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This study aims to find out how to convey messages or values contained in fiction stories, especially fable stories in BIPA textbooks. This analysis includes the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics or Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by Halliday in the realm of ideational meaning. SFL is one of the theories of language which assumes that language is a social phenomenon. This school examines the meaning of a text to find out the role of language in social life (Muhajir, 2018).
As previously stated, in this study the focus of SFL that will be discussed is the ideational metafunction.
This meaning relates to the reality of the external world which is represented through the process of forms. This process is usually presupposed by a verb and followed by the participants and the circumstantial. (Musrichah & Baskoro, 2020). Through ideational meaning, a person's language expression that contains the meaning of other people's experiences, feelings, ideas, and thoughts can be seen or expressed (Haryanto et al., 2019).
This ideational meaning is also called transitivity, which is a structure that describes or explains the meaning represented in sentences. The sentence expresses an experience or process that is related to the participant and the circumstantial. transitivity can be said to explain how a meaning is represented in a sentence (Kramadanu et al., 2022). In addition, transitivity is also defined as a system that describes experience as a type of process related to participants and circumstantial. Transitivity is divided into (1) process, (2) participant, and (3) circumstantial (Yuwana., 2019).
In the transitivity pattern, language functions as a medium for expressing human experience which is constructed with verbs. In this case, the clause as a representation shown by the transitivity system, namely the structure of the process, participants, and circumstantial (Musrichah & Baskoro, 2020).
Halliday's theory (in Amalia & Tou., 2010) reveals various types of processes, namely: 1) Material processes, namely processes that show an action or event that is realized by a verb. 2) Mental processes, namely work processes related to feelings, thoughts, and perceptions. 3) Relationship process, namely the process that shows the relationship between two entities. 4) Process, which is a process related to human physiological and psychological behavior such as breathing, dreaming, smiling, and others. 5) Oral process. This process is a process that shows something being said, for example saying, telling. The last is (6) the existential process, namely the process that shows the existence of something, for example, exists, exists, and appears.
After understanding the process, the next aspect is the participant. Determination of participants depends on the process used. As said by Pamungkas & Santoso (2018) that the core of experience is a process, so at the clause level, the process determines the number and category of participants. involved in the process are realized in nominal groups. (Kramadanu et al., 2022). The explanation is (1) If in the material process, the participants consist of: actors, goals, and ranges. (2) If in the beneficiary process, the participants are recipients or clients. (3) Participants in mental processes are senses and phenomena.
(4) The participants in the verbal process are called the speaker, the speaker, and the receiver. (5) Participants in the behavioral process consist of behavior, speech, recipients, and phenomena. (6) Participants in the relational process are persons, attributes, forms, and values. (7) The participant in the process of being is being (Ultimate & Santoso, 2018).
Process and participant are the core elements in a clause which can be regarded as subject and predicate in traditional grammar. In addition to the core element, there is an additional element whose presence provides additional information in the clause, namely circumstantial.
Circumstantial elements have been classified in detail, making it easier for users to recognize and understand the form and function of these information elements. Information that becomes srkumstan can be realized in the form of words (both nouns and adverbs), word groups (nominal, adjective, or adverbial phrases), and can be in the form of prepositional phrases (Sholihah et al., 2018). Simply put, Putri et al. (2020) states that circumstantial is realized in adverbial groups that realize the physical and non-physical environment in the event.
Based on the background and theory, it can be concluded that this study aims to describe how a meaning is represented in a sentence. In this case, the sentence or clause being analyzed is a clause in a fable story from a C1 level BIPA textbook. This research is expected to represent the meaning or cultural values conveyed to BIPA students or foreign nationals through fable stories. In addition, this research can
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expand research on linguistics and language, especially in the analysis of Functional Systemic Linguistics.
2 METHODOLOGY
In this study, the researcher used a descriptive qualitative method. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative research is to explain and describe the process, participants, and circumstantial contained in the fable story of the textbook "Friends of Indonesia" level C1. This analysis is called transitivity analysis.
Qualitative method is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of words or words from people and observable behavior (Moleong in Siyoto & Sodik, 2015). The object of this research is the texts contained in the book "Friends of Indonesia", especially at the advanced level (C1).
The reason is that at the advanced level of BIPA, in the text, the clauses used are more complex and varied, thus enriching the research data. Regarding research data, Raco (2010) explains that qualitative research data is usually in the form of text, photos, stories, pictures, artifacts, and not in the form of numbers.
In collecting data, the researcher uses document or literature study techniques. Raco (2010) again explained that data collection techniques in qualitative research include interviews, observations, documents. In this case, the researcher uses a document study technique which is done by reading and observing the text contained in the book "My Friends Indonesia". Furthermore, the data were analyzed in depth. According to Siyoto and Sodik (2015), in the qualitative method, one of the data analysis techniques can use in-depth analysis techniques, namely examining problems on a case-by-case basis because qualitative methodologies believe that the nature of one problem will be different from the nature of other problems. .
To be clear, the steps of data analysis include collecting or reducing data, analyzing the data, and then interpreting it. (Siyoto and Sodik, 2015). First, reducing data means summarizing, choosing the main things, focusing on the things that are important. Data reduction can be done by doing abstraction.
Abstraction is an attempt to make a summary. That is, the researcher will read, summarize, select the main points in the text in the textbook, and then focus on the aspects in transitivity analysis.
Furthermore, data presentation, namely compiling a collection of information that gives the possibility of drawing conclusions. This refers to the research question or the purpose of this research. So, the data is presented by compiling a process, participant, and circumstantial analysis. The last step is drawing conclusions, by interpreting the things contained in the basic concepts in the research.
3 RESULTS
This study will analyze the data with ideational meanings, in the form of participants, processes, and circumstantials contained in sentences. According to Anggraeni (2017), ideational meaning consists of three main aspects, namely participants, processes, and circumstances. This analysis is also said to be a transitivity analysis, namely by analyzing the clause as a presentation or representative of the experience expressed (Nurrahmah et al., 2020). The book analyzed is a BIPA textbook for level C1 which contains two discourse texts in the form of fictional story texts, namely the Animal Story Text on pages 21-22 and the Elephant and Ant Story on page 69. The following is an analysis of the transitivity of several clauses in the story.
Data 1. Zaman dahulu hiduplah seekor rusa yang sombong lagi pemarah.
Table 1. Analysis Data 1.
Zaman dahulu hiduplah seekor rusa yang sombong lagi
pemarah.
Sirkumstan waktu Behavioural behaver
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The process in the data is behavioral because it is a physiological and psychological behavior, namely life (hidup). Life is something that living things live naturally. The subject is behaver, namely Rusa. This subject consists of a phrase, namely seekor rusa yang sombong lagi pemarah. The information is equipped with a circumstantial showing the time, namely in ancient times. So, the meaning or information to be conveyed in this clause is that there was a deer that lived in ancient times.
Data 2. Ia bertingkah sangat sombong seperti Raja Hutan terkuat.
Table 2. Analysis Data 2.
Ia bertingkah sangat sombong seperti Raja Hutan terkuat
actor Material process Manner circumstance
In the data, the phrase that occupies the predicate is a material process. This is because there are actions taken, namely bertingkah sangat sombong. Because the process in the clause is material, the participants are actors. The participant in the clause is He who refers to the Gajah. Gajah who does arrogant things to his friends. In addition, the clause is complemented by a circumstantial showing the way, which is like the strongest king of the jungle. This circumstantial shows how the elephant behaves, which is like the strongest animal in the forest.
Data 3. Ia sering meremehkan kemampuan hewan lain.
Table 3. Analysis Data 3.
Ia Sering meremehkan Kemampuan hewan lain
actor Material process recipient
The clause has one predicate that occupies a material role. This is because there are actions taken, namely meremehkan or acting like he is the best and strongest. Because the process in the clause is a material process, the participant who shows the subject is called an actor. The actor referred to in the clause is He who refers to the Gajah. In addition to participants who are in the position of the subject, there are also participants who occupy the object. In this data, the participant is called the recipient. This recipient is indicated by the phrase the ability of other animals.
Data 4. Si Rusa tiba-tiba marah mendengar jawaban si Kura-kura.
Table 4. Analysis Data 4.
Si Rusa Tiba-tiba marah mendengar jawaban si Kura-Kura
senser Mental process Mental process phenomenon
The sentence consists of two clauses. The predicate in first clause includes mental processes. This is because the predicate is related to feelings “marah”. Anger includes feelings that show emotion for the behavior of others that harm us. Because the process in the clause is a mental process, the participant who shows the subject is called a senser. In that clause, the senser is indicated by Si Rusa. Next, the predicate in second clause is also a mental process because it is related to the senses, namely mendengar.
What is heard is called a phenomenon, which is shown in the turtle's answer phrase.
Data 5. Si Kura-kura tidak bersedia melakukannya
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Table 5. Analysis Data 5.
Si Kura-Kura Tidak bersedia melakukannya
actor Material process
The clause has one predicate that occupies a material role. This is because there is an action taken.
However, the phrase shows its negation, tidak bersedia melakukannya. Because the process in the clause is a material process, the participant who shows the subject is called an actor. The actor referred to in the clause is the Turtle. The Turtle is the actor who refuses to take this action. In this data, there are only actors and material processes.
Data 6. Si Kura-kura berusaha keras keluar dari tanah.
Table 6. Analysis Data 6.
Si Kura-Kura Berusaha keras keluar Dari tanah
actor Material process 1 Material process 2 Place circumstance The sentence consists of two clauses. The predicate in first clause is included in the material process, because the predicate is related to action, namely berusaha keras. Because the process in the clause includes a material process, the participant who indicates the subject is called an actor, there is Si Kura- Kura. Next, the predicate in second clause is also a material process because it is related to action, namely keluar. To complete the process, this clause is equipped with a circumstantial, namely from the ground.
The circumstantial circumstantial is a place circumstantial because it shows where the turtle came from, namely dari tanah.
Data 7. Ia lalu menggelindingkan tubuhnya
Table 7. Analysis Data 7.
Ia lalu menggelindingkan tubuhnya
actor Material process recipient
The clause has one predicate that occupies a material role. This is because there are actions taken, namely menggelindingkan. Because the process in the clause is a material process, the participant who shows the subject is called an actor. The actor referred to in the clause is He who refers to the Tortoise.
The Tortoise rolled something called its tubuhnya. That is, something rolled by him is his body.
Data 8. Gajah sangat angkuh, ia mengakui dirinya paling kuat.
Table 8. Analysis Data 8.
Gajah Sangat
angkuh
ia mengakui dirinya paling kuat
token Relational process
senser Mental process
receiver phenomenon
The sentence consists of two clauses. The predicate in the first clause is included in the relational process.
This is because the predicate is related to the nature, which is sangat angkuh. Therefore, this relational process is included in relational-identifying. Because the process in the clause is a relational-identifying process, the participant indicating the subject is called a token, there is Gajah. The predicate in the second clause is mental process because it relates to the confession in the heart or relates to personal feelings
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and perceptions, which is indicated by the verb mengakui. The subject participant in the clause is called a senser, that is, he who refers to an elephant. Then the object recognized in the klasua is dirinya or the elephant itself. This participant is called the receiver because he is the recipient of the acknowledgment.
The receiver participant acts as the object in the sentence. To complete the process, this clause is equipped with a phenomenon, namely what phenomenon or thing is recognized by the Elephant.
Data 9. Ia menyepelekan hewan-hewan yang berada di hutan
Table 9. Analysis Data 9.
Ia menyepelekan hewan-hewan
yang berada di hutan
actor material recipient
existen existensial sirkumstan
tempat
The sentence consists of two clauses. The predicate in the first clause is material process, because the predicate is related to action, there is menyepelekan. Because the process in the clause is a material process, the participant who indicates the subject is called an actor, that is, he refers to the elephant.
Elephants are evil animals because they act to belittle other animals. Animals that are harmed by these actions are called recipient participants who occupy the object. The recipients are hewan-hewan yang berada di hutan. In the recipient, there is a predicate that can be analyzed, namely berada. Subject participants who show existence are animals which are referred to as existent participants. To complete the process, this clause is equipped with a circumstantial, namely a place circumstantial indicating where the animal is located. Circumstantial place in this clause is di huan.
Data 10. Suatu hari, Gajah mengadakan suatu sayembara
Table 10. Analysis Data 10.
Suatu hari Gajah mengadakan suatu sayembara
Time circumstance token Relational process value
The clause has one predicate that is relational process, indicates that something has happened or has existed. In this clause, the subject is indicated by a token participant, namely Gajah. Gajah is a subject who does something. Another participant is sayembara. This participant occupies the object. This participant is referred to as value.
Data 11. Sayembara itu disambut sangat antusias oleh seluruh binatang.
Table 11. Analysis Data 11.
Sayembara itu disambut sangat antusias oleh seluruh binatang
recipient material process manner circumstance accompaniment circumstance
The clause has one predicate that occupies a material role. This is because there is an action taken, namely disambut, the subject in the clause is the recipient participant, that is, he functions as the recipient indicated by the sayembara itu. After the material process, there was a manner circumstantial, namely sangat antusias. After that, there was a accompanying circumstant, namely oleh seluruh binatang.
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Data 12. Gajah pun menakut-nakuti hewan lainya dengan menjulurkan belalainya yang panjang di depan semua hewan.
Table 12. Analysis Data 12.
Gajah pun
menakut- nakuti
hewan lainnya
dengan menjulurkan belalainya yang panjang
di depan semua hewan actor Material
process
recipient maner circumstant Place
circumstance Material
process
recipient
The sentence consists of two clauses. The predicate in the first clause is material process. This is because the predicate is related to action, namely menakut-nakuti. Because the process in the clause is a material process, the participant who shows the subject is called the actor, there is Gajah. The recipient is hewan lainnya. After the recipient, there is a manner circumstant begins with the conjunction dengan. This circumstant method shows how the elephant scares other animals. In the maner circumstant, there is a predicate that can be analyzed, namely the verb menjulurkan which indicates a material process because it indicates action.
Data 13. Ia langsung masuk ke dalam arena pertarungan.
Table 11. Analysis Data 11.
Ia Langsung masuk Ke dalam arena pertarungan
recipient material process place circumstance
The clause has one predicate that occupies a material role. This is because there is an action taken, namely langsung masuk. Because the process in the clause is a material process, the subject in the clause is a participant actor, that is, it functions as a subject who does it. This is indicated by the word Ia. After the material process, there is a place circumstant.
Data 14. Gajah mulai merasa kesakitan
Table 11. Analysis Data 11.
Gajah Mulai merasa kesakitan
senser Mental process phenomenon
The clause has one predicate that occupies a mental role. This is because it relates to feelings, there is merasa. Because the process in the clause is a mental process, the subject in the clause is a senser participant, that is, the subject who experiences the feeling. This is indicated by the word Gajah. After the mental process, there are participants that is the phenomenon is shown by kesakitan.
Based on a few sentences found from the two fiction stories above, it can be found several different processes, participants, and circumstantials. Here's the discussion.
3.1 Transitivity Process in Fiction Stories.
Judging from the process, it is found that there are many diverse processes, namely behavioral, material, mental, relational, and existential. However, the most widely used process is the material process, which is eleven times. The ten material processes are bertingkah sangat sombong, sering meremehkan, tidak bersedia melakukannya, berusaha keras, keluar, lalu menggelindingkan, menyepelekan, disambut, menakut-nakuti, menjulurkan, and langsung masuk. These words and phrases are said to be material processes because
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they show an action with the characteristics of using material verbs. Thus, it can be concluded that fiction stories use a lot of material processes. The material process according to Eggins (in Muhajir, 2018) is a 'doing' process. Moreover, a material process can be defined as a process of doing something. This process can be characterized by the presence of verbal (Maheasy, 2021). Judging from the target who is a foreign citizen, the use of this material process serves to tell an event clearly. BIPA students should be given a clearer picture of the story to be conveyed. Therefore, a material process that exhibits a dominant action is used.
3.2 Participants in the Fiction Stories
Judging from the participants, it was found that the participants are behaver, actor, recipient, senser, phenom, token, receiver, existent, and value. The number of participants used depends also on the number of processes used. Previously, it has been explained that the most widely used process is the material process. So, the most widely used participant is also the actor participant, namely the participant who shows the subject who performs an activity or action. Participant actor was used eight times, there are Ia five times, Kura-Kura twice, and Gajah once.
From these findings, it can be concluded that many fictional stories use actor participants. Participant actor according to Prabowo et al., (2012) is the most dominating participant in the text. The actor participant is a constituent of the clause that performs an action. If the clause has only one participant and is active, then that participant is an actor. The use of actor participants for BIPA students serves to clarify the character of the character by describing the character of the character who performs an action.
Therefore, the participant actor who shows the dominant action is used.
3.3 Circumstance on Fiction Stories
In addition to the process and participants, in fiction there are also many circumstantials. Judging from the various types of circumstantial, found circumstantial circumstance which includes time, method, place, and accompaniment. The most widely used circumstantial is the local circumstantial four times.
The circumstantial of the place is addressed with the phrase dari tanah, di hutan, di depan semua hewan, dan ke dalam arena pertarungan.
The fictional stories contained in this BIPA textbook are fable type stories, namely those that tell stories with animal characters. Fables are usually set in the woods, so that explains a lot about the location.
From the findings, it can be concluded that many fictional stories use forged circumstantials to clarify the place of where the characters are. Circumstantial is a description of the location of the process involving participants that occurs. The whole circumstantial has a role in the schematic structure, which can explain the orientation and abstract, for example an indication of where the event is located and when the event takes place (Alindra, 2018).
4 CONCLUSIONS
This research was conducted by analyzing transitivity, namely analyzing the grammar of the clause as a form of expressing feelings. This grammatical analysis was conducted to find out the ideational meaning contained in the clauses in fiction stories. The results of the analysis show that the fiction stories contained in the textbook "Sahabatku Indonesia" level C1 are composed of various processes, participants, and circumstantials. The most widely used process is the material process as many as eleven. This process shows an action taken by the character in the story. This serves to provide a clearer picture to the reader, namely BIPA students through the actions in the story.
Furthermore, the most widely used participants were actor participants, which was five times. This participant relates to the process used, namely the material process. The goal is to make the story livelier and easier to understand by depicting a subject who is actively taking an action. Then, circumstantial is also used in several clauses in the story. The most circumstantial circumstances are place circumtances four times, the aim is to show where the story takes place.
The results of the analysis show that the fictional stories contained in BIPA textbooks tell stories through actions so that foreigners as BIPA students can understand more easily because the messages are