Sustainable Built Environment in Tropical Hemisphere Countries
4. Results and Discussion 1. Results of In-situ Observations
In-situ observation to the Alang and Tongkonan buildings on Nanggala site gets the three realities as follows. First, Nanggala site consists of two units Tongkonan and sixteen units Alang. Each Tongkonan and Alang is arranged in
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Page | 38 harmony in a lined up position. Tongkonan is facing to the north, while the Alang is facing to the south, so that they are facing each other. Two Tongkonan located in the southern part, while the sixteen Alangs located in the northern part of the complex. Between the rows of Alang and rows of Tongkonan, there is an open space used for drying paddy, family gatherings and social interaction.
Second, Alang being restored is Alang number three. Alang serial number starts from the entrance to the residential areas Nanggala site. The entrance is located at the southwest position. The first Alang has already completely restored, while the second Alang and the forth to sixteen Alang have varying conditions, from the medium to the good condition. Third, on the boundary settlement of Nanggala site, there are many bamboo clumps. The bamboo clump is a home of enormous number of bats.
4.2. Wood Identification Results.
4.2.1 Wood Material for Column Component
To identify the wood as a material for column component of third Alang, two photographs of macroscopic cross-sectional sample of new wood and archaeological wood were presented sequentially in Figures 1 and 2 below.
Figure 1. New wood cross section of column components of third Alang
Figure 2. Archaeological wood cross section of column component of third Alang
Observations to the characteristics of the new wood structure in Figure 1 can be described as follows.
a. There is no growth ring in the wood
b. Existence of vessels system that consists of xylem and phloem
c. Existence of sclerenchyma sheath with large, very tight and solid fibers surrounds and protects the vascular system
d. Parenchyma tissue as the basic tissue surrounding the vessels system and sclerenchyma tissues
Based on the description of wood structure, the determination of new wood samples leads to monocotyledoneae class. At this stage, the determination moves from internal wood structure to external wood, namely to the trees morphology. Based on the appearance of column morphology which is a cylindrical tree trunk, and do not have nodia, but having a relatively large diameter, the determination in the monocotyledoneae class leads further ordo palmae.
Based on more information from the owner of Alang, that the trunk surface is very smooth and having many sharp thorns in tightly arrange, and the leaf sheath is also having a lot of thorny, the determination concluded that this wood comes from the spesies of Pigafetta fillaris Giseke . In 1977, its name changed to Pigafetta filifera Merr. (Giusuppe, without year)[7]. Hibitus of Pigafetta tree accompanied by morphologic description as mentioned above is very similar to the picture presented in the website of http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Pigafetta/ cultivation.html (Anonymous, undated)[8]. Photos on the website page refer to the name of Pigafetta.
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Page | 39 Meanwhile, the observations on the wood structure of the macroscopic cross section of archaeological wood samples presented in Figure 2, was getting a description which is not different to the description for new timber in Figure 1. Therefore, archaeological wood as a material for column is also Pigafetta filifera Merr.
4.2.2. Wood Beam Component Materials
To identify the wood as a material for beam component of third Alang, two photographs of macroscopic cross-sectional of new wood and archaeological wood sample were presented sequentially in Figures 3 and 4 below.
Figure 3. New wood cross-section for beam component of third Alang
Figure 4. Archaeological wood cross-section for beam component of third Alang
Observations on the wood structure cross-section of new macroscopic wood samples in Figure 3 can be described as follows.
a. Growth ring to be not so obvious. Growth ring can be seen from different dimensions of vessels in the early wood and late wood.
b. The spread vessels are solitary, not in groups, not in radial or tangential lines. Vessels is arranged in diffuse.
c. Parenchyma type is paratracheal (parenchyma that related to vessels) and apotrakheal (which is not related to vessels) is in the wood. Parenchyma paratracheal include vasisentrik and abaxial. Apotrakheal parenchyma is small-sized forming long ribbons.
d. The Wood rays are not homogen, because there are small and large wood rays.
e. The wood has a slightly rough texture.
f. Wood fiber is not straight and slightly oblique.
g. There is no resin canal.
Based on the description of the new wood structure, determination activity concluded that the new wood sample is genus of Casuarina. The conclusion for genus Casuarina is reinforced by Ilic (1991)[9]. Nevertheless, there is a differences in term of the dimensions and distribution of vessels between this new wood species and others Casuarina wood species, namely: Casuarina cunninghamiana, Casuarina oligodon, Casuarina papuana, Casuarina stricta, Casuarina sumatrana, each of which is served by Ilic (1991)[9] in Figure numbers: 180, 181, 182, 183, and 186, as well as the species of Casuarina equisetifolia on Figure number 26 presented Hayashi et al (1973)[10]. Therefore, the posible spesies of the new wood is junghuhniana. So, the name is Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. This posibility is reinforced by the Casuarina junghuhniana Miq wood that grows on the campus of Gadjah Mada University. The structure of the new wood is the same as structure of Casuarina junghuhniana Miq wood that grows on the campus. Casuarina Junghuhniana Miq is also called Casuarina montana Leschen ex Miq (Procea,1993)[11].
Observations on the archaeological wood structure in Figure 4 were getting the same description as the description of a new timber in Figure 3. Therefore, archaeological wood as a material for beams element is also Casuarina junghuhniana Miq.
4.2.3. Wood Materials of Plank Flooring
To identify the wood as a material for plank flooring component of third Alang, two photographs of macroscopic cross-sectional of new wood and archaeological wood sample were presented sequentially in Figures 5 and 6 below.
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Figure 5. New wood cross-section for plank flooring component of Alang
Figure 6. Archaeological wood cross-section for plank flooring component of Alang
Observations on the wood structure macroscopic cross-section of new wood samples in Figure 5 can be described as follows. (a). Growth ring did not appear. (b). Vessels are not present in the wood. (c). Resin canals are present in the wood and the spread are solitary (d). Parenchyma type is epithelial and this parenchyma epithelial forms resin canals (e).
The size of the rays is small and uniform. (f). The wood has a rather smooth texture. (g). Fibers orientation is straight direction.
Based on the description of the new wood structure, determination activity concluded that the new wood sample is Pinus merkusii Junghuhn et de Vries. This conclusion is reinforced by the similarity between the macroscopic picture this wood with macroscopic wood photograph contained on page 42 Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume 2 (Martawijaya et al, 1989)[12], and the photograph on page 351 PROSEA book Volume 5 (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993)[13].
Meanwhile, the observations on the wood structure cross-section of macroscopic archaeological wood samples in Figure 6 can be described as follows.
a. Growth ring can be seen clearly due to the existence of terminal parenchyma.
b. The spread of vessel is single and multiple of 2 to 3. Vessels arrangement was real ring order.
c. Parenchyma type of paratracheal and apotrakheal is in the wood. Parenchyma paratracheal is abaxial.
Apotrakheal parenchyma is small-sized forming short ribbons.
d. The size of the rays are not homogeneous, there are a small and a rather large rays.
e. Wood has a somewhat smooth texture.
f. Fibers are in straight direction.
g. Resin canals is not present in the wood.
Based on the above description on wood structure, the activity determination concludes that the archaeological wood samples are Elmerrillia ovalis Dandy. This conclusion is reinforced by the similarities between the macroscopic picture of archaeological wood with macroscopic photograph contained on page 36 of the Atlas of Indonesian Timber volume III (Abdulrrohim et al, 2004)[13] and photo number 661 in the book Atlas of Hardwood Csiro (Ilic, 1991)[9].
The caption on the second photo is Elmerrillia ovalis Dandy.
Based on the identification of the two results, it can be concluded that there are different species of new wood and archaeological wood used as material for plank flooring. New wood is Pinus merkusii Junghuhn et de Vries, while archaeological wood is Elmerrillia ovalis Dandy.
4.2.4. Wood Material Used for Wall Board
To identify the wood as a material for wall board component of third Alang, two photographs of macroscopic cross-sectional of new wood and archaeological wood sample were presented sequentially in Figures 7 and 8 below.
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Figure 7. New wood cross sections for wall-board component of third Alang
Figure 8. Archaeological wood cross section for wallboard component of third Alang
Observations on the wood structure cross-section of macroscopic new wood samples in Figure 7 can be described as follows.
a. Growth ring is not visible
b. The spread of vessel is single and multiple of 2 to 3. Arrangement of vessels is diffuse.
c. Parenchyma type of paratracheal and apotrakheal are exist in the wood. Paratracheal parenchyma is vasicentri whereas apotrakheal parenchyma is difuse.
d. The size of the rays are homogeneous, because there are only a small rays.
e. This wood has a slightly rough texture.
f. Fibers in the timber is in combined direction.
g. Resin canals are not present in the wood.
Based on the above description of the wood structure, the activity determination concludes that the new wood sample is Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielson. This conclusion is reinforced by the similarities between the macroscopic picture this new wood with macroscopic picture contained on page 62 of the Indonesian wood Atlas Book of volume V (Martawijaya et al, 1989)[12] and the photograph on page 321 PROSEA book volume 5 (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993)[14] and also photos number 2035 in the book Atlas of Hardwood Csiro (Ilic, 1991)[9]. All of thse are refering to the Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielson.
Meanwhile, the observations on the wood structure of the macroscopic cross section of archaeological wood samples in Figure 8 get the same description as the wood description in Figure 5. Therefore, wood as a material for wall board component of third Alang is also Elmerrillia ovalis Dandy.
Based on the identification of the two results, it can be concluded that there are different species of new wood and wood archaeological used as wall board component of third Alang. New wood spesies is Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielson, whereas archaeological wood species is Elmerrillia ovalis Dandy.
4.2.5. Alang Roof Cover Materials
Process evaluation of new materials and archaeological material that used as a roof Alang can be done very easy.
The new material is a metal material such as corrugated iron, while the archaeological material is bamboo. Therefore, the difference between the two is not just about the type of material, but also the origin and composition of materials. In this context, a new material derived from inorganic materials in the form of metals, while the archaeological material derived from organic materials in the form of bamboo.