BAHASA JEPUN Ketika mendeklarasikan variabel

(o)

「ん」 which probably did not exist at the time it was written. You  can check out this poem for yourself in this wikipedia article. As  the article mentions, this order is still sometimes used in ordering  lists so you may want to spend some time checking it out.

Notes

1. Except for 「し」、「ち」、「つ」、and 

「ん」、you can get a sense of how each letter is  pronounced by matching the consonant on the top  row to the vowel. For example, _「き」 would 

become / ki / and 「ゆ」 would become / yu / and so  on.

2. As you can see, not all sounds match the way our  consonant system works. As written in the table, 

「ち」 is pronounced "chi" and _「つ」 is pronounced  "tsu".

5. The _「ん」 character is a special character because it is rarely used by itself and does not have a vowel  sound. It is attached to another character to add a /  n / sound. For example, _「かん」 becomes 'kan'  instead of 'ka', 「まん」 becomes 'man' instead of  'ma', and so on and so forth.

6. You must learn the correct stroke order and  direction! Use either of the following pdf practice  sheets.

 Hiroshi & Sakura

Home » Japanese Grammar Guide » The Writing System The Muddied Sounds

Once you memorize all the characters in Hiragana, there are still  some additional sounds left to be learned. There are five more  consonant sounds that are written by either affixing two tiny lines  similar to a double quotation mark called dakuten _（濁点） or a  tiny circle called handakuten _{（半濁点）}. This essentially creates  a "muddy" or less clipped version of the consonant (technically  called a voiced consonant or 「濁り」, which literally means to  become muddy).

All the voiced consonant sounds are shown in the table below.

p

b

d

z

g

 

ぱ

ば

だ

ざ

が

a

ぴ

び

(ji)

ぢ

(ji)

じ

_ぎ

i

ぷ

ぶ

(dzu)

づ

_ず

_ぐ

u

ぺ

べ

で

ぜ

げ

e

Voiced Hiragana ­ Click for Sound

Note



Notice that 

「ぢ」

sounds essentially identical to

「じ」

and both are pronounced as / ji /, while 

「づ」

is pronounced like / dzu /.

Home » Japanese Grammar Guide » The Writing System

The Small _{「や」、「ゆ」、}and _「よ」

You can also combine a consonant with a / ya / yu / yo / sound by attaching a small 「や」、「ゆ」、or 「よ」 to the / i / vowel  character of each consonant.

p b j g r m h n c s k  

ぴゃ びゃ じゃ ぎゃ りゃ みゃ ひゃ にゃ ちゃ しゃ きゃ ya

ぴゅ びゅ じゅ ぎゅ りゅ みゅ ひゅ にゅ ちゅ しゅ きゅ yu

ぴょ びょ じょ ぎょ りょ みょ ひょ にょ ちょ しょ きょ yo

All small _や、ゆ、and _よ combinations in Hiragana ­ Click for Sound Notes

2. Also note that since _「じ」 is pronounced / ji /, all the  small 「や」、「ゆ」、「よ」 sounds are also based off of that, namely: / jya / jyu / jyo /.

3. The same thing also applies to 「ち」 which becomes / cha / chu / cho / and _「し」 which becomes / sha /  shu / sho /. (Though arguably, you can still think of it  as / sya / syu / syo /.)

The Small _「つ」

A small 「つ」 is inserted between two characters to carry the  consonant sound of the second character to the end of the first.  For example, if you inserted a small _「つ」 between _「び」 and 

「く」 to make 「びっく」, the / k / consonant sound is carried  back to the end of the first character to produce "bikku". Similarly, 

「はっぱ」 becomes "happa", _{「ろっく」} becomes "rokku" and  so on and so forth.

Examples

1. _ざっし (zas­shi)   ­ magazine 2. _かっぷ (kap­pu)   ­ cup

Notes

adding either _{「あ」、「い」、}or _「う」 depending on the vowel from _「か」, you would add _「あ」 to create _「かあ」. Other  examples would include: _「き → きい」, _「く → くう」, _「け →

けい」, _「こ → こう」, _「さ → さあ」 and so on. The reasoning  for this is quite simple. Try saying 「か」 and 「あ」 separately.  Then say them in succession as fast as you can. You'll notice that because you can be saying things like "here" _（ここ） instead of  "high school" _{（こうこう）} or "middle­aged lady" _{（おばさん）} instead of "grandmother" _{（おばあさん）} if you don't stretch it out correctly!

Examples

1. _がくせい (ga­ku­se)   ­ student 2. せんせい (sen­se)   ­ teacher 3. _きょう (kyo)   ­ today

5. _{おかあさん} (o­ka­san)   ­ mother

There are rare exceptions where an / e / vowel sound is extended by adding _「え」 or an / o / vowel sound is extended by _「お」.  Some examples of this include _{「おねえさん」、「おお}

い」、and _{「おおきい」}. Pay careful attention to these  exceptions but don't worry, there aren't too many of them.

About Hiragana

Hiragana is one of three character sets used in the Japanese language.

Each Hiragana letter represents particular syllable. Letter itself has no meaning.

Hiragana is used widely to form a sentence.

You can download/print Hiragana chart (PDF) of all simplifying the form of particular Kanji symbols.

Compared to Katakana, Hiragana letters have more curved lines.

In addition to these 46 basic letters called gojūon, there are modified forms to describe more sounds - 20 dakuon, 5 handakuon, 36 yōon, 1 sokuon and 6 additional letters.

FAQ: What are the letters with a bar on top (ā ū ē ō)?

In Japanese, syllables are organized in the form of a table (5 x 10). This table is called gojūon-zu (literally means table of 50 sounds).

To describe these sounds, Hiragana and Katakana alphabets are used.

Letters い, う and え appear more than once in the table. These 5 duplicates (gray colored) are usually skipped or ignored.

Another syllable ん is included. It doesn't belong to any row or column.

In total, 46 letters (45+1) are counted as gojūon (50 sounds).

You can learn gojūon letters at Hiragana Course: Part 1-10.

Structure of the Table

The first row - あ [a], い [i], う [u], え [e] and お [o] are five vowels of the Japanese language.

Letters in the same column contain the same vowel.

Letters in the same row are considered to contain the same consonant.

Letters お and を represent the same sound [o]. を is used only as the particle in a sentence.

Dakuon literally means turbid or murky sound. It is the voiced sound of か [ka], さ [sa], た [ta] and は [ha]-row syllables.

Dakuon is indicated with two small dots.

Pronunciation of _じ and _ぢ, _ず and _づ are the same.

Handakuon 【半濁音】

Handakuon literally means half-turbid or half-murky sound.

Handakuon is indicated with a small circle.

You can learn handakuon letters at Hiragana Course: Part 11.

Yōon is described by i-column letters plus small や, ゆ or よ. For example, き + ゃ = きゃ [kya].

Pronunciation of じゃ, じ ゅ, じょ and ぢ ゃ, ぢゅ, ぢ ょ are the same.

You can learn yōon letters at Hiragana Course: Part 12-13.

Sokuon 【促音】

pause

Sokuon is a pause (no sound) between two syllables. Sokuon is described by small つ.

Examples

さっき [sakki] ひっし [hisshi] いった [itta] やっぱり [yappari]

Pronunciation of sokuon is not very easy. Hiragana Course: Part 14 explains it in detail.

Additional Letters

Note: Foreign words are usually written in Katakana. These additional Hiragana letters are rarely used.

Examples

ふぁ [fa] てぃ [ti] どぅ [du] うぇ [we] ふぉ [fo]

Small あ [a], い [i], う [u], え [e] and お [o] are attached after particular letters.

Examples

う゛ぁ [va] う゛ぃ [vi] う゛ [vu] う゛ぇ [ve] う゛ぉ [vo]

う゛ is used for [v] sound.

Printable Hiragana Chart

Item _TypeFile Size

Hiragana Chart PDF 460 KB