SustaiN2013
N- CBlast: Disinfectant Innovation from Nanochitosan Shrimp Shell Waste as Antimicrobial for Bogor’S Mall Toilet
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Effect of pH and inoculums concentration to bioethanol production
Optimum condition of nypa sap fermentation was determined by measuring the bioethanol produced. The bioethanol produced by S. cereviceae is presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. Table 1 shows the highest percentage of bioethanol produced was 14% (v/v) at pH 4.5, 15 g/L of S. cereviceae concentration and 36 hours. It was most probably because S. cereviceae is easier to adapt and higher fermentatation activity at low pH compared with higher pH3. Moreover, the increase in pH affected the formation of by product, which at high pH caused an increase in the concentration of glycerin5. Whereas at pH below 4.5, the enzim activity will be inhibited with the result that the microbe's ability to break down sugar into bioethanol is reduced5. In addition, it can cause denaturation process, which is the process that leads to the disruption of the cell so that the enzyme activity can not work optimally since the structure is damaged. At this condition, the activity of enzymes produced by microbes in yeast will be denatured and cause the loss of catalytic function of the enzyme to decompose the substrate into bioethanol6.
The effect of S. cereviceae concentration on bioethanol produced is shown in Tabel 1. By increasing the S.
cereviceae concentration, it caused the reduction in concentration of bioethanol produced. This might be caused by the microorganisms only consume the medium to increase their activity to multiply their cells.
Table 1. Effect of variation of pH, S. cereviceae concentration, and fermentation time to bioethanol produced
Fermentation time (hour)
Bioethanol produced (% v/v) Concentration of residual glucose (mg/ml) pH and S. cereviceae concentration (g/l) pH and S. cereviceae concentration (g/l)
4,5 5 5,5 4,5 5 5,5
15 20 15 20 15 20 15 20 15 20 15 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 221.163 213.483 221.163 213.483 221.163 213.483
24 9 7 10 6 7 6 164.809 155.264 150.733 130.786 135.875 127.401
36 14 8 12 7 6 6 95.601 101.224 91.496 86.299 74.194 79.582
48 10 9 9 8 4 7 76.344 63.005 67.058 54.448 56.403 46.488
60 9 8 9 8 3 6 33.578 25.483 28.104 22.249 25.464 20.408
72 9 8 7 7 3 5 1.926 2.324 1.735 2.1 1.364 1.404
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Fig. 1. Bioethanol produced during fermentation, a. Concentration of S. cereviceae 15 g/L b. Concentration of S. cereviceae 20g/L Figure 1 shows the profile of bioethanol produced during fermentation. The optimum fermentation time was 36 hours at pH 4.5 and 5, and 24 (Fig. 1.a) and 48 hours (Fig. 1.b) at pH 5.5 with bioethanol concentrations were 14%, 12
%, and 7% (v/v), respectively. In the beginning of fermentation, the longer of fermentation time caused the increased bioethanol concentration. However, after the optimum condition is reached, the concentration of bioethanol obtained tends to decrease. The decrease of bioethanol produced might be due to the substrate in the form of glucose in medium fermentation that would be converted by microorganisms into bioethanol which has been decreased7 (Fig 2), while the produced bioethanol has been accumulated. Bioethanol could inhibit the growth of S. cereviceae and be toxic to S.
cereviceae, thus the formation of the product in the form of bioethanol will result in the decreased productivity7. Moreover, microorganisms probably have entered the death phase because they have run out of nutrients. It could be also due to the products which are partially converted into organic acids such as acetic acid, and esters8 that could inhibit the microorganism activity9.
4. Conclusions
Fermentation of nypa sap into bioethanol by S. cereviceae using biofermentor 70L can be concluded:
1. Nypa sap is potensial as a feedstock for bioethanol production, the bioethanol produced reaches 3 to 14 % by volume.
2. Acidity condition, S. cereviceae concentration, and fermetation time greatly affect the bioethanol produced.
3. The optimum conditions of fermentation nypa sap on a scale of 50 L is at pH 4.5 and fermentation time of 36 hours with yield about 97.969 %. The bioethanol concentration was obtained by 14% (v/v) or 112.793 mg/ml.
References
1. Chairul, Is Sulistyati Purwaningsih, 2009. Fermentasi Nira Nipah Menjadi Etanol Menggunakan Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan 2009.
2. Dahlan., Muhammad H., Sari., Dewi D, Ismadyar. 2009. Pemekatan Nira Nipah Menggunakan Membran Selulosa Asetat. Jurnal Teknik Kimia Universitas Sriwijaya : Palembang.
3. Tamunaidu, Pramila, Takahito Kakihira, Hitoshi Miyasaka, and Shiro Saka. 2011. “Prospect of Nipa Sap for Bioethanol Production.” In ed.
Takeshi Yao. Springer Japan, p. 159–164.
4. Sodiq, M. 2011. Fermentasi Nira Nipah Skala Pilot Plan Menjadi Bioetanol Menggunakan Sacharomyces cereveseae. Skripsi Fakultas Teknik Universitas Riau : Pekanbaru.
5. Putra, A.E. dan Amran H. 2009. Pembuatan Bioetanol Dari Nira Siwalan Secara Fermentasi Fase Cair Menggunakan Fermipan. Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Universitas Diponegoro : Semarang.
6. Poedjiadi, Anna dan F. M. Titin Supriyanti. (2006). Dasar - Dasar Biokimia. Jakarta : UI-Press.
7. Junitania. 2011. Pembuatan Bioetanol dari Nira Sorgum Manis dengan Proses Fermentasi Menggunakan Yeast Candida utilis. Skripsi Universitas Riau : Pekanbaru
8. Purwoko, Tjahjadi. 2007. Fisiologi Mikroba. Bumi Aksara: Jakarta
9. Taherzadeh, M.J., Niklasson, C., and Liden, G. 1997. Acetic acid - friend or foe in anaerobic batch conversion of glucose to ethanol by Saccaharomyces cereviceae?. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol 52, No. 15, pp. 2653-2659.
(a) (b)
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4th International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security, SustaiN 2013
FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Based on Mahkota Dewa Fruit (Phaleria marcocarpa) as a New Alternative Bio-Fuel
Iga Nugraheni
a, Mariani Yunita
b, Asep Andi A.
ca Department of Plant Protection,Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
b Department of Chemistry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
c Department of Technology Engineering and Biosystem, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Abstract
Various researches have been carried out on renewable energy sources derived from energy farming. With solar energy, people can cultivate green energy from green plants, primarily as bio-fuel. The purpose of this research is to identify fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from seeds of mahkota dewa as an alternative bio-fuel to achieve energy self-sufficient communities. Effectiveness in generating FAME of the trans-esterification method is measured by using testing standards for bio-fuels of mahkota dewa. The oil product will be further compared with other bio-fuels. Mahkota dewa is not a food crop so the utilization of its seeds as bio-fuels will not influence the food price stability as the matter for bio-ethanol from cassava, sago, corn, and other food crops.
Mahkota dewa is native from Papua, Indonesia and has become widespread and easily accessible in this country. Seeds of mahkota dewa contain toxic compounds so they cannot be used as food. The methods are quantitative research based on experiment. First, the seeds are separated from flesh, dried, and then the oil is extracted using hot hydraulic pressure, proximate and physicochemical analysis are then carried and the oil is further trans-esterified and analyzed by gas spectrophotometer. The component palmatic oil of mahkota dewa is 57,38% which is closed to palm oil (Elaesis guineensis). While the density of mahkota dewa oil is 0.92 gr/ml compare to J.curcas0.93 gr/ml, so it means that the number of mahkotadewa close to J.curcas. Besides, the other data we got from analyzing water and sediment, kinematic viscosity of mahkotadewa is 0.001% and 43.67 ± 0.01 centripoist (cP). Innovative diversification of alternative fuels from mahkota dewa seeds is expected to contribute in creating energy self-sufficient communities by maintaining the sustainability of national energy
© 2013 The Authors. Published by SustaiN Society.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the SustaiN conference committee and supported by Kyoto University; (RISH), (OPIR), (GCOE-ARS) and (GSS) as co-hosts.
Keywords: FAME; trans-esterification; bio-fuel; mahkotadewa; alternative fuels; energy independent
1. Introduction
Fossil fuels are sources of emissions and are unsustainable due to their dwindling reserves and depletion [1]. As consequence, alternative source of energy has to be found to replace the non-renewable source. A number of researches have been carried out to acquire different source of renewable energy resources based on energy farming instead of energy hunting. This concept is very potential to be developed in rural areas in Indonesia. Bio-fuels are renewable solutions to replace the ever dwindling energy reserves and environmentally pollutant fossil liquid fuels when they are produced from low cost sustainable feedstock. This research aims to identify fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) based on seeds of Mahkotadewa through characterization of the oil as an alternative bio-fuel to achieve the energy independent communities, effectiveness of transesterification method to produce FAME, the standard test based on the oil of Mahkotadewa and its comparison to other bio-fuels.
Energy referred from photosynthesis is the one produced by plants and converted into bio-fuels. The main factor in the physical meaning for bio-fuels development is the availability of area that can be cultivated the plants producing bio-fuels material. Energy policy, announced in the Presidential Instruction point 1 and Rule no. 5 in 2006, addresses alternative energy, especially bio-fuels as an important instrument in the planning and development of national energy.
There are 50 species of plants in Indonesia that are potential to be developed as vegetable oils [7]. Seeds of mahkotadewa are not included in the list of 50 species of plants that can be used as an oil producer. The seeds are commonly not used and become rubbish. In Presidential Instruction, it is mentioned that the cassava field development plan is 29%, palm oil is 28%, sugarcane is 14%, and jatropha is 29%. The roles of bio-fuels are to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, to serve as the main employer (pro-job), to reduce poverty (pro-poor), as well as to strengthen the national economy (pro-growth), and to improve the environment (pro-planet). Knowingly or not, the use of petroleum-based fossil fuels has been a major cause of global climate change [9].
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Page | 28 Efforts to find the source of biological energy as alternative energy sources and environmentally friendly have been done through the development of bio-energy by utilizing Jatropha (Jatropa curcasL), coconut (Coccos nucifera), palm oil (Elais oleifera), sugarcane (Sacarum tuberosum), and cassava (Manihot utilisima) [10]. However, procurement of bio-based energy fuels would disrupt national food security, especially in the world, such as raw materials of fatty acid methylester(FAME) in the form of crude palm oil (CPO). Bio-diesel development to palm oil (Elaeisguineensis) could disrupt the supply of crude palm oil (CPO) for domestic oil industry and exports. Thus , it is necessary for us to discover the raw material fatty acid methylester(FAME), which does not compete with the basic human needs.
Based on these problems, the authors have explored some of the plants that can be used as a new energy source.
The authors believe one of the plants that can be used for alternative energy sources as an effort to support the government's program is by useing seeds of Mahkotadewa (Phaleria macrocarpa). Mahkotadewa has many advantages over the other bio-fuel crops: (1) Mahkotadewa is not a food crop so if its seeds are used as bio-fuels, it will not interfere the stability of food as happened to bio-ethanol from cassava, sago, corn and other crops. (2) Mahkotadewa is native from Indonesia which is derived from Papua and can be planted and found easily in Indonesia. (3) Seeds of Mahkotadewa have not been registered as bio-fuels source either the print or electronic media. (4) Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from seeds of mahkotadewa is bio-degradable and cannot be used as food (non-edible oil).
Through this innovation can be determined that we use the waste of seeds of Mahkotadewa to support national energy security and promote the development of independent community to provide energy, and then to release from the dependence on fossil fuels.
The objective of this research is to identify fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) based on seeds of mahkotadewa through characterization of the oil as an alternative bio-fuel to achieve the energy independent communities, effectiveness of trans-esterification method to produce Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, the standard test based on the oil from mahkotadewa and its comparison to other bio-fuels.