River Basin and Disaster Management
T- Statistic
4. Discussion
4.1 Comparison of Stakeholder motivations
Fig. 4. Survey of people regarding interest in Kukuyaan program
Starting with the corporate sector, many firms and trade associations have expressed a high level of dissatisfaction with the pace and extent of traditional, intergovernmental cooperation and regime formation [11]. Although each actor
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Page | 102 has its own different priorities, each is interconnected in some way. The Kukuyaan program has had a significant effect in the river rehabilitation program (Cikapundung Rehabilitation Program) done by the local government of Bandung.
This is shown in Figure 4, where our survey showed that 55% of correspondents were very interested in the Kukuyaan program.
Apart from meeting the specific river characteristics, in order to adopt the Kukuyaan program, a strong coordination mechanism between stakeholders is also needed in order to meet the goals of the program. The Kukuyaan program is made stronger through the merging of the internal sector to the external sector in a systematic pattern. This patterns starts from the local communities which target the surrounding riverside communities and the college students, followed by the local government which has the whole population of Bandung in mind. This pattern functions by strengthening the smallest of its units through decentralization, from the provincial government to the local government and then to the local communities. When this pattern has been started then the main driving force is in the local communities as the smallest unit. The success of the Kukuyaan program in achieving its goals is used by the local government as a stepping stone in realizing other Cikapundung rehabilitation efforts. So, in this study case, the Kukuyaan program is included in the Gerakan Cikapundung Bersih program (Cikapundung Rehabilitation Program/CRP) which is supported by the provincial government of West Java and the central government as well.
This Kukuyaan program is conducted by the local communities and the local government in order to attract attention and raise awareness amongst the general population. One of these was the record-breaking attempt of having the most inner tires in a river, cooperating with the Harley Davidson organization, and Students’ Association of various national/international universities, such as ITB. As for now, the success of Kukuyaan has driven the success of other river revitalization efforts; not only concerning the cleanliness of the river, but also of its surrounding terrestrial area.
An example of this is Gang Wisata, where there are wall paintings covering the entire street, done by children and teenagers with art talents. Another example is Ruang Publik as a place to conserve the traditional Sundanese arts and complete with several traditional musical instruments, such as angklung, degung, etc. These terrestrial projects are done by the 43 local communities in the Cikapundung River in order to give a good impression to visitors as they reach the Cikapundung River to play Kukuyaan.
5. Conclusion
The Kukuyaan program as a river revitalization effort done in the Cikapundung River can be adopted and be used as a reference for the rehabilitation efforts of various rivers in Indonesia. The criteria that have to be met are: having a water debit of at least 6 m3/s, having a river length of at least 4 km, and the river is categorized not more than a class IV in terms of pollution. The success of the Kukuyaan program as a river revitalization effort lies in first strengthening the local communities. The local communities have to have a clear structure and able to coordinate well with the other communities. Apart from that, the government also has an important role in formulating the policies and giving financial support for the programs brought up by the local communities so that in this program the government and the local communities both contribute towards the river rehabilitation. Looking at the patterns that have been explained, apart from the river characteristics, the roles of the stakeholders are also an integral key in the success of this program.
The failure of the government to do river rehabilitation efforts in many cases is caused by the low amount of response from the local communities. Because of this, this study shows that the rehabilitation of rivers has to start in the smallest sector, which is the leaders of the local community which can then persuade the surrounding residents to participate in the program being realized. The program is designed to attract the attention and response from the communities as well as the local government. Good cooperation between the communities and the local government in realizing the program can ensure success in making it a community-engaged effort to revitalize the river.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Baraya Cikapundung Community, especially the Bantaran 13 Community that has been so kind and cooperative in allowing us to conduct the surveys and interviews necessary in order to obtain the data used in this study.
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Page | 103 References
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4th International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security, SustaiN 2013
The Analysis of Community Adaptation Process in Constructing Disaster-Prone City
(A Study on West Padang)
Henita. Rahmayanti
1,*, Emirhadi Suganda
21 Lacturer Civil Enginering Departement, State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
2 Lacturer Architecture Enginering Departement, University of Indonesia
Abstract
Natural disaster is an event that cannot be eliminated or postponed. However, we can reduce the risk through mitigation planning, structurally or non-structurally related to the physical construction, including the spatial planning that suitable with the vulnerability of the region. With the ability to adapt within a disaster-prone city, a community has a major role in mitigation process. This adaptation i affected by the comprehension and perception of the community. The purpose of the study was to analyze the adaptation process using the variables of social, economic, cultural, and physical factors affecting the comprehension and it will affect the perception. Another factor that will affect the perception is the mitigation preparation in facilities and infrastructure.
The application of cognitive theory for society adaptation in planning disaster-prone city spatial with 455 survey respondents using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is one of the multivariate analysis that analyzes the relationship between variables thoroughly, complex and simultaneously. The first step to see how far the data support the model, we used the value indicators of Goodness Of Fit Index (GOFI) latent variable on testing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA); it showed a very good match, the model is saturated = perfect fit. The scope of the research is the implementation of disaster-prone mitigation with research sites in Padang, especially in the Western part.
The research shows that cognitive theory affects the perception and it influences the adaptation that is used to construct significant model in research data.
© 2013 The Authors. Published by SustaiN Society.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the SustaiN conference committee and supported by Kyoto University; (RISH), (OPIR), (GCOE-ARS) and (GSS) as co-hosts.
Keyword: Disaster-prown city, mitigation, adaptation, SEM.
1. Introduction
Sumatra Island as one of the disaster-prone regions resides among the 3 (three) crustal plates of the earth: the Eurasian continent, the Indian-Australian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean plate. The interaction of these plates engenders to what is known as the line of volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain trails. The track is known as the path of geological disasters (landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunami), ranging from the northwest of Aceh through Bukit Barisan up to Lampung. Padang is located in that pathway and highly vulnerable to geological natural disasters. The seismic data showed that the centers of earthquake at the coast of Padang are spread evenly. Many people lost their life in one of the consequent earthquake on 30 September 2009 in Padang.
Earthquake is difficult to predict, so the effort that can be done is to reduce the risk through mitigation. Disaster mitigation is "a series of efforts to reduce the risk of a disaster, either through physical development or building and increasing the awareness in facing the threat of disaster" (UU 24/2007). Mitigation can be divided into two categories:
structural and cultural mitigations. Structural mitigation is the effort to reduce vulnerability of disaster through engineering a resistant construction. In a micro-scale, it can be done through the formulation of disaster by coding the structure and construct the resistant bulding; in a macro-scale, it can be done by zoning the scale of disaster and designing regulations of the buildings. Cultural mitigation is the effort to reduce the vulnerability of disaster by changing the paradigm, improving knowledge and attitudes; thereby, the society becomes tougher.
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Page | 105 The impact of natural disaster in a region is directly felt by the society and it is important to reduce and avoid the risk by increasing their capacity [1]. This society is one that has direct experience on a disaster so their understanding of it becomes a basic knowledge in reducing the risk; it is important to understand their response [2].
There are changes in the orientation of research on disaster. It is not only on the technical and handling the victims, but also on the approach that emphasizes on society aspects including the management proposal mitigation integrally in society development [3]
There will be changes in city structure and form as the implementation of disaster-prone mitigation. The understanding from the society will be needed to create a perception so they can adapt to it. The structure and form of the city is the result of the dynamic from various factors, generally or locally, in social, economic, cultural, and physical factors. Allocating the utilization area in the structure will require a plan to sum the needs of society from all sectors, both in current needs as well as in the future.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the adaptation process with the dependability on understanding, readiness and the availability of mitigation in infrastructure and perception affecting society in disaster-prone city. The problem of this research is that the mitigation implementation cannot accommodate the needs of society in all sectors so they need to adapt to it in reducing the casualties and risk of the disaster.