External Strategic
5. Summary
For the first in almost a decade, the simultaneous growth of trade, capital flows and foreign investment among ASEAN in the implementation of ASEAN Economic Community turned significantly; there have been many efforts to establish the ASEAN connectivity. The ASEAN connectivity denotes the capabilities of transborder transportation that increase the rapidity with which goods, information, capital and technology move between the region and the world.
Dawei Deep Sea Port is the most significant transborder corridor of the ASEAN connectivity. The port is located in the frontier between Myanmar and Thailand which connect to Thailand, Greater Mekong Subregion and China. It will be a center of ASEAN connectivity. Since the port has had a significant influence on both advantages and disadvantages to local Thai communities near the port, there exists the impact of Dawei Deep Sea Port on local Thai communities in case of 1) Pollution; (2) Local society; and (3) Water consumption will induce inflows of population in the region, thereby increasing demand for public sector services in the urban areas. Dawei Deep Sea Port is the most influent project to local community in Dawei Province, Eastern Seaboard and the Strait of Malacca without the public awareness from ASEAN member states.
References
1. Cheah,B.J. Malaysia: The Making of a Nation [Online]. 2002. Available from:
www.iseas.edu.sg/pub.html/[2000, June 21]
2. Chakravarty, Shanti P.,and Abdul-Hakim R. Ethnic Nationalism and Income Distribution in Malaysia. United Kingdom: University of Wales, Bangor, 2007.
3. Fabrikant, R. Oil Discovery and Technical Change in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Field Report Series No.
5, 1973.
4. Johnson, D., and Valencia, M. Piracy in Southeast Asia : Status, issues, and responses. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005.
5. John D. Ciorciari, University of Oxford. Hostage to a Junta: EU Policy Toward Southeast Asia [Online]. 2001. Available from:
http://ecpr-sgeu.lboro.ac.uk/research/ciorciar1.pdf[2012, May 24]
6. Kusumaatmadja, M. Some Thoughths on ASEAN Security Cooperation: An Indonesian Perspective. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 1990.
7. Rubin, A.P. Piracy paramountcy and protectorates. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit University Malaya, 1974.
8. Snodgras, D. R. Successful Economic Development in a Multi-Ethnic Society: The Malaysian Case [Online]. 2002. Available from:
http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/pubs/503.pdf[2012, March 2]
9. State Secretariat the Republic of Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia [Online]. 2005. Available from:
http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=112&Itemid=1722 [2011, June 1]
10. Mohamad Faisol Keling. The Development of ASEAN from Historical Approach [Online]. 2011. Available from:
http://repo.uum.edu.my/7270/1/6426.pdf[2011, March 2]
11. ASEAN Secretariat 2008. ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint[Online]. 2008. Available from: http://www.asean.org/archive/5187-10.pdf [2011, March 2]
12. Susan Stone and Anna Strutt. Transport Infrastructure and Trade Facilitation in the Greater Mekong Subregion[Online].2009. Available from:
http://www.adbi.org/files/2009.01.20.wp130.transport.infrastructure.trade.facilitation.mekong.pdf [2011, March 2]
13. Asian Development Bank. The Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program Strategic Framework 2012–2022. Philippines: Asian Development Bank, Metro Manila, 2011.
14. Kenichi Ariga and Shinya Ejima. Post-Evaluation For ODA Loan Project Kingdom of Thailand Overall Impact of Eastern Seaboard Development Program. JBIC Review No. 2 November 2000 pp 81-115.
S u s ta iN 2 0 1 3
Page | 164
4th International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security, SustaiN 2013
Contributing Factor of Military Assistance Toward Police In Handling Social Conflict In Indonesia
Agus Brotosusilo
a,*, Sahat K Panggabean
b, Herdis Herdiansyah
caFaculty of Law, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
bFaculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
cNational Resilience Institute, Jakarta, 10110, Indonesia
Abstract
Nowadays, social conflict has become a massive threat that tends to increase continuously. Theoretically, social conflict is part of a dynamic chance. Social conflict is associated with socio-cultural changes that are frequently destructive. This is because the actor cannot minimize the impact of conflict. The police has authority in social conflict to enforce the law, discipline the society, and guarantee safety. However, field conditions often require a larger role; this is because social conflict can have an impact on the stability of nation. Military reinforcement to assist the police in social conflict often be considered as a military intervention into police authority. Despite, according to the law in Indonesia, the military is bounded by operation liabilities besides disaster management. The military reinforcement for the police in dealing with social conflict need a strong and binding legal and institutional instruments to minimize the abuse of authority. Therefore, the principle of military reinforcement must be based on human rights and democratic civil-military relations. With purposive sampling technique, there have been 68 middle level officers involved in handling conflict. Aside from obedience to procedure and equipment in handling social conflict, humanity is the factor which makes military want to cooperate with police officer.
© 2013 The Authors. Published by SustaiN Society.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the SustaiN conference committee and supported by Kyoto University; (RISH), (OPIR), (GCOE-ARS) and (GSS) as co-hosts.
Keywords: Military; Police; Democratization; Human Rights; Social Conflict
1. Introduction
Indonesia is the world’s most diverse country. The diversity and richness of ethnicity, religion, race, culture, population, and natural resources are the potential resources in realizing a prosperous Indonesia. Nevertheless, this condition may be able to potentially cause adverse impacts if upraise social imbalance, economic disparity, inequality of development, and disharmony among individuals, group, and societies [1]. Negative potential and effect from diversity and richness of Indonesia could be social and natural resources conflict [2].
Social conflict has become increasingly massive trend associated with potential conflicts of increasingly diverse forms. Social conflict became a real threat because the consequences thereof. Socio-anthropologically, social conflict is a part of a dynamic chance because it is associated with socio-cultural changes taking place in society that are often destructive and disintegrative [3]. But social conflict may be positive if a conflict situation increases the internal cohesion of the concerned group, able to create associations and new coalitions and awakened the power balance between the involved groups.The social-conflict paradigm is a theoretical framework based on the view of society as a system characterized by social inequality and social conflict that generate social change [4]. Social conflict is species of social opposition (q.v.) in which (a) the immediate objective consists of the capture of or damage to part or all of one or more of the opposed personalities or groups, or of their property or culture complexes, or of something for which they have developed n attachment, so that they struggle takes the form of attack and defence; or in which (b) the activities of one personality or group unintentionally block the functioning or damage the structure of another personality or group [5].
Coser [6] stated that the conflict is a struggle over values and demands for rare status, power, and resource which intended to neutralize opponents in order to injure or eliminate their opponents. Conflict is seen as a form of prosecution rights, status, power and economic resources. Conflict is intended to restore those elements.
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-21-3914638; fax: +62-21-39899184.
E-mail address: [email protected]
S u s ta iN 2 0 1 3
Page | 165 In the view of radical or reformist, conflicts occur due to changes in the system and the social structure of the community as a result of new entrants seeking to enter the hierarchy, position and existing social systems. The functionalist view that the conflict is not due to the presence of migrants, but because of the complex changes in social institutions devices are no longer able to provide for the basic needs of the society [7]. These changes have consequences struggle for limited resources and the need for open conflict. Functionalist has much in common with Marxist sociological circles which expressly states that the primary function of social institutions is the fulfilment of the basic needs of all human beings. Marx advocated that human activities, including its conflict, are based on economic interests.
Theoretically, the conflict rises essentially based on the levels or hierarchy of needs. These needs can be distinguish in three categories. The first is physiological needs, such as hunger, thirst, rest and sex; the second is safety needs, not only in the physical sense, but also the mental, psychological and intellectual. The third is esteem needs, which is generally reflected in a variety of symbols and status self-actualization needs, in terms of availability of opportunity for someone to develop the potential that contained within himself turned into a real capacity [8]. These needs can be met if people make an effort to meet them.
Eventually, the motivation consists of two factors: hygiene and motivator. There are two parts of needs that are low-level needs (physical, safety, and social) and high-level needs (prestige and self-actualization). The best way to motivate people is to meet the needs of high level. Factors such as policy, corporate administration, and adequate wages in a job will appease employees. If these factors are not sufficient then people will not be satisfied [9].
Relative deprivation theory predicts when a person/ or group has the shortcomings compared with other groups, it will cause negative psychological and behavioral condition. Perceived relative deprivation group has a close relationship with intergroup prejudice. Sometimes other forms of protest against the unfair treatment can be either destructive or instructive [10].
After 1950, military plays a role toward whole security and order. In military perspective, citizens are the subjects to watched. In the new order era there have been many violations against human rights. In entering reformation era, a democratic transition after the new order there have been a major progress in democratic dan human rights value. Army and police force, which before under the same institution, now it’s been separated.
The successful in defence and security reformation is basicly by properly regulating military institution as the actor in state defence and police as the actor in protecting people (security). As the matter of fact, the involvement of military in social-political life (dwi fungsi) is for the use of authoritarian political system in order to strengthening the ruling government not for the state function. It can be concluded that the two military functions (dwi fungsi) are based on political interest of the ruling government.
Reformation is not only separating the military and police function, but also regulating the relation and authority between the two institutions as their nature. The change of this paradigm needs time to adjust as each institution is still under shades of military-political and militaristic police in the past.
Human rights has become a subject in military and police training curricullum. It is also become a standard operational procedure. Even nowadays, the competition between both side still exist, more over, the division of job in handling conflict has not been arranged clearly. The difference in culture and doctrine between both side considered as the trigger. Indonesia National Army feel more competent in serving security and order. It is important to figure out factors which contribute the military cooperation assistance toward police. Some of the influencing factors to be measured are how military consider humanity value, obedience to procedure, dan equipment readiness.
Humanity values including conflict escalation, how much collateral damage as the result of aggressiveness. In serving human rights, it is important to make a standard of procedure so that they can responsible for the act in handling conflict. The readiness in equipment means whether they have suffice equipment and arms to reduce conflict.
Research question in this study is what factors can affect the strength of the military support, in the management of social conflict by the police?
2. Method
In this study 68 male respondents and field officers were obtained by purposive sampling technique based on the criteria: (1) the respondent should have the experience had helped police in solving social conflicts that occur in the community; (2) the respondent level of education have completed undergraduate education; and (3) capability of in charge as a commander in military command chains.
Hofstede set a minimum number of samples in research on cultural values were 50 respondents (in the official website www.geerthofstede.nl). In addition, Cohen [11] says that the representativeness of the sample is more important than the sample size. This study to explore the context of military organizational culture in
S u s ta iN 2 0 1 3
Page | 166 working closely with the Police. The respondents reside in Jakarta and Bandung. Selection of respondents sites in Jakarta and Bandung determined based on the assumption that the study site was the center of military activities and military training centers.
The dependent variable of this research is the capability in handling conflict. Indonesia National Military with their pretorian spirit feel having responsibility and ability to provide security for society. The suspected variable which contribute the ability in handling conflict is humanity value (the items are: the number of ongoing victim), the obedience to procedure (as the example in handling conflict as the order from commanding officer), and the assurance of suffice equipment and gear.
Figure 1. Model analysis of the relationship In this study, based on the analysis model, formulated the following hypotheses:
H0: There are no influence of the variables X1, X2, and X3 to variable Y H1: There are influence of variables X1, X2, and X3 to variable Y
3. Result and discussion