cooking oils altered through the process of trans-esterification reaction of oils with methanol and a catalyst NaOH or KOH [10]. Biodiesel is mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids contained in vegetable oil or animal fats used as the most appropriate alternative to replace alternative fuel for diesel engines. Bio-diesel is biodegradable, and almost does not contain sulfur. Alternative fuels consist of methyl or ethyl ester as trans-esterification resulting both from alkil-glyceride (TG) or esterification process of free fatty acids (FFA) [8].
According Tatang H. Soerawidjaja, there are 50 species of plants in Indonesia that are potential to be developed as vegetable oil or FAME. The oil produced can be either oil or fatty food/fatty non-food. Nevertheless, it is possible to have many other sources that are greatly potential to be developed, especially non-food sources. Seeds of mahkotadewa are not included in the list of 50 species of plants that potentially can be used as an oil producer. The seeds are not commonly used and become rubbish. Besides its mexocarp (flesh) that could be as a traditional medicine, the seeds are also potential for alternative bio-fuels. Indeed, people will be more interested in planting mahkotadewa crops than others.
Fig 3. Chemical Process of Bio-diesel 4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
The research was conducted in the period of September–November 2012 for mahkotadewa harvesting, Mahkotadewa oil extraction and analyzing some physical properties of the oil at Laboratory. The materials for this research were seeds of mahkotadewa, water, knife, tray, hot pressure hydraulic, methanol or ethanol, NaOH or KOH, oven, viskometer Brookfield, pignometer, and a pair of scales.
4.2 Methods
MahkotaDewa
Flesh Seed
Medicine Oil Waste
FAME
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Page | 30 The steps of bio-diesel production were divided into three steps. The first step was mechanical process such as fruit harvesting, fruit peeling, seeds drying, and then hydraulic pressing to get the oil. The second step was chemical process. The method used to get bio-diesel from the oil was transesterification method. This process used chemical materials like alcohol (methanol or ethanol) and catalyst (NaOH or KOH) with certain technique.
The third step was analyzing the oil with quality standard of bio-diesel and comparing it with the other bio-diesel
Fig 4. Process of the research 5. Result and Discussion
5.1 Fruit Harvesting
Fruit harvesting is important in order to obtain a good product. Several aspects should be paid attention; they are the harvest criteria, harvesting technique, drying and seed storage. Fruit harvesting was performed after the fruits were ripe. A ripe fruit is indicated by the changing in color from light green to dark red. If harvesting is done earlier, it will give lower oil content, and if it is late, the fruits will fall to the ground.
Harvesting is commonly done by hitting the branch and the fruits will fall to the ground. This technique is not effective. The best way is to pick the fruits directly from the branch. If 50 % of the fruit in one group is ripe, this technique can be used, by cutting the stalk of the fruits with sharp knife. If the location of fruit is too high to get, we can use a long stick with a small trap at the top of it.
FAME
Analyze standard of bio-diesel Trans-esterification Process
Analyze the oil
Press the seeds to get the oil with Hot Pressure Hydraulic
The dried seeds are ready to counter with the tool named destructor
Dry the seeds for few days
Harvesting the MahkotaDewa fruits, seperating it between the seeds and mexocarp (flesh)
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Fig 5. Separating process between flesh and seed
If the oil is taken from the seeds, direct sun drying can be performed until all seeds are dry naturally. If the seed is not dried enough, it will be moldy and easily damaged. Besides, the oil produced from extraction could not be optimal.
It should be dried until the moisture content is 5-7 %. The seeds with 5 -7 % moisture content should be stored quickly in a plastic bag. The pile of the plastic bag in the storage house should not directly receive sunlight and also not directly touch the floor. Considering that mahkotadewa seeds content high oil, the storage should be done in short time, and if it is possible, the dried seeds should be processed right away to avoid the increasing of free fatty acid.
5.2 MahkotaDewa Oil Extraction
Fig 6. Destructing process to be a small particle
Fig 7. Pressing Process with Hot Pressure Hydraulic
Several methods were used to obtain oil or fat from such material. Before being pressed, the dried seeds were changed to be a small particle.
Mechanical pressing is used if the material is in the form of seeds, especially for the seeds with more than 20 % oil content. Mahkotadewa produces seeds with 47 % oil content. If we compare it with J. curcas oil that hasan oil content about 30 – 50 % [6], this indicates that mahkotadewa can produce oil like J. curcas. The method generally used to get
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Page | 32 the oil from mahkotadewa seeds is hydraulic pressing or hot pressure hydraulic. Hydraulic pressing uses pressure of about 140.6 kg/cm. The pressure used will influence the oil produced.
5.3 Characterizing of The Oil
Quality standard and biodiesel parameter commonly used in determining the quality standard of biodiesel are density, flame point, cethane number, kinematics viscosity, sulfated ash, calorie, iod number and carbon residue[4]. Analysis of crude oil from seed of mahkota dewa shows that water content of mahkota dewa oils was amount 0.001% .
The explanation below will show the comparison between biodiesel physical properties produced from Jatropa curcas and mahkota dewa. Based on the data analyzed according to several indicators in characterizing mahkotadewa oil, we got 47% for oil rendement though according to literature by [6] , J. curcas was 40%. It means that the amount of mahkota dewa oil produced are richer, presenting to the rendement of J. curcas oil. While the density of mahkota dewa oil is 0.92 gr/ml compared to J.curcas0.93 gr/ml, so it means that the number of mahkotadewa is close to J.curcas. Besides, the other data we got from analyzing water and sediment, kinematic viscosity of mahkotadewa is 0.001% and 43.67 ± 0.01 centripoist (cP).
Table 1. Properties of Vegetable Oil
Type of oil Species Density (g/cm3) Kinematic Viscosity (Csta, at 40 ͦC)
Edible oil Soybean 0.91 32.9
Repeesed 0.91 35.1
Sunflower 0.92 32.6
Palm 0.92 39.6
Peanut 0.90* 22.72
Corn 0.91 34.9
Non-edible oil Jatropa curcas 0.92 29.4
Palanga 0.90 72
Mahkota dewa 0.92 29.57
5.4 Analysis of crude oil of Mahkota Dewa using GCMS
Mahkota dewa oil contains of triglycerida and nontriglycerida. The analysis using GCMS shows that Mahkota Dewa oil contains of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid.
Chromatogram shows that mahkota dewa oil mainly contains of palmitic acidn and oleic acid. In Hambali (2008) biofuel that has potential is palm oil or Elaeis guineensis. Palm oil contains palmitat acid in range of 41.8%-46.8% and oleic acid in range of 37.3-40.8%. On the other hand, we could conclude that mahkota dewa is potentially used as biodesel and palm oil with percentage of palmitic acid and oleic acid are 57.38% and 12.29%.
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Fig 8. Total ion chromatogram of Mahkota Dewa oil’s Table 2. Fatty acid in mahkota dewa oil’s
Fatty acid Percentage (%)
Palmitic acid(CH32O2) 57.38
Oleic acid(C18H34O2) 12.29
After we got data of the oil, we will continue this research to trans-esterified the oil become FAME and analyze it with national standard of bio-diesel.
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on the data that we got from the research, it shows that the oil of mahkotadewa is potentially to be material for producing fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). This oil from extraction needs to be conversed into following methods, thus FAME as alternative bio-fuel could be produced. This research has to be continued and it is hoped the government can support this program to contribute in creating energy self-sufficient communities in Indonesia.
Acknowledgment
In this oppurtunity, we would like to thank to our supervisor Mr. Budi Arifin S.Si, Msi and Mr. Agus Saputra S. Si, Msi for the hardwork in accompanying us to finish this paper, sponsor that accomodate us , and our parents. We also thank to Department Research of Foresty and Bogor Agricultural University for partnering us.
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