Ita Megawaty Sihombing
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Definitions of Reading
2.5 Narrative Text
Narrative text is one of the most powerful ways of communicating with other .They not only understand the event, but they can almost feel it The action, detail, and dialogue put the reader in these seem and make it happen for them Moreover, narrative is a peace of text tell a story and doing so, entertain, or inform the reader or listener.
In curriculum 2004 narrative is defined a teat which function is to amuse entertain, and to deal with actual or various experience in different ways. Narrative deals with problematic even lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind in turn finds resolution.
From the definition above, I can include that narrative story is a story tells us about something interesting that has purpose to amuse, entertain or the readers.
2.5.1 Variety of Narrative Text Structure The steps for constructing a narrative are:
a) Orientation / exposition
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 87 The reader is introduced to the main character and possibly some minor characters. Some indications are generally given of where the action is located and when it is taking place.
b) Complication / rising action
The complication is pushed along by serious events, during which we usually expect some sort of complication or problem to arise. It just would not be so interesting if something unexpected did not happen. This complication will involve the main characters and often serve toward them from teaching their goal.
c) Sequence of event / climax
This is where narrator tells how the character reacts to the complication. It includes their feeling and what they do. The event can be told in chronological order (the order in which they happen) or with flashback. The audience is given the narrator‘s point of view.
d) Resolution / falling action
In this part , the implication may be resolve for better or worse, but it is really left completely unresolved (although this is of course possible in certain toes of narrative which leaves us wondering ―how did it end‖?
e) Reorientation
It is an optional closure of event
Orientation : Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother and two step sisters.
Complication : The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered.
They treated Cinderella do the hardest works in the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear. One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king‘s son was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they had left.
Climax : ―Why are crying Cinderella?‖ a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside her, ―because I want so much to go to the ball‖ said Cinderella. ―Well‖ said the godmother, ―you‘ve been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball‖. Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella‘s raged dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 88 glass slippers. ―Now, Cinderella‖, she said; ―You must leave before midnight‖. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.
Resolution : Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king‘s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could.
In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind. a few days later, the king‘s son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the king‘s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Re-Orientation : Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king‘s son was overjoyed to see her again. They were married and live happily ever after.
2.5.2 Language Features of Narrative Text
Narrative text which one of story genres has many language features. It tells about the characteristic of the language side. There are many items which are identified the language feature of narrative text. Those are:
a) Focus on specific participant conducted by the grammar as a having specific identifiable referent in the context.
b) Use Past Tense
Narrative text which tells something in the past tense. Whether simple past continuous tense or past perfect tense.
c) Use Temporal Conjunction
Use some common conjunctions in the different text type:
1. Addition (additive) conjunction are found in the most text type to list of information or idea such as, in description, in narrative text.
2. Time (temporal) conjunction is important in narratives.
3. Cause (casual) conjunction describe the reason for event and action in the most text type and require the reader to make connection between events or action and their reason.
d) Using Action Verb
Action verb provide the interest of writing. Such as: run away, receive and etc.
e) Use of mental process / Mental verbs
Mental verb is a verb that refers to mental states or activities, emotions, attitudes, desires, perception, etc.
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 89 2.6 Jigsaw Technique
According to (Kagan, 2009:442), Jigsaw is one kind of cooperative learning techniques in which students work in small group without paying attention of gender, ethnicity, religion. Each participant was given some of the information necessary to solve a problem, so they had to be successful. It means that the team work forced to be active.
Slavin (1982:14) states that jigsaw technique is students are assigned to six-member teams to work on academic material broken down into five sections. For example,a biography might be divided into early life, first accomplishments, major setbacks, later life, and impact on history. Each team member reads his on her unique section, except for two students who share a section. Next member of different teams who have studied the same section meet in ―expert groups‖ to discuss their sections. Then the students return to their teams and take turns teaching their teammates about their section since the only war students can learn other section than their own is to listen carefully to their teammates,they are motivated to support and show interest in one another work.