CCH4A3 PENULISAN PROPOSAL Research Design and Method

CCH4A3 PENULISAN PROPOSAL

Research Design and Method

Semester Ganjil 2017/2018

Tim Tugas Akhir I

Prodi S1 Teknik Informatika dan S1 Ilmu Komputasi

Contributor:

Definisi TA

•

Skripsi /Tugas Akhir: "hasil karya mandiri dalam

menerapkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan. Biasanya bersifat semi research, maksudnya tidak ada

kewajiban untuk memberikan kontribusi baru terhadap metode ataupun metodologi."

•

Tugas Akhir (TA) merupakan suatu rangkaian

kegiatan akademik yang bertujuan untuk

menampilkan kompetensi yang dimiliki mahasiswa dalam bentuk penelitian TA serta untuk melatih

Research

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“… a process of enquiry and investigation; it is systematic, methodical and ethical; research can help solve practical problems and increase knowledge.”

•

Purpose

– Review or synthesize existing knowledge

– Investigate existing situations or problems

– Provide solutions to problems

– Explore and analyse more general issues

– Construct or create new procedures or systems

– Explain new phenomenon

– Generate new knowledge

–…or a combination of any of the above! (Collis & Hussey,

2003)

Research design and

method

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Research design: “plans and the procedures for research that span the decisions from broad

assumptions to detailed methods of data collection and analysis” Creswell, 2009

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Research method: “the process of collecting data analyzing and find the solution” wiki.answers.com/ Q/What_is_the_meaning_of_research_method

Research paradigm

(purpose-based)

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Exploratory: identifying new insights and generating ideas and hypotheses

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Descriptive: portraying a phenomenon

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Explanatory: investigating an explanation of a phenomenon

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Improving: trying to improve a certain aspect of the studied phenomenon

Research design

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Qualitative research: a means to explore and understand human behavior or social

phenomena.

•

Quantitative research: a means to test objective theories by examining the causality of variables.

Choosing research

design and method

Based on

•

type and nature of research problem

•

on the availability of resources

•

access to subjects

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control over variables

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skills of the researcher

•

research question

Quantitative research

design format

• Introduction

– Context (Statement of the problem)

– Purpose of the study

– Research questions or objective or hypotheses

– Theoretical perspective

– Definition of terms

– Delimitations and limitations of the study

• Review of the Literature

• Methods

– Research design

– Sample, population, or subjects

– Instrumentation and materials

– Variables in the study

– Data analysis

• Appendices: Instruments

Qualitative research design format (Creswell 2009)

• Introduction

– Statement of the problem – Purpose of the study

– The grand tour question and subquestions – Definition of terms

– Delimitations and limitations of the study – Significance of the study

• Procedure

– Assumptions and rationale for a qualitative design – The type of design used

– The role of the researcher – Data collection procedures

– Data reduction/analysis procedures – Methods for verifications

– Outcomes of the study and its relation to theory and literature • Appendices

The purpose statement,

Research Questions and Hypotheses

Source: Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and Mixed methods

The purpose statement

(= research objective)

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Outline the scope of the research

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Give a picture of how to perform the investigation

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Give an idea who should be the subjects of the research

Locke et al. (2007), the purpose

The purpose statement

relationship

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The purpose statement sets forth the intent of the study, not the problem or issue leading to a need for the study

•

It is also not the research questions, those

questions that the data collection will attempt to answer

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This idea builds on a need (the problem) and is refined into specific questions (the research

Qualitative purpose

statement

How to?

• Identify a single central phenomenon and to pose a tentative definition for it.

• Employs action words, such as discover, develop, or understand; uses neutral language such as individual (instead of good individual)

• Mentions the strategy of inquiry, participants, and research site.

• Format example

The purpose of this ___ (strategy of inquiry, such as ethnography, case study, or other type) study is (was? will be?) to ___

(understand? describe? develop? discover?) the ___ (central

Quantitative purpose

statement

How to?

• States the theory being tested, the variables and their relationship or comparison.

• Position the independent variable first and the dependent variable second.

• Conveys the strategy of inquiry, the participants and the research site

• Defines the key variables used in the study (specific purpose statements)

• Format example

The purpose of this ___ (experiment? survey?) study is (was? will be?) to test the theory of ___ that ___ (compares? relates?) the ___ (independent

Research Question

(Qualitative)

•

inquirers state research questions, not objectives (i.e., specific goals for the research) or

hypotheses (i.e., predictions that involve variables and statistical tests).

•

These research questions assume two forms: a central question and associated subquestions

Research Question

(Qualitative)

• Use exploratory verbs that will tell the reader that the study will

–Discover (e.g., grounded theory)

–Seek to understand (e.g., ethnography)

–Explore a process (e.g., case study)

–Describe the experiences (e.g., phenomenology)

–Report the stories (e.g., narrative research)

• Example:

Research hypothesis

• Tentative statements as solutions to the problem

• Tentative statements on relationships between two or more variables

• An educated guess of conditions of a phenomenon

• A reasoned speculation about how two or more variables are related to each other

Example, find which type of hypothesis its belong?

• Swimmers are stronger than runners

• Gifted students have higher motivatiob towards mathematics

Criteria of Research

Hypothesis

Borg & Gall (1989) identified four criteria

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Should explain expected relationships that exist between two or more variables,

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Researcher should have strong reasons based on concrete evidences or theories to formulate the hypothesis which is to be tested,

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Should be as short as possible but clear,

Research Question and

Hypothesis (Quantitative)

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Quantitative research questions inquire

about the relationships among variables that the investigator seeks to know.

–Used frequently in survey studies.

•

Quantitative hypotheses are predictions the

researcher makes about the expected relationships among variables.

–Numeric estimates of population values based on

data collected from samples.

–Testing of hypotheses employs statistical

Research Question and Hypothesis (Quantitative)

Example: research question

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Does _________ (name the theory) explain the relationship between _________ (independent variable) and _________ (dependent variable), controlling for the effects of ______ (control

variable)?

Example: quantitative null hypothesis

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There is no significant difference between

_________ (the control and experimental groups on the independent variable) on _________

Research Question and

Hypothesis (Quantitative)

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Variables used have a form of (one or combined):

–compare groups on an independent variable to see its impact on a dependent variable

–relate one or more independent variables to one or more dependent variables

–describe responses to the independent, mediating, or dependent variables.

Example: the relation between research question, hypothesis and study objective

• Study: Warden SJ, Metcalf BR, Kiss ZS, et al. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for chronic patellar tendinopathy: a

randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Rheumatology 2008;47:467–71.

• Research question: How does low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) compare with a placebo device in managing the

symptoms of skeletally mature patients with patellar tendinopathy?

• Research hypothesis: Pain levels are reduced in patients who receive daily active-LIPUS (treatment) for 12 weeks compared with individuals who receive inactive-LIPUS (placebo).

Qualitative Research

Data Collection

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Participation. This is a kind of observation in which the researchers involve in the observed environment, like other participants.

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Observation

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Interview: indepth/ethnographic interview, expert/elite interview, focus-group interview.

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Document review

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Narratives and life histories

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Video, films, photographs

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Historical analysis

Qualitative Research

Data Analysis

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Get to know the data: re-read the data, ask other researcher to read.

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Focus the analysis: see experiment objectives

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Categorisation and numeration

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Identify patterns within and between-categories.

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Interpretation

Quantitative Research

Data Collection

• Questionnaires:

–Between-group (manipulate independent variables

using differents participants).

–Within-group/repeated measures (manipulate

independent variables using same participants).

• Surveys

Must be identified:

• Independent variables

• Dependent variables

Quantitative Research

Data Analysis

Statistical analysis:

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Descriptive (mean, deviation standard, minimum and maximum)

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Inferential: ANOVA (analysis of variance) for one dependent variable, MANOVA (multi-analysis of variance) for several dependent variables.

Discuss

Q1. Is TA research? Why and why not?

Q2. How do you use research design and method in your TA?

More discussion

Q1. Must we (researchers) define research questions?

Yes, we must!

Q2. How about hypotheses?

Hypotheses must be defined if independent and dependent variables have been clearly defined.

=> In qualitative research to observe phenomena (see slide 6), it is not necessary to define hipotheses.

Exampe of existing TAs

•

TA1 == > please provide TA title, the purpose statement and research questions

More on (quantitative)

hypothesis

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There two forms: null and alternative

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A null hypothesis makes a prediction that in

the general population, no relationship or no

significant difference exists between groups on a variable.

Alternative (quantitative) hypothesis

•

Directional hypothesis makes a prediction about

the expected outcome, basing this prediction on prior literature and studies on the topic that suggest a

potential outcome.

–Example: “Scores will be higher for Group A than for Group B” on the dependent variable or that “Group A will change more than Group B” on the outcome.

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Nondirectional—a prediction is made, but the

exact form of differences (e.g., higher, lower, more,

less) is not specified because the researcher does not know what can be predicted from past literature.

Example of Hypotheses (I)Sumber: Lecture Note of

Research Methodology by Ari M. Barmawi

Nondirectional hypotheses

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If Variable A changes, then variable B changes,

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There is a relationship between variable A and variable B

Example of Hypotheses (II)Sumber: Lecture Note of Research Methodology by Ari M. Barmawi

Null Hypotheses:

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Differences in variable A have no relationship to difference in variable B

Directional Hypotheses:

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If variable A increases, then variable B increases

Example of Hypotheses

(III)Sumber: Lecture Note of Research Methodology by Ari M. Barmawi

Inverse relationship:

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If variable A increases then variable B decreases

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If variable A decreases then variable B increases Magnitude of difference:

Reference