External Strategic
3. Result and discussion 1 Result
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Page | 166 working closely with the Police. The respondents reside in Jakarta and Bandung. Selection of respondents sites in Jakarta and Bandung determined based on the assumption that the study site was the center of military activities and military training centers.
The dependent variable of this research is the capability in handling conflict. Indonesia National Military with their pretorian spirit feel having responsibility and ability to provide security for society. The suspected variable which contribute the ability in handling conflict is humanity value (the items are: the number of ongoing victim), the obedience to procedure (as the example in handling conflict as the order from commanding officer), and the assurance of suffice equipment and gear.
Figure 1. Model analysis of the relationship In this study, based on the analysis model, formulated the following hypotheses:
H0: There are no influence of the variables X1, X2, and X3 to variable Y H1: There are influence of variables X1, X2, and X3 to variable Y
3. Result and discussion
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Page | 167 variable is 0.39 with a p-value of 0.009, and the relationship between variable X3 with variable Y is 0.305 with p value of 0.001. This indicates that the variables X1, X2, and X3 have a strong enough relationship to variable Y. Variables greater correlation with the variable Y is the variable X1, which can be assumed to be more influence the than the variables X2 and X3 to variable Y.
Statistical analysis using multiple regression analysis showed that coefficient of R of 0.5, which means that there is strong enough influence of of the variables X1, X2, and X3 to variable Y. The coefficient of determination R-square of 0.25, meaning only 25% of the variation that occurs in the variable Y is caused by variables X1, X2, and X3 together as independent variables. While the remaining 75% are caused by other variables not examined.
Furthermore, ANOVA test results showed, a large value of the F statistic test results showed the amount of 6.225 and F value from the table (with 1 df = 3, df 2 = nk-1 = 62-3-1 = 58) with a value of 2.78 This shows the value of F count more greater than F table, and with a p value of 0.001, which is smaller than the limit of significance level (0.05), then H0 is rejected and H1 accepted, it can be concluded that: "There are influence of variables X1, X2, and X3 to variable Y" . The regression equation based on the value of the coefficient B (the results of the ANOVA test with SPSS software) was 0.864 + 0.293 + 0.172 X1 0.162 X2 + X3.
The analysis showed, the strongest of the military capacity to manage conflict is largely determined by the values held by human resources. The analytical model, shows that the variable X1 has the greatest relationship to variable Y than X2 and X3. However the variables X1, X2, and X3 basically has an influence on the variable Y. This suggests that the ability to resolve social conflicts will be better by emphasizing the value of humanity in conflict resolution. Thus the solution of the conflict may be perceived as a benefit to al parties involved in the conflict. This condition is necessary in achieving human security on conflict situations, in particular for the almost protection of society. In addition, cooperation between the military and police to be important in the resolution of social conflict, where military intervention can be carried out in the presence of joint coordination.
3.3 Discussion
Professionalism of the military and police forces is not only proficient in the use of weapons and trained in their duties, but also must be able to use analytical skills, broad vision, imagination, and judgment [12]. The professionalism of the military can be high if they have special knowledge based on objective standards and professional compensation, relating to the control of all military tasks such as the use of weapons, war tactics strategy; conducted only by the state, standing above all the group, responsible for all society and mainly protect them from physical threats; has a strong sense of unity against corps; own professional ideology; hierarchical institution, cohesive, organism, collective, subordinating and automatic; members recruitment is very limited nature; tendency to interfere in the lives of non-military field is very low [13]
Some theorists say that the professionalism of the organization is one of the conflict resolver. Jackson in Dhakidae [14] states that the conflict among the bottom can be solved by bereaucratic political decisions, the decision was made from the highest echelons of the elite in the center. This consensus rests on the legal authority, with the support of the government, bureaucratic and technocratic. While the society in conflict implement this decision.
In the past, in the New Order era (1967-1998) military's involvement in socio-political life (dual function) was used to strengthen the government as an authoritarian political system rather than to support the state function. Therefore, it can be said that the dual function essentially is the political interest of the authority.
Indonesian defense reform agenda is among others consists of [15]:
• To ensure loyalty of Indonesia military/TNI to follow the state’s political decisions that adhere to the principles of democracy, civil supremacy, human rights and law obedience;
• re-organization the function of defence in the framework of a democratic state, based on legal norms, and prioritizing transparency and accountability;
• the separation of the Indonesia military/TNI and the National Police;
• to improve professionalism of Indonesia military/TNI;
• prohibition of Indonesia military/TNI’s involvement in day-to-day politics;
• elimination of Indonesia military/TNI from business activity;
• judiciary reform; and
• re-arrangement of the institutional relations between the Indonesia military/TNI and the National Police.
Military reform in Indonesia is intended to create a professional military by changing the face of military praetorian army into a professional army that can carry out the functions of the military defense which is quick-respons and reliable against emerging threats [16]. Emerging threats are not only external but also internal, so the military is also legally required to engage in an operation other than war such as disaster management (civic mission), even in assistance to police forces in the context of civil order and security duties [17].
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Page | 168 These military operations beside armed forces is done by request and based on the legislation. Conceptually, the theory of military involvement in civil matter is based on respect for human rights, since the threat spectrum that disrupt the country's stability is not only from a military threat but also non-military threats that disrupt public order and security. The human rights as the foundation of social and political entity in military operations other than war became a reference of military operations in conducting assistance task other than war [18]
The consideration to involve the military to help in social conflict resolution of the police often considered as a military intervention in the areas that are not their responsibility. Moreover, the legal basis for the formal internal security duties were the responsibility of Police (Police Act No. 2 of 2002), while the defense is the obligation of military affairs (Millitary Act No. 34 of 2004 and the Defence Act No. 3 of 2002). Two dichotomous separation of duties and powers of the military and the police seemed to make a clear demarcation of functions and responsibilities of the military and police. When in fact, the millitary and the National Police, according to the 1945 constitusion, as a part of state instrument have the right and duty to be involved in the security and defense of the country. Similarly, operationally the military operations is bounded in a duty other than war such as disaster management, etc. (Act No. 34 of 2004 on the TNI Article 7, paragraph 2 of the operations other than war and Act No. 3 of 2002 on Defense Article 10, paragraph 3 ) [19].
Criticism of the military assisting in the resolution of social conflicts over many issues based on fears and traumatic experiences of military involvement in all aspects of life in the past. As an arm of the military instrument of the power makes the military has an absolute power and control for the sake of power and is considered to violate the principle of military [20].
Assisting the military in operations other than war does require strong and binding institutional legal instruments. This is to minimize the abuse of power . Thus assisting the military in operations other than war in principle should be based on democracy, respect for human rights , civil - military relations and democratic.
Operationally and legally (Millitary Law No. 34 of 2004 ) the involvement of the military in operations other than war requires a political decision , which is proposed by the President , approved by the House and operationalized by the Millitary. However, based on Law no. 23 PRP/1959 about the State of Emergency , the authority of the government (central and local) may request military assistance in dealing with problems that are considered dangerous. In the eyes of the law, Act 23 PRP/1959 About the State of Emergency is to be used as justification for the use of military operations other than war , but the legal principle of lex posterior derogat legi priori / principles of interpretation of the law which states that the law that ruling the old law, from the law point of view, ideally placed the TNI law as a juridical foundation in the use of the military other than war [21].
Huntington [22] mentions that the civil-military relationship is characterized by two conditions, namely: subjective civilian control and objective civilian control. Objective civilian control is done by enlarging the civil power compared to military rule. Subjective civilian control is done by increasing the professionalism of the military, but his power is minimized and not eliminate military power. So, it will continue to provide his power, but limited in accordance with the profession.
In the handling of social conflicts, the model of democratic civil-military relations can be run operationally when the approach puts police (part of a civilian) as the main actors, and the military as a supporting actor.
Dialectical cooperation in handling these conflicts are not mutually overstep their authority and this is a form of objective civilian control without reducing the role and responsibilities of the actors [23]
4. Conclusion
In social conflict handling, the model of democratic civil-military relations can be run operationally when the approach placing police (part of a civilian) as the main actors, and the military as a supporting actor. Dialectical cooperation in handling these conflicts are not mutually overstep their authority and this is a form of objective civilian control without reducing the role and responsibilities [24]. Based on the result of analysis conducted, Aside obedience to procedure and equipment in handling social conflict, humanity is the factor which make military want to cooperate with police officer.
For Indonesian military, the cooperation between Indonesian military and police is focused on military operations other than war. So, there is a clear demarcation of what the responsibilities and duties of Indonesian military and police without interfering each other authority under the Act. Social conflicts that require Indonesia military reinforcement depend on escalation, potential impacts, and the level of the main actors (police) in resolving social conflict. By assigning Military role in handling conflict under the coordination of police officer showing that military work under democracy term. There are rule and the executive power as the control. The factor which motivate military in keeping human security and social conflict is humanity values itself. It means that Indonesian military reinforcement in conflict
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Page | 169 resolution will be examined in this study related to the field condition which necessitates a role of Indonesian military to assist the police in the handling of social conflicts.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Directorate on Research and Community Service Universitas Indonesia (DRPM UI) for the help of a sponsor in attend this event.
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4th International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security, SustaiN 2013
Weaving the future: do we want to witness the end of our civilization?
Cungki Kusdarjito
a3, Any Suryantini
baJanabadra University, Jl. Tentara Rakyat Mataram 55-57, Yogyakarta 55231, Indonesia
bFaculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Jl Flora Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
Abstract
Societies are evolving from hunter gatherer to post informational societies. Yet, the speed of transformation is getting faster and the duration of development is becoming shorter. For instance, society 1.x, which last for thousand years, evolves from simple group or clan into more structured society with distinct vertical hierarchy. In society 2.x and 3.x, ordered societies are transformed into more complexes, even chaotic, and more globalized in less than 100 years. In society 2.x, the roles of states are questioned since the hierarchy in societies are flattened and replaced with more extensive holarchy. Therefore, anarchisms are becoming more common.
Further, in society 3.x, causality cannot be defined clearly. Only future goals can be set up. Holarchy and many worlds theory, originated from the quantum physics, are closely related. Many worlds theory is associated to the path of the society evolution, whether it will go to the right or wrong directions. Based on this relation, this paper discusses the role of holarchy from the many worlds perspective in shaping our futures. In many worlds theory, our future directions will depend on our current choices and on what will be attained in the future. Since societies are now becoming more globalized, flaw in senior holons will be transferred into junior holons. Oppositely, all systems may deteriorate more easily by minor or bad decision in lower (junior) holons. It is also explained that society should follow ecological holarchy rather than developmental holarchy since its senior holon may over-dominate or even repress and alienate the lower level one.
© 2013 The Authors. Published by SustaiN Society.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the SustaiN conference committee and supported by Kyoto University; (RISH), (OPIR), (GCOE-ARS) and (GSS) as co-hosts.
Keywords: holarchy; holon; many worlds