Indonesian address terms. From some examples above, people know that there are some different address terms between English and Indonesian. There is an English address terms that does not used in Indonesian address terms.
Based on the phenomenon above, the researcher is interested in conducting a research dealing with English and Indonesian address terms that are used in two different novels. Therefore, the researcher is interested to analyze address terms. Thus, the researcher will carry out the study “ADDRESS TERMS IN UMAR
KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND THEIR TRANSLATED
EXPRESSIONS IN VLADISLAV ZHUKOV‘S JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL”.
B.Identification of the Problem
kinship terms, titles), terms of endearment, avoidance forms and behaviour, and special languages/registers/codes. Therefore, the researcher classified the data into four types, pronouns of address, names, kinship terms, and titles.
Mostly, the translator translates address terms which the types of pronouns of address, names, kinship terms, and titles. For example the word Wagé which is also translated into Wagé is categorized into names which show the name of person/character. The second point is the translation techniques employed in the translation of the address terms. The researcher applies techniques of translation by Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511). They stated that there are 18 types of techniques of translation namely: adaptation, amplification, borrowing, calque, compensation, description, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization, lingustic amplification, linguistic compression, literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, substitution, transposition, and variation.
Meanwhile, the researcher focuses on four types of translation techniques by Molina and Albir; borrowing, generalization, literal translation, and modulation. For instance, the word Simbok is a Javanese language which means mother. It is translated into Simbok by employing borrowing technique. The word Simbok does not need any changes from source text to target text. The last point is meaning
equivalence; the researcher focuses on Bell’s theory (1991:6). Based on Bell’s
1. What are the types of address termsfound in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi
novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry
novel?
2. What are the techniques of translation applied by the translator in translating
address terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayinovel and their translated
expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel?
3. What is the meaning equivalence of the translation of address terms in Umar
Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav
Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the formulation of the problem, the objectives of the study are formulated as follows:
1. todescribe the types of address terms found in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi
novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry
novel.
2. to describe the techniques of translation applied by the translator in translating address terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their
translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel, and
3. to describe the meaning equivalence of the translation of address terms in
Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in
D. Significance of the Study
There are theoretical and practical significances of the analysis that can be taken. The benefits of the study as follow:
1. Academic Benefit a. For the Students
This study can give a valuable contribution to the attempt of study in Translation and the student can expand their study.
b. For the Readers
The result of the study can enrich the study of translation and hopefully it can be used as reference for those who are interested in translation analysis.
2. Practical Benefit a. For the Readers
This result of the study can improve the readers’ knowledge especially in translation.
b. For other Researchers
8 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review 1. Translation
a. Notions of Translation
Translation is a phenomenon that has most effect on everyday life. There are many notions of translation that are proposed by scholars. They have different ways or opinions to define translation. As defined by Lilova (1985:33), translation is a specific oral or written activity aimed at recreation of an oral or written text (utterance) existing in one language into a text in another language, accompanied by keeping the invariance of content, qualities of the original and author’s authenticity.
Meanwhile, Bell (1991: 5-6) defines that translation is the expression in another language (or the target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. Catford (1965:20) stated that translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). The use of the term “textual material” related to equivalent. Equivalent means a central point of translation to find and define about the nature and condition of translation equivalence.From the explanation about the notion of translation by some experts, it can be concluded that translation is a process of changing and recreation of original text or source language to target language that maintain the equivalence, qualities, and the author’s authenticity.
b. Types of Translation
Russo-American linguist Jakobson (1992:145) makes a very important distinction between three types of translation:
1. Intralingual translation or rewording: it is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. It would occur when we produce a summary or rewrite a text in the same language and context. It means same with rephrase.
3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation: it is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal signs systems, for example music or image.
c. Process of Translation
Process of translation is the activity which is done by translator when he or she transfers a message from source language into target language. Meanwhile, there is a careful analysis about process of translation. In the case, source language to target language having quite different grammatical and semantic structure. As defined Nida (1966: 483-498) on the process of translation, the translator first analyses the message of the source language. The message changes into text, then the translator analysis about it. He or she transfers it at this level. Meanwhile, the translator restructures it in the receptor language. Below is the process of translation by Nida.
SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
TEXT TRANSLATION
ANALYSIS TRANSFER RESTRUCTURING
Figure 1. Process of translation Nida (1966: 483-498)
language-specific text (the source language text) into a non-language specific. The process is called semantic representation. In the level, semantic representation change into a second language specific text (the target language text) that called synthesis.
Figure 2. Process of translation (Bell 1991:21)
2. Techniques of Translation
Molina and Albir (2002: 509) differentiate into 18 techniques of translation: a. Adaptation
Adaptation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to replace a source language with one from the target language, e.g.
Memory Source
Language Text
Analysis
Semantic Representation
Target Language Text
ST: Keris TT: Sword
Based on the example above, the translator uses adaptation technique to translate the word keris into sword. The translator applies adaptation technique to get an acceptable translation. The example shows that in translating the word sword, the translator considers the cultural aspect or maintains the culture on it. b. Amplification
Amplification is a translation technique applied by translator to give details not formulated in the source text by giving information or explicative paraphrasing. Amplification is in opposition of reduction, for example:
ST: Kupat tahu
TT: a traditional Javanese food.
Based on the example above, the translator uses amplification technique to translate the word kupat tahu. The translator gives information and details in the target text.
c. Borrowing
Borrowing is a translation technique that is applied by translator to take a word or an expression straight from another language. It is pure (without any change). For example, the name of Soenandar translates into target text without any change. The translator employs borrowing technique in translating the address terms in the novel. It is said so since the word Soenandaris translated purely into Soenandar in the target text. Therefore, borrowing is a translation technique that
d. Calque
Calque is a technique of translation that is applied by translator to translate words or phrases from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For example:
ST: Pencakar langit TT: Sky-scraper
Based on the example above, the translator employs calque technique to translate the word pencakar langit into the word sky-scraper. The example means create a new lexeme, so it has the difference between the literal translation technique that is translated word-for-word.
e. Compensation
Compensation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to introduce ST element of information or stylistic affect in another place in the TT. Meanwhile, compensation cannot be reflected in the same place as in the source text. For example:
ST: caping
TT: a broad conical hat
f. Description
Description is a translation technique that is applied by translator to describe its form or/and function. For example,
ST: Pendopo
TT: The open sided audience hall where regents used to meet the kabupaten’s assembled dignitaries.
Based on the example above, the translator uses description technique. The translator translates pendopo and gives some information or detail about the meaning of pendopo. The word pendopo is Indonesian word, so the translator maintains the culture on the novel.
g. Discursive Creation
Discursive creation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. For example,
ST: Para Priyayi TT: Javanese Gentry
Based on the example above, the translator translates the word Para Priyayi into Javanese Gentry. The word priyayi means a great Javanese man, so the translator translates Para Priyayi into Javanese Gentry.
h. Established Equivalent
ST: Ia sedang mencari sebuah jarum dalam tumpukan jerami, TT: He was looking through a haystack to find a needle
The translator translates the context into he was looking through a haystack to find a needlewhich exists in Indonesian. In this case, the translation of the idiom in the source text can be predicted into the form of idiom in TT. Those idioms are used to describe a person who is doing something very difficult to do or to solve (problem). When translating difficult phrases such as idioms, figurative language, and etc, the translator needs to understand the meaning behind the idiom. The translator translates those idioms into easy-to-understand.
i. Generalization
Generalization is a translation technique uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example,
ST: Becak TT: Vehicle
In the example above, the translator translates the word becak into vehicle. The word becak is one of the land transportations in Indonesia. The translator gives more general, so the readers know about the kind of land transportation. j. Linguistic Amplification
Linguistic amplification is a translation technique that the translator applies to add a linguistic element, it is opposition to linguistic compression. For example,
ST: “Lalu?”
In the example above, the Indonesian expression and English expression have
some differences. The translator translates the word “Lalu” into “Yes, then”
maintain the naturalness, so he adds a linguistic element. k. Linguistic Compression
Linguistic compression is a translation technique that the translator applies to synthesize linguistic element in target text. For example:
ST: “Cuma main-main saja, bukan beneran”
TT: “Just kidding”
Based on the example above, the translator translates a phrase “Cuma
main-main saja, bukan beneran” is translated into “Just kidding”, when information is considered unnecessary.
l. Literal Translation
Literal translation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to translate a word or an expression into word for word. It is the direct transfer of a source text, although it seems like calque only used when the structures and concepts of the language run parallel to each other.
For example:
ST: Nyuwun sewu, Bapak. Saya ingin mengemukakan pendapat saya. TT: If I may, Father, could I say something?
It is a dialogue of Mini and her father. Mini gave an opinion about her wedding. In the example above the translator employs literal translation technique. It could be seen in the wordbapak which is translated into father in the
m. Modulation
Modulation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to change the point of view consist of using a phrase that is different in the source and target language to convey the same idea, focus or cognitive.
For example:
ST: Nah, tahunya kamu sudah pinter merokok. TT: Looks like he knew how to smoke all along.
It is dialogue of uncle to Soedarsono about smoking. Based on the example, the translator employs modulation translation technique. The word kamu in the source text used by uncle to address Soedarsono is translated into he who refers to Soedarsono in the target text. It is translated by changing the point of view in the target text. The word kamu is categorized into the second personal pronoun, while the word he is categorized into the third personal pronoun.
n. Particularization
Particularization is a translation technique that is applied by translator to use a more precise or concrete term. For example, the word dokar is translated into land transportation.
o. Reduction
Reduction is a translation technique that is applied by translator to suppress a source text information item in the target text.
For example:
ST: Kok kamu belum tidur? TT: Not sleeping yet?
In this situation, Sastro asked his wife. Based on the example above, the translator employs reduction technique. Sastro addresses Ngaisah with the wordkamu in the source text. The translator suppresses the word kamu does not translate into target text.
p. Substitution
Substitution is a translation technique that is applied by translator to change the linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements or vice versa. For example, Indonesian gesture of showing thumb and bend down for the guests is translated into welcome.
Based on the example above, the translator translates Indonesian gestures into welcome. The translator tries changing a linguistic element, so the readers understand the meaning of gesture in Indonesia.
q. Transposition
Transposition is translation technique that is applied by translator to change the grammar from the source language into target language. For example,
Based on the example above, the translator translates makan itu sangat penting into eating is very important. In the English sentences, the verb is often
closer to the beginning of the sentence. It is also possible to change the word class without changing the overall meaning of the sentences, so the location of various parts of speech within a sentences are switched based on the particular language. r. Variation
Variation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect. This variation can be sociolinguistics; variation is also important in the study of the system of language vowel and consonant.
For example:
ST: “Hesy! Ora usah”.
TT: “No. Stop that!”
Based on the example above, the translator translates the phrase “Hesy! Ora
usah” uses variation technique. The example in which register used in target text
3. Address Terms
Address is a terminology used by people when they are calling to others and this varies according to their education, social standing, profession, sexual, status, and specific kind of work. It can even be determined by their country or their ethnicity. In addition, according to Braun (1988:12) states that address terms are divided into nine forms:
a. Non-verbal and paralinguistic factors (proximity, distance, pitch, loudness). Paralinguistic is the study of vocal signals beyond the basic verbal messages or speech. They includes, accent, pitch, volume, and speech rate. Sometimes some researchers also include non verbal under the heading paralinguistic. Kinds of Non verbal: facial expression, eye contact, and gestures.
b. Structures and forms of openings and closings.
Kinds of structures and forms of opening and closing such as summons, pre-greeting, and structures extensive reading.
c. Bound and free forms of address (lexemes, phrases, formulaic expressions). The differences of bound and free based on syntactic: vocative forms of addressing are free and bound relation with communicative partner.
d. Special verb forms or nouns of address. e. Terms of endearment.
Terms endearment are kind of friendly name to call someone. f. Avoidance forms and behaviour.
h. Pronouns of Address
Based on the Cambridge’s dictionary, pronouns are a word which is used
instead of a noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned. English and Indonesia pronouns system are different. English pronoun system does not have familiar and formal on singular and plural. Table 1. The English Pronoun System: Larson (1984: 131)
Singular Plural
1st person I we
2nd person you
3rd person Masculine Feminine Neuter they
he she it
Table 2. The Indonesian Pronoun system: Simatupang (2000: 77)
Singular Plural
Familiar bapak ibu saudara
Indonesian pronouns system distinguishes inclusive and exclusive, but English pronouns system have simply one subject pronoun for first person plural, we. Inclusive means that the hearer is included in the first person plural form and
exclusive means that the hearer is not included. We may at times be talking only about the speaker and someone else other than hearer. In Indonesian pronoun system there are two words. kita means we, which is inclusive of the hearer. Kami means we, but notyou that is the hearer is not included, its means exclusive.
Meanwhile, Indonesian pronouns translates pronoun we into kita or kami. In English context, a translator simply uses we, the meaning component of both inclusive and exclusive would be lost and different when translating from Indonesian source text into English target text.In addition, in general some Indonesian people use address herself/himself with saya/aku, but there is much local language. According to Kanigara’s dictionary, below are the examples the first personal pronoun of singular with Indonesian local language:
a. Minang : Ambo, Den b. Betawi : Ane, Aye, Gue c. Sundanese : Kuring, Abdi d. Javanese : Kulo, Dalem e. Balinese : Titiang
a. Minang : Angku b. Betawi : Elu
c. Sundanese : Anjeun, Sia
d. Javanese : Panjenengan, Sampean e. Balinese : Ragane, Iratu
Here, the example of pronouns of address: ST: Kamu sekarang sudah besar. Sudah enam tahun. LT: You’re big now. You’re six.
In the datum above, the dialogue is between EmbokandWagé. Both were blood relation. The word kamu in the source text is used by Embok to address Wagé. It is considered address terms in the type of personal pronoun of singular form.
i. Kinship terms, Titles, Names (i) Kinship Terms
Wardhaugh (2006: 229) stated that, kinship terms describe how people in various parts of the world refer to relatives by blood (or descent) and marriage. It is so important in social organization. In addition, kinship terms describe how people prefer to relatives by direct or indirect of blood and marriage. According Cambridge Advance Leaner’s Dictionary, kinship terms are the relationship
kinship terms create a relationship through marriages or blood ties. Then, kinship terms have blood relation and close relatives based on intimacy. The following figures show the differences between English and Indonesian kinship terms:
Table 3.The English Kinship Terms: Larson (1984: 90)
Lineal Colineal
Ablineal Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Second
generation ego brother sister
Next
generation son daughter
nephew niece Second
generation following
grandson granddaughter
Table 4. The Indonesian Kinship Terms: Simatupang (2000: 77)
Lineal Colineal
Ablineal Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Second
Notice that, English kinship terms have two words, brother and sister, son and daughter, grandson and granddaughter, nephew and niece, which in Indonesian are one saudara; anak; cucu; and keponakan respectively. In addition, kinship is great importance of Indonesia. Many Indonesian ethnics have different kinship systems; some societies such as the Javanese have bilateral kinship system. The novel of Para Priyayi, it uses the kinship system of Indonesian and Javanese. The kinship system in Javanese divides this same area of meaning into three terms, but with a different component. The forms are Mas for ‘older
brother’, Mbak for ‘older sister’, and Adik for ‘younger sibling’.
For example:
ST: Pergi, Mbok? Kita akan pergi?. TT: Leave, Mbok? Are we going to leave?
The datum above is the dialogue of Wagé and Embok. Embok is Wagé’s mother. In this situation, a serious situation, Wagé asks to his mother about leaving from his village. In Javanese, the word Mbok in the source text and target text are categorized into kinship terms since both refer to a mother. It is used by Wagé to address his mother. It is translated purely without naturalizing the spelling rules in the target text.
(ii) Titles
Titles refer to given initials of individuals in order to show their social ranks or gender in different circumstances. Trudgill (1974: 105) explains that the use of personal address depends on the relationship between an addresser, an addressee and the relative status of individuals involved in a conversation. The usage of title terms concerns with the addresser and addressee that have different social status, age, and intimacy. In Indonesian culture, calling people based on the background culture. For instance, Javanese address terms, people call someone with Mbak, Mas, Le, Nduk, etc.
For example: ST : Di Ploso, Pak. TT : In Ploso, Pak
The datum above is the dialogue Soedarsono and his father. In this situation, his father asked him about where is the location of his job. As seen in the example, the translator translates Pak into Pak in the target text. Both are formal forms of the address terms used by Soedarsono when he is talking to his father. It is categorized into titles since the addresser uses it to address an older man which shows respect to the addressee.
iii. Names
For example:
ST: Sastro, mulai sekarang kamu saya panggil Sastro saja, ya?
TT: Sastro, from today we can be less formal and I shall call you Sastro, agreed? The dialogue of Ndoro to Sastrodarsono, she asked him about his nickname. Based on the dialogue of Ndoro to Sastrodarsono, the translator translates Sastro into Sastro in the target text. Sastro is categorized into name since it is name a person.
4. Meaning Equivalence
Languages have different from each other; they are different in regulations and rules about the grammatical and form. Then, these grammatical and forms have different meanings. Equivalent is central concept of translation study, so the translated expression must be equivalent with the source language expression in terms of context and content.
Bell (1991:6) says text in different language (between ST and TT). He is divided into two types, equivalent (fully and partly equivalent) and non-equivalent (different meaning and no meaning). Based on theory of Bell (1991:6), meaning equivalence is divided into two kinds:
a. Equivalent
i. Fully Equivalent Meaning
For example:
ST: Ah, ya kami berusaha sebaik mungkin, Kamas. TT: Well, yes. We do our best, Kamas.
Based on the example above, the translations of address terms are considered fully equivalent meaning. The word Kamas in the source text is fully translated
into Kamas in the target text.
ii. Partly Equivalent Meaning
Partly equivalent meaning occurs when the translation is added or omitted some information in the target text which is not found in the source text, or when the source text is translated into target text with the same meaning or style, not both.
For example:
ST : Belum, Pakdhe. TT : Not yet, Uncle.
Based on the example above, the translator employs partly equivalent meaning. He translates Pakdhe into Uncle. Pakdhe is different from uncle,
because it means uncle older than one’s parents. Then, uncle means mother’s
brother or father’s brother.
b. Non Equivalent Meaning (i) Different Meaning
Different meaning occurs when the source text is translated into target text using the different meaning.
ST: Nah, tahunya kamu sudah pinter merokok. TT: Looks like he knew how to smoke all along.
The example above is considered different meaning. It could be seen of the translator translates from source text into target text with different meaning and concept.
ii. No Meaning
No meaning occurs when the source text does not translate into target text. For example:
ST:Pergi, Mbok? Kita akanpergi?
TT: Leave, Mbok? Are we going to leave?
The datum above is the dialogue betweenEmbok and Wagé.Based on the example above; the translator translates Mbok to Mbok. Mbok means mother. The example above is considered no meaning translation. It is said so since the address term in the source text is not translated in the target text. The translator does not consider the English, but only translates the Bahasa Indonesia.
5. Para Priyayi
Umar Kayam is the one of the authors who writes the novel with local language and Indonesian language in it. At the time, he wrote Para Priyayi, he was the Director of Gadjah Mada University’s Center for Cultural Studies and a
and Asian Studies, and was a student at Gadjah Mada University in 1992, the year Para Priyayi was published, and while Professor Kayam taught there at the
School of Letters.
Novel of Para Priyayi tells about theindispensability of literacy to any peasant villager seeking to escape the miseries of their class and achieve familial betterment by rising into higher of colonial Java’s essentially two-tier society. This novel has aim to present a social-scientific study of the Javanese in the late colonial and modernizing period. Meanwhile, among his works are a collection of short stories set in Manhattan (1972), two novellas (1975) and a volume of journal columns (1990).
6. Related Study
The researcher finds two previous studies which are related to this research. The first research was done by Chandra Nila Fitriani (2014). The researcher analyzed the address terms in Negeri Lima Menara novel. She formulates this research into three points, the first point is analyzed of types of address terms in the novel, the second point is analyzed of translation techniques that are used by translator, and the last point is meaning equivalence.
substitution, transposition, and variation). In addition, type of address terms (pronouns, kinships, titles, and names), and meaning equivalence by Bell (1991: 6).
In the result, there is another type of address terms which is categorized as unrealized terms since the address term in the source text is not translated in the target text. Meanwhile, the type of address terms which is mostly used in this research is titles. Then, the translator mostly uses borrowing technique to maintain the value and culture of the novel. The result of discussion between the researcher and the respondent about meaning of equivalence, this research mostly used fully equivalent meaning.
Based on the result, types of translation variation found in the novel Power-Crazy Ms Wiz are address terms in the form of pronouns, kinships, names, and
titles. Mostly used is pronoun. Then, the translation techniques employed by the translator to translate address terms in the novel Power-Crazy Ms Wiz are borrowing, omission, transposition, literal translation, and adaptation. The most frequently used is literal translation. In addition, the result of accuracy and acceptability measurement, the translation of the novel Power-Crazy Ms Wiz is accurate and acceptable.
B. Conceptual Framework
This research adopts the notion of translation that the translation is a specific oral and written activity aimed at recreation of an oral and written text (utterance) existing in one language into a text in another language, accompanied by keeping the invariance of content, qualities of the original and author’s authenticity. This research focused on address terms used in Para Priyayi and their expressed in Javanese Gentry. Specifically, the researcher wants to describe the most dominant
types of address terms are found in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their
translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel.
Besides, the researcher also tries to describe the techniques of translation applied by the translator in translating address terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese
Gentry novel. Then, the researcher describes about the meaning equivalence of the
translation of address terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their
The first framework is types of address terms found in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese
Gentry novel. It is important to know all of the types. The researcher adopts the
types of address terms. They are pronouns, names, kinship terms, and titles. Pronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned. English and Indonesia pronouns system are different. English pronoun system does not have familiar and formal on singular and plural. The example of pronouns of address:
First example:
ST: Ya itulah. Tapi, dia juga butuh teman bermain. TT: Yes, I know, but he does need friends, after all.
In the datum above is the dialogue between Sadimin andSumantri. Both are siblings (sister and brother).Sadimin tried to give an advice for Sumantri. He wants his child play together with his friends. The word dia in the source text is used by Sadiminto address his child. It is considered address terms in the type of personal pronoun of singular form on third person.
Second example:
ST: Maka itu masyarakat kita mesti bersih dari orang-orang kontra repolusi. TT: And so we, the people, have to clean out the country, sweep out all those against the revolution.
source text is used by Martokebo address Noegraha’s family. It is considered address terms in the type of plural form on first person.
Moreover, names are used call someone with his/her name. In Western culture, people usually call people by first of given name. Even though, in Indonesian culture people sometimes call someone with local name, because Indonesia has different aspect of culture.
The examples of names:
ST: Marie, apakah kamu senang bekerja sama Bapak di kantor?
TT: What’s it like, Marie, since you started working in your father’s office?
In the datum above is the dialogue between Marie’s mother and Marie. Marie’s mother asks Marie about her opinion. Marie feels happy enough, because
she can work with her father. Based on the dialogue of Marie’s mother to Marie, the translator translates Marie into Marie in the target text. Marie is categorized into name since it is name a person.
Second example:
ST: Wis, wis, Kentus. Biarlah mbakyumu dan Mas Hari selesai makan dulu. Kau main dulu sana.
TT: That’s enough now, Kentus. Let your Mbak and Mas Hari finish eating. You
go out and play.
into Kentus in the target text. Kentus is categorized into name since it is name a person especially Javanese name.
Then, kinship terms describe how people prefer to relatives by direct or indirect of blood and marriage. In the system of address terms, kinship terms are the most important one that have the closest relation with other people; in general kinship terms are divided into four groups: nuclear family, extended family, marital relations, and law kinship terms. Here the examples below:
ST: Oh, Embokmu tetap disini, di Wanalawas. TT: Oh, your mother will stay here, in Wanalawas.
Embok tried to calm Wagé, because he would stay at another place, Ndoro
Seten. Embok tried to explain that she was stay here in Wanalawas. Based on the example above, it is an example of kinship term. Furthermore, Embok in the source text means mother in the target text. Javanese people usually call his/her mother with Embok.
Second example: ST: Belum, Pakdhe. TT: No, not yet, Uncle.
In addition, the usage of titles concern with the addresser and addressee that have different social status, age, and intimacy. In Indonesian culture, calling people based on the background of culture.
The examples of titles: First example:
ST: Wis, wis, Yem. Jangan kamu teruskan nangismu. TT: Now, now, dear woman, don’t go crying.
In the datum above is the dialogue betweenNdoro and Embok. In this situation, Ndoro asks Embok, she wants Lantip come back to school because he was seven-years-old. Embok says thank you and she cried. As seen in the example, the translator translates Yem into dear woman in the target text. It is categorized into titles since the addresser uses it to address same old. In Javanese, Yem means Mbak or lady. The translator translates Yem into dear woman to
address the woman. Second example:
ST: Nangis saja, Le, keras-keras. Tidak ada yang melarang.Menangislah. TT: Cry, boy, as hard as you want. No one forbids it. Go ahead and cry.
Then, the second framework is techniques of translation based on Molina and Albir (2002:509). The researcher uses four types of techniques of translation namely borrowing, generalization, literal translation, and modulation. Borrowing is a translation technique that is applied by translator to take a word or an expression straight from another language. It is pure (without any change). For example, the name of Soenandar translates into target text without any change. The translator employs borrowing technique in translating the address terms in the novel. It is said so since the word Soenandaris translated purely into Soenandar in the target text. Therefore, borrowing is a translation technique that maintains the culture on the text.
Generalization is a translation technique uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example,
ST: Becak TT: Vehicle
In the example above, the translator translates the word becak into vehicle. The word becak is land transportation in Indonesia. The translator gives more general, so the readers know about the kind of land transportation.
For example:
ST: Nyuwun sewu, Bapak. Saya ingin mengemukakan pendapat saya. TT: If I may, Father, could I say something?
In the datum above is the dialogue betweenMini and her father. In this situation, Mini gave an opinion about her wedding. In the example above the translator employs literal translation technique. It could be seen in the word Bapak which is translated into father in the target text.
Modulation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to change point of view consists of a phrase that is different in the source and target language to convey the same idea, focus or cognitive.
For example:
ST: Nah, tahunya kamu sudah pinter merokok. TT: Looks like he knew how to smoke all along.
meaning equivalence, based on Bell (1991:6). Bell (1991:6) says text in different language (between ST and TT). He is divided into two types, equivalent (fully and partly equivalent) and non equivalent (different meaning and no meaning). Based on theory of Bell (1991:6), meaning equivalence is divided into two kinds.
Fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source text is fully translated into target text, or the source text is translated into target text with the same meaning.
For example:
ST: Kamu sekarang sudah besar. Sudah enam tahun. TT: You’re big now. You’re six.
Based on the example above, the translations of address terms are considered fully equivalent meaning. The word kamu is translated into you in the source text is fully translated into uncle in the target text.
Partly equivalent meaning occurs when the translation is added or omitted some information in the target text which is not found in the source text, or when the source text is translated into target text with the same meaning or style, not both. For example:
ST : Oh, Allah, Le. Mbokmu sudah tidak ada. TT : Oh Allah, dear boy, your Mbok has gone, dear.
Based on the example above, it is an example of partly meaning equivalent. Furthermore, it is translated by adding the word dear in the target text.
For example:
ST: Nah, tahunya kamu sudah pinter merokok. TT: Looks like he knew how to smoke all along.
The example above is considered different meaning. It could be seen of the translator translates from source text into target text with different meaning and concept. He translates wordkamu into he. In English pronoun system, kamu means you but he means dia (laki-laki).
No meaning occurs when the source text does not translate into target text. Based on this research, there is not any data about meaning equivalence of no meaning equivalent. For example:
ST: Inggih, Ndoro. Di rumah tidak ada orang yang menjaga tole. TT: Inggih, Ndoro. There is no one to look after him in our house.
The datum above is the dialogue between Embok and Ndoro. Based on the example above, the translator translates Ndoro to Ndoro. Ndoro means people who have high status in particular district. The example above is considered no meaning translation. It is said so since the address term in the source text is not translated in the target text. The translator does not consider the English, but only translates the Bahasa Indonesia.
C. Analytical Construct
41 Interlingual
Intralingual Intersemiotic
Multilingual Bilingual
Javanese Gentry (TT) Para Priyayi
(ST)
Address Terms Translations of
Address Terms
Equivalence (in meaning)
Fully Equivalent
Partly Equivalent
Different meaning
No Meaning
Equivalent Non equivalent
Pronouns Kinship
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Research
This research applied a descriptive qualitative type. By using descriptive qualitative type, the researcher only described, analyzed, collected, classified the data, and drew conclusion than counted data. A further explanation about qualitative research was given by Sutopo (2000: 35) stated that in qualitative research, the data are collected in the forms of words, sentences, which more valuable than number or frequency.
Moreover, qualitative research was applied because the whole data were not statistical data and not conducted to make some predictions. As a result, the nature of qualitative research described particular phenomena or situations of the research focus. This research attempt to analyze the meaning equivalence through the types of address terms and the techniques of translation are used in translating dialogue chunks. The data represent address terms in Para Priyayi as the primary data source and their translated expressions in Javanese Gentry as the secondary data.
B. Data and Data Sources
Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry. The first version was published by PT Pustaka Utama Grafiti in 1992 and the translated novel was published by Lontar in 2013.
C. Techniques of Data Collection
In collecting the data, the researcher employed two kinds of method. The first one was content analysis, which used to collect the primary data. According to Weber (in Moleong, 2009: 220), content analysis was research methodology that used a number of procedures to draw valid conclusions from a book or document. In this research included the dialogue chunks containing address terms in the novel Para Priyayi and its English version. The data were collected by the researcher read the original version and its English version. When the data of address terms have the same meaning and context, the researcher only took one sample to generalize the sample result.
The procedure of data collection was arranged as follows:
a. The researcher collected the data by selecting dialogues in the novel which dialogue chunks contain address terms in the source text and their translated expressions in the target text. The data obtained were written down.
b. The researcher classified the data address term based on Pronouns, Kinship terms, Titles, and Names.
c. In order to make the researcher easier in classifying the data, each datum collected is given a number.
D. Techniques of Data Analysis
In this research, the data were analyzed qualitatively. The technique of data analysis as follow:
a. The researcher analyzed the data in order to know the type of address terms. Types of address terms are coded:
P : Pronouns K : Kinship Terms T : Titles
N : Names
b. The researcher analyzed the data of the translation techniques. Translation techniques are coded based on:
Bor : Borrowing Gen : Generalization LT : Literal Translation Mod : Modulation
c. The researcher analyzed the using of address term to find out meaning equivalence. The meaning equivalence are coded based on:
i. Equivalent
(1) Fully Equivalent Meaning: Full (2) Partly Equivalent Meaning: Part
ii. Non Equivalent
d. The result of the research is described in details. Table 5. Data Sheet
E. Research Instruments
First main instrument is human or the researcher. In the qualitative research, the researcher is a planner, data collector, data interpreter, analyze, and reporter of the research, description, and findings. Moreover, the researcher applies secondary instruments; she uses two novels; Para Priyayi and their translation. Those novels use to collect data about types of address terms and techniques of translation. Secondly, she uses a computer to process of the data, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusion.
F. Trustworthiness of the Data
According to Lincoln and Guba (1985: 290) trustworthiness is the argument that inquiry’s results are worth paying attention. Establishing trustworthiness
ensures the quality of the findings. A commonly employed technique to enhance trustworthiness is triangulation. There are five types of triangulation:
a. by source: The researcher collects the data from different sources, such as she asks other researcher to support her data.
b. by method: The researcher applies data collection strategies.
c. by researcher: The researcherinvolves more than one researcher to analyze the data.
d. by theories: The researcher uses references to support the data.
47 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Findings
1. Description of Types of Address Terms Used in Novel of Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi
The translator applies some types of address terms. He translates address terms into target text by considering age, sex, social status, the relationship between the participants, and culture. There are differences between English and Indonesian address terms. Moreover, the researcher analyzes of address terms based on Braun (1998: 12). Then, the researcher classified the data into four types, namely pronouns of address, names, kinship terms, and titles. Below, the table shows the types of address terms, frequency, and percentage.
Table 5. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Types of Address Terms
Types of Address Terms
Source Text Target Text
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Based on the table 5, it can be seen that out of 102 data. The higher rank types of address terms on source text are kinship terms, they occur 39 times and their percentage is 38.23%. The second rank is names. They occur 27 times, their percentage is 26.47%. The third rank is titles. They occur 25 times; with the percentage is 24.50%. The last is pronouns of address; the number of frequency is 11. Then, the number of percentage is 10.78%.
Meanwhile, the higher rank types of address terms on target text arekinship terms. They occur 30 times out of the total 102 data, their percentages are 29.41%. The second is titles. They occur 28 times, and their percentage is 27.45%. The third rank is names. They occur 27 times with the percentage 26.47%. The last rank is pronouns of address with the percentage of 16.67%. They occur 17 times on the data. In addition, the higher rank types of address terms shows that the types most often used by the participants on the novels. In contrast, the lowest rank of types of address terms that this types seldom used by the participants. These novels mostly use the higher rank of types of address terms to address other participants.
2. Description of the Translation Techniques Used to Translate the Address Terms in JanaveseGentry
generalization, literal translation, and modulation. The four types are most dominant in the target novel. The table below shows the number of frequency and the percentage of four techniques of translation by Molina and Albir (2002:509). Table 6. The Frequency and the Percentage of Techniques of Translation
Techniques of
Translation
Frequency Percentage
Borrowing 60 58.82%
Generalization 10 9.80%
Literal Translation 22 21.56%
Modulation 10 9.80%
Total 102 100%
Based on table 6, it can be seen that the translator mostly used borrowing technique. It is said, the percentage of borrowing is 58.82%. The second technique that is mostly used by translator is literal translation since its percentage number is 21.56%. The third technique is generalization and modulation with the percentage 9.80%. In these novels, the translator mostly translates target text with borrowing technique.Meanwhile, the novel tells about the Javanese life and the translator maintains sense of meaning and culture of the novels.
3. Description of the Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of Address Terms
In this research, the researcher uses Bell’s theory about meaning equivalence.
meaning and no meaning). The table below shows the number of frequency and percentage of meaning equivalence.
Table 8. The Frequency and the Percentage of Meaning Equivalence
Meaning
Equivalence Frequency Percentage
Equivalence
Fully Equivalent 46 45.09%
Partly Equivalent 16 15.68%
Non Equivalence
Different Meaning 6 5.88%
No Meaning 34 33.33%
Total 102 100%
From the table 8, the researcher found 102 data it can be seen that the higher rank of meaning equivalence is fully equivalent. Its percentage is 45.09%. It is followed by no meaning with the percentage of33.33%. The lowest rank is different meaning; its percentage is 5.88%.
B. Discussion
a. Pronouns of Address
There are 11 data categorized into pronouns of address in source text. Meanwhile, there are 17 data categorized into pronouns in target text. Below are some examples of the data:
(7/N1/16/N2/22)
ST: Kamu sekarang sudah besar. Sudah enam tahun.
TT: You’re big now. You’re six.
Based on the example above is the dialogue between Embok and Wagé. In this serious situation, one afternoon after returning from their usual visit to Setenan Road, Embok and Wage were sitting on the bamboo sleeping platform in the porch of their house in Wanawalas. Embok gave a hug and stroked Wage’s hair. She tried to explain about crucial something. Wagéshould live with Ndoro Guru in Setenan Road. She wanted him quickly learn how to be clever and be a scholar. Finally, Wagé nodded and decided to go to Setenan with Ndoro Guru.
The word kamu in the source text is used by Embok to address Wagé. kamu/anda is either a second person singular or a second person plural. Meanwhile, it should be translated as required by a formal form of second person in Indonesian pronominal system but it is considered not very polite to address an adult reader or listener using kamu/anda.
(57/N1/145/N2/177)
Based on the example above is the dialogue between Hardojo and Dik
Nunuk. Some days before, Nunuk’s parents asked her to come and have a talk
with them. They wanted to know about how matters stood between Hardojo and Dik Nunuk, whether it was a serious relationship. Then, Dik Nunuk confused about her parents. She said she got serious relationship with Hardojo and everybody knows. Finally, Hardojo tried to explain that her parents would want to be certain and suggested she might like to sound out her own people.
The word mereka in the source text is used by Hardojo to Dik Nunuk. It is an address terms in the type third person plural pronoun. As seen in the example above, the word mereka in the source text is used by Hardojo to address Nunuk. mereka is considered third personal pronoun of the plural form. It is translated into They in the target text which is also considered personal pronoun of the plural form. The word mereka means they, which to address the addresser at least one other person.
(62/N1/166/N2/202)
ST: Ya itulah. Tapi, diajuga butuh teman bermain. TT: Yes, I know, but he does need friends, after all.
entered and began climbing all over the tree: and Sadimin soon afterwards came to report this strange transgression to Sumarti. He just worried about the attitude of kampong children. They probably seldom got a bath and might have scabies and those white blotches of fungus all over their bodies. Finally, she just answers her child does need friends after all.
The word dia in the source text is used by Sadimin to Sumantri. It is an address terms in the type third person singular pronoun. In English, it is clear that he (him) refers to male person and she (her) refers to female person but this is not the case for Indonesian pronoun system.
b. Kinship Terms
There are 39 data categorized into kinship terms in source text. Meanwhile, there are 30 data categorized into kinship terms in target text. Below are some examples of the data:
(18/N1/34/N2/46) ST: Belum, Pakdhe. TT: No, not yet, Uncle.
Based on the example above is the dialogue between uncle and Soedarsono. In this situation, when they finished eating and the leftovers had been cleared and taken to the back. Soedarsono’s father and his uncle remained sitting at the table
