MASYARAKAT INDONESIA
4. ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA'S DIPLOMACY IN THE 2014-2019 GLOBAL HALAL INDUSTRY
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
95
halal certification services. There was however a report by the Director General of International Trade Negotiation (PPI) on 2017 Performance Report (Ditjen PPI 2017). One report section mentions about halal maters (p. 270). Yet it was merely on the concerns of foreign countries like from the EU, US, Brazil, Canada, and Australia regarding the 2014 Law No. 33. In other words, the Minister mostly focuses on national needs rather than on how Indonesia competes at the global halal industry.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) should arguably be at the forefront in terms of economic diplomacy. The statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs 2014-2019 can be made as a reference. Soon after her office in 2014, she stated that she would focus on economic diplomacy. As quoted from Rappler (2014), Retno stated, “It’s economic diplomacy in a down-to-earth context and, God willing, with results that Indonesian people can directly feel. Surely, the aim of this economic diplomacy is a self-reliant national economy.” Nevertheless, we have not found specific policies or at least statements from the Minister on how she would bring Indonesia’s economic diplomacy particularly in facing the global halal competition.
4. ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA'S DIPLOMACY IN THE 2014-2019
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
96
outside MoRA, MUI, and CME are the ‘derivatives’ of the main halal policy. The absence, or at least the minimum implementation, of the 2014 Law No. 33 only create further uncertainties for other ministries or agencies in moving forward with their specific policy agenda, if any.
With regard to the policies on how Indonesia compete for the global halal industry, thus far only the Ministry of Tourism that has a five-year strategy. The result is also very concrete, of which Indonesia finally ranks first as the 2019 World Halal Tourism Destination. The question therefore goes to MFA and the Ministry of Trade, how far have been conducting in terms of halal economic diplomacy within 2014-2019?
For the Minister of Foreign Affairs 2014-2019 Retno Marsudi, she has stated in the beginning of her assuming the office that she would focus on maintaining Indonesia’s national integrity, increasing economic diplomacy, and protecting Indonesia’s workers overseas. In other words, economic diplomacy is one of her work priorities as minister. Assessing the media reports on Indonesia’s economic diplomacy, we can argue that Retno has done much in this area, either bilaterally, regionally, or even multilaterally. On multilateral policy, for example, Indonesia has been active in driving the economic cooperation between Asia and Africa. What has been lacking from the Minister is a specific policy on how Indonesia would compete at the global halal industry. The absence of this specific policy could have been viewed by the Indonesian diplomats that there was no urgency in the matter and therefore left the sector untouched.
For the Minister of Trade 2016-2019 Enggartiasto Lukita, thus far he had not stated any specific policy issue regarding how Indonesia would compete for the global halal industry. We believe that this situation was similar to the policy behavior of Minister of Foreign Affairs, of which there was an absence of the specific policy. This should have been one of the main reasons on the low performance of Indonesia’s economic diplomacy toward the global halal industry.
Without clear policy and guidance from the Minister, it would be difficult for Indonesian international trade negotiators and marketers to promote the potentials of Indonesian halal products in the global market. This phenomena proves what has been argued by Haass (2013) that foreign diplomacy should begin from home.
5. CONCLUSION
We conclude that within the halal industry in Indonesia, the governmental ministries in general had released policies in the period of 2014-2019. Yet there were no specific policies on how Indonesia would compete at the global level.
This situation has occurred due to several reasons. Chief among them, there were still minimum coordinated policy support among ministries. The 2014 Law No.
33 should have given the ground on how the national halal ecosystem works. Yet its implementation was extremely late and only five years later that the law was implemented.
This legal uncertainly should have made difficult for the related governmental ministries or agencies in making and implementing halal policies under their jurisdictions. The absence, or at least the minimum implementation, of
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
97
the 2014 Law No. 33 only create further uncertainties for other ministries or agencies in moving forward with their specific policy agenda, if any.
For the core ministry such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the minister has stated in the beginning of her assuming the office that she would focus on maintaining Indonesia’s national integrity, increasing economic diplomacy, and protecting Indonesia’s workers overseas. In other words, economic diplomacy is one of her work priorities as minister. Yet what has been lacking from the minister is a specific policy on how Indonesia would compete at the global halal industry.
For another core ministry namely the Ministry of Trade, the minister had not stated any specific policy issue regarding how Indonesia would compete for the global halal industry. This should have been one of the main reasons on the low performance of Indonesia’s economic diplomacy toward the global halal industry.
In conclusion, without clear policy and guidance from the relevant ministries or ministers and more particularly the core ones, it would be difficult for Indonesian actors of diplomacy to bring Indonesian halal products to compete at the global level. The actors, especially the international trade negotiators and marketers, must be equipped with strong and solid policies and/or direction from the ministers in order to perform in their utmost in promoting the potentials of Indonesian halal products into the global market.
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
98
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anggara, F.S.A. 2017. Development of Indonesia Halal Agroindustry Global Market in ASEAN: Strategic Assessment. Al Tijarah (DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/tijarah.v3i1.940).
Anwar, D.F. 2010. The Impact of Domestic and Asian Regional Changes on Indonesian Foreign Policy. Southeast Asian Affairs (1): 126–41.
Briliana, V., Mursito, N. 2017. Exploring Antecedents and Consequences of Indonesian Muslim Youths' Attitude towards Halal Cosmetic Products: A Case Study in Jakarta. Asia Pacific Management Review 22 (4): 176-184.
Clark, M. dan Pietsch, J. 2014. Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: Cultural Heritage, Politics and Labour Migration. Oxon: Routledge.
Farhan, F., Andriansyah, Y. 2016. Factors Affecting Muslim Students Awareness of Halal Products in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Review of Management and Marketing 6 (4S): 27-31.
Hocking et al 2012. Futures for Diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy in the 21st Century. Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”.
Jaelani, A. 2017. Halal Tourism in Industry in Indonesia: Potentials and Prospects. International Review of Management and Marketing 7 (3): 25-34.
Krithika, V. 2017. Indonesia Aims to Attract More Muslim Visitors in ‘Halal’
Tourism Push. Parallels. Blog (Source: ProQuest Central).
Limenta, M, Edis, B.M., Fernando, O. 2018. Disabling Labelling in Indonesia:
Invoking WTO Laws in the Wake of Halal Policy Objectives. Word Trade Review 7 (17): 451-476.
Marsudi, R.L.P. 2015. Pernyataan Pers Tahunan Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia 2015. www.kemlu.go.id/Documents/PPTM 2015/PPTM 2015 FINAL_3 indo 1.pdf.
Novotny, D. 2010. Torn between America and China: Elite Perceptions and Indonesian Foreign Policy. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Sukma, R. 1995. The Evolution of Indonesia’s Foreign Policy. Asian Survey 35 (3): 304-315.
Suradin, M. 2018. Halal Tourism Promotion in Indonesia: An Analysis on Official Destination Websites. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies 6 (3): 143.
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
99
Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R., dan DeVault, M.L. 2016. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition). New Jersey:
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Websites
Bappenas 2017. Persaingan Merebut Pasar Industri Halal Makin Kuat.
(https://www.bappenas.go.id/id/berita-dan-siaran-pers/persaingan-merebut- pasar-industri-halal-makin-kuat/) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Bekraf 2018. Sasar Halal Lifestyle, Bekraf dan BNI Syariah Gelar Deureuham.
(https://www.bekraf.go.id/kegiatan/detail/sasar-halal-lifestyle-bekraf-dan- bni-syariah-gelar-deureuham) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Cekindo 2019. MUI has revoked the Indonesia Halal Certification: Essentials to Know. (https://www.cekindo.com/blog/indonesia-halal-certification) (Accessed 20 Sept 2019).
CNN Indonesia 2019. Masterplan Ekonomi Syariah agar RI Tak Sekadar jadi Konsumen. (https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20190514184133-78- 394871/masterplan-ekonomi-syariah-agar-ri-tak-sekadar-jadi-konsumen) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Detik 2019. Tak Lagi Punya Otoritas Halal, MUI Gugat UU JPH ke MK.
(https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4664936/tak-lagi-punya-otoritas-halal-mui- gugat-uu-jph-ke-mk) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Ditjen PPI 2017. Laporan Kinerja 2017.
(http://ditjenppi.kemendag.go.id/assets/files/statis/statis_20180426_laporan- kinerja-ditjen-ppi-ta-2017.pdf) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Global Islamic Financial Report 2018. Chapter 13: The Global Halal Industry: An Overview. (http://www.gifr.net/gifr2013/ch_13.PDF) (Accessed 17 Dec 2018).
Hidayatullah 2017. Mendag: Produk Halal Lebih Dipercaya di Pasar Internasional. (https://www.hidayatullah.com/berita/nasional/info- halal/read/2017/11/21/128510/mendag-produk-halal-lebih-dipercaya-di- pasar-internasional.html) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Ivooxid 2019. Menkeu Berharap Indonesia Bisa Jadi Pemain Besar Industri Halal.
(https://ivoox.id/menkeu-berharap-indonesia-bisa-jadi-pemain-besar- industri-halal?tag_from=kalimantan-timur). (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Kemenko Perekonomian 2018. Kembangkan Ekonomi Syariah, Menko Perekonomian Dorong Sinergi Antara Perbankan dan Sektor Riil.
(https://ekon.go.id/berita/view/kembangkan-ekonomi-syariah.4118.html) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
100
Kemenpar 2019. Narasi Tunggal: 5 Tahun Kembangkan Pariwisata Halal, Indonesia Akhirnya Raih Peringkat Pertama Wisata Halal Dunia 2019.
(http://www.kemenpar.go.id/post/narasi-tunggal-5-tahun-kembangkan- pariwisata-halal-indonesia-akhirnya-raih-peringkat-pertama-wisata-halal- dunia-2019) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Kominfo 2017. Menkominfo: Pasar Halal Indonesia Punya Peluang Besar.
(https://kominfo.go.id/content/detail/11027/menkominfo-pasar-halal- indonesia-punya-peluang-besar/0/berita_satker) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Media Keuangan 2019. Berkah Ekonomi Syariah.
(https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/media/12336/media-keuangan-mei-2019.pdf) (Accessed 23 Sept 2019).
Nikkei Asian Review 2019. Malaysia and Indonesia Rush to Slice Up $3tn Global Halal Market. (https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Malaysia-and- Indonesia-rush-to-slice-up-3tn-global-halal-market) (Accessed 19 Sept 2019).
Rappler 2014. Indonesia’s New Foreign Minister: What does She Bring to the Table? (https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia- pacific/indonesia/73758-foreign-minister-retno-marsudi-diplomacy)
(Accessed 19 Sept 2019).
Reuters Plus 2019. Global Halal Market 2018 Consumption Analysis, Health Benefits, Production Growth, Regional Overview and Forecast Outlook till 2025. (https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture- capital/article?id=74528) (Accessed 19 Sept 2019).
Tempo 2018. BI: Industri Halal RI Tertinggal dari Negara Mayoritas Non Muslim.
(https://www.msn.com/id-id/ekonomi/ekonomi/bi-industri-halal-ri- tertinggal-dari-negara-mayoritas-non-muslim/ar-
BBQMTz9?ocid=spartanntp) (Accessed 17 Dec 2018).
The Insider Stories 2018. Halal Export could Contributes US$11B to Indonesian Economy. (http://theinsiderstories.com/halal-export-could-contributes- us11b-to-indonesian-economy/) (Accessed 17 Dec 2018).
The ASEAN Post 2018. Halal Indonesia: A Booming Industry.
(https://theaseanpost.com/article/halal-indonesia-booming-industry) (Accessed 17 Dec 2018).
The ASEAN Post. The Booming Halal Industry.
(https://theaseanpost.com/article/booming-halal-industry) (Accessed 18 Sept 2019).
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
101
THE PERCEPTIONS OF MERCHANTS OF CIPULIR WHOLESALE MARKET ON ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS
Adelia Dwiartyani1, Ahmad Reza Almubarok2, Feirza Syarif3, Ayu Wasandra4, Rifa Nurul Ramadhaniaty5 dan Masni Erika Firmiana6
1,2,3,4,5,6
Prodi Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi dan Pendidikan Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia, Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The development of technology in trading sector provides many novel conveniences in transactions. Such development also impacts the payment transactions that are now leading to cashless or electronic payment, and simultaneously, the monetary cashless circulation has increased in various sectors.
Traditional market is one of the places to shop that is favored by Indonesians. In the DKI Jakarta area, there is quite a big market and has become an icon for wholesale clothing shopping, which is Cipulir Wholesale Market. The number of transactions and the level of sales that occur in this market is estimated to have reached billions of rupiah. However, the existence of new technology cannot be directly accepted easily by the public. Traders at Cipulir Wholesale Market still indulge themselves in cash transactions and reluctant to the use of electronic payment systems. This study aims to know the perception of traders in Cipulir wholesale market about cashless transaction. This research applies the descriptive- qualitative research technique intended to obtain information about perceptions of cashless payment systems at Cipulir Wholesale Market. The results of this study indicate that traders perceived electronic transactions as useless, uneasy to use, and prone to risks. This study may serve as the preliminary study to conduct quantitative research using TAM theory to explain this phenomenon in more concrete manners.
Keywords: perception, TAM, Cipulir Wholesale Market
1. PENDAHULUAN
Saat ini, manusia membutuhkan suatu alat bantu yang praktis, untuk mempermudah melakukan berbagai kegiatannya. Teknologi mempunyai peranan yang penting untuk menunjang kemudahan tersebut. Masyarakat telah banyak menciptakan inovasi untuk mewujudkan keinginan masyarakat itu sendiri. Upaya ini dilakukan, agar memudahkan untuk melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari.
Perkembangan teknologi yang semakin pesat mempengaruhi gaya hidup yang semakin mencolok dikarenakan pengembangan teknologi berpengaruh pada segala aspek aktivitas kehidupan sehari-hari. Dengan adanya perkembangan
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
102
teknologi yang semakin pesat, mempermudah manusia untuk melakukan segala aktivitasnya sehari-hari, termasuk dalam kegiatan jual beli.
Terkait dengan perkembangan di bidang ekonomi, telah hadir berbagai macam produk inovatif atas jasa keuangan. Dimulai dari penggunaan kartu debit, kartu kredit, sms banking, internet banking, hingga electronic money (e-money).
Penggunaan berbagai produk baru pada layanan jasa keuangan memiliki berbagai manfaat di antaranya hemat waktu, hemat biaya dan fleksibilitas bagi pengguna.
Bank Indonesia sejak tahun 2006 juga telah menggalakkan “Gerakan Nasional Non-Tunai (Less-cash)” mendorong Less-cash society (LCS) (www.bi.go.id, 2011), yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan adanya siaran pers pada tahun 2014 (www.bi.go.id, 2014). Dalam hal itu, mendorong transaksi yang less-cash dilakukan karena alasan penghematan, untuk meminimalisir terjadinya tindak pidana pencucian uang serta kemungkinan terjadinya tindak kejahatan (www.bi.go.id, 2011).
Perkembangan teknologi dalam bertransaksi non tunai, memberikan banyak kemudahan, yang segera menjadi sebuah tren dan solusi dalam perbankan.
Kemudahan itu antara lain adalah cara pembayaran yang dapat dilakukan dimana saja dan kapan saja. Selain itu, pembayaran non-tunai juga sangat cepat dilakukan karena bisa menggunakan kartu debit/kredit atau bisa menggunakan tap-payment.
Selain efisiensi waktu dan kemudahan membayar dari mana saja, efisiensi lain yang menjadi keuntungan transaksi non tunai adalah perihal uang kembalian.
Dengan transaksi non tunai, tidak perlu menyiapkan dan mencari uang kembalian.
Faktor kemudahan tersebut kemudian menjadi salah satu keuntungan dalam penggunaan uang elektronik. Selain faktor kemudahan dan kegunaan, pembayaran dengan transaksi non-tunai ini juga terjamin keamanannya karena dengan adanya sistem password atau nomor pin yang dapat diatur sendiri oleh pengguna. Dengan demikian hanya pemilik asli saja yang dapat menggunakannya.
Salah satu bentuk sistem pembayaran non-tunai yang banyak digunakan saat ini adalah sistem pembayaran non tunai dengan mengunakan mesin EDC (Electronic Data Capture) yang disediakan oleh sektor perbankan. Menurut Bank Indonesia, saat ini telah terjadi peningkatan perkembangan jumlah merchant, mesin EDC terpasang, jumlah kartu debit dan kartu kredit yang beredar serta nominal transaksi (www.bi.go.id, 2011). Selain merchant modern, pihak perbankan juga sudah menawarkan mesin EDC ke para pedagang pasar tradisional.
Adanya teknologi baru memang tidak dapat secara langsung diterima dengan mudah oleh masyarakat. Fred Davis (Davis F. D., 1985) mengemukakan tiga hal penting yang menentukan diterima atau tidaknya suatu teknologi baru, yaitu persepsi terhadap kegunaan (perceived usefulness), persepsi terhadap kemudahan (perceived ease of use) dan sikap untuk menggunakan (attitude toward using). Teori tersebut lebih dikenal dengan Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) dan telah mengalami berbagai evolusi dan diterapkan di berbagai bidang, termasuk penerimaan teknologi di bidang jasa keuangan (Chuttur, 2009).
Pasar tradisional merupakan salah satu tempat berbelanja yang diminati oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan karena pasar tradisional memiliki keragaman barang yang lengkap, harga yang rendah, dan sistem tawar menawar
ISBN Number: 978-623-90930-6-8
103
menunjukkan keakraban penjual dengan pembeli. Di wilayah DKI Jakarta terdapat pasar yang cukup besar dan sudah menjadi ikon tempat perbelanjaan pakaian grosir yaitu Pasar Grosir Cipulir.
Menurut data, pedagang dan tempat usaha di unit Pasar Grosir Cipulir pada tahun 2016 dengan 3327 pedagang (https://jakarta.go.id, 2016) omzet ditaksir mencapai miliaran rupiah. Tim peneliti kemudian melakukan observasi disertai wawancarai awal kepada sejumlah pedagang di Pasar Cipulir. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, ditemukan bahwa walaupun omzet transaksi Pasar Grosir Cipulir relatif besar, namun sebagian pedagang masih enggan untuk menggunakan sistem pembayaran non-tunai dan masih bertransaksi dengan cara pembayaran tradisional berupa transaksi tunai. Sejumlah alasan yang mengemuka antara lain : meragukan keamanan dari sistem pembayaran non-tunai, kesulitan mengunakan mesin, beban biaya, dan karena memang menghendaki pembayaran secara langsung artinya lanagsung menerima tunai di tangan. Selain itu sebagian pedagang di Pasar Grosir Cipulir berpendapat bahwa menggunakan pembayaran non-tunai tidak memiliki manfaat serta pengaruh terhadap efektivitas jual beli yang mereka lakukan.
Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti ingin mengetahui persepsi pedagang terkait kegunaan, kemudahan, dan kemanan atas transaksi non-tunai di Pasar Grosir Cipulir. Penelitian ini akan dilakukan terhadap pedagang di Pasar Grosir Cipulir.
Masalah yang diangkat dalam penelitian kali ini perlu dibatasi agar sesuai dengan tujuan dan tidak menyebar lebih luas dari tema dan judul yang sudah ditentukan. Persepsi yang masksud adalah persepsi para pedagang mengenai sistem pembayaran non-tunai. Subjek peneletian dalam peneletian ini adalah seorang wanita dan dua orang pria yang berprofesi sebagai pedagang di Pasar Grosir Cipulir yang enggan menggunakan sistem pembayaran non-tunai.
Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah dijelaskan sebelumnya, maka permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini terkait dengan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan alat pembayaran non-tunai adalah, bagaimanakah persepsi para pedagang di Pasar Grosir Cipulir tentang penggunaan transaksi elektronik dalam aktivitas perdagangan mereka? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: untuk mendeskripsikan persepsi para pedagang di Pasar Grosir Cipulir tentang penggunaan transaksi elektronik dalam aktivitas perdagangan mereka. Selanjutnya penelitian ini dilakukan dengan harapan memberikan sejumlah manfaat, baik teoritis maupun praktis. Secara teoritis, penelitian ini diharapkan memiliki kontribusi bagi perkembangan ilmu psikologi.
Sedangkan secara praktis, memiliki manfaat baik bagi peneliti maupun pedagang.
2. KAJIAN TEORI