Jaka Andrian
E. The Concept of Reading Comprehension
Pang et al (2003:3) states reading is about understanding written texts. It is a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. Reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and comprehension. Word recognition refers to the process of perceiving how written symbols correspond to one spoken language.
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 47 Comprehension is the process of making sense of words, sentences and connected text.
Readers typically make use of background knowledge, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, experience with text and other strategies to help them understand written text.
2.6 The Important of Reading
Reading is an activity that involves greater levels of concentration and adds to the conversational skills of the reader, which enhances the knowledge acquired, consistently.
The habit of reading helps students to receive new words and phrases that they come across in everyday conversations. The habit can become an ad to the information available on various topics. It helps students to stay in-touch with contemporary researchers as well as those from the days and makes students aware to global issues.
2.7 Hortatory Exposition Text
1. Definition of Hortatory Exposition Text
Hortatory exposition text is an English written text in which the researcher persuade the reader or listeners that something should sor should not be the case, and it is also called as argumentation text. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, magazines, newspaper, letters to editor, advertising, speeches, research report, etc.
2. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
a) Thesis : Thesis is put on the beginner paragraph that consists of introduction of main idea that will be discussed.
In this part, the researcher takes their position of the text.
b) Arguments : Argument here is supporting details of text that consist of argumentations, opinion, reasons to concern.
c) Recommendation : Recommendation is put on the last paragraph that contains a statement of what something should or should not be the case.
3. Language Features of Hortatory Exposition Text
a) A Hortatory Exposition focuses on generic human and non humanparticipants, except for speaker or researcher referring to self.
b) It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the researcher or speakerthinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel, etc.
c) It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, ex:
has,polluted, etc.
d) It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
1) Simple Present Tense S + Verb + Object Example :
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
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He suggets us to switch the lamp off in the night.
They cut the threes.
2) Present Perfect Tense
S + Has/have + Verb-3 + O Example :
We have recomended to move another place.
She has infromed us.
e) Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments:
Firstly, secondly, finally, etc.
Example:
1. Firstly, it is totally unsafe.
2. Secondly, it costs billions and billions dollars everyday just to put fuel into rockets.
4. Example of Hortatory Exposition Text
Government should not raise fuel price to solve the problem of economic issues.
People were affected severely with the high fuel price like last year. Obviously they cut their spending. As an example, they had to buy lower quality of rice or palm oil. There were also fewer buyers of secondary commodities like flour, or canned meat or fish.
Furthermore, the condition of low income family will become even worse because their expenses will increase while their salaries will not. Many companies will have to trim the number of employees because they are incapable of managing, buying or selling price, standard wages and personal affairs.
Finally, government should not raise fuel price to overcome economic problem but the solution should be sought by tapping into the nation‘s own potential and utilizing it to enhance productivity to its maximum.
2.8 Techniques in Teaching Reading Comprehension 1. Skimming
Brown (2000:213) states that skimming is a process of rapid reading to determine the gist or main idea from the text. In skimming activity usually the readers find general information like topic and purpose of the text, and point of view from the researcher. There are some steps in skimming activity to make reading activity easier, they are: reading the title, reading the introduction, reading all the subheadings and thinking about how they are related to one another and to the title, reading the first sentence in each paragraph, looking for clues, reading the last paragraph and it should be finished as quickly as possible.
2. Scanning
Brown (2000:320) states that scanning is quicly searching for some particular piece or pieces of information in a text. scanning exercises may ask students to look for names or dates, to find a definition of a key concept, or to list a certain number of
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 49 supporting details. The purpose of scanning is to extract specific information without reading through the whole text. for academic English, scanning is absolutely essential.
in vocational or general English, scanning is important in dealing with genres like schedules, manuals, forms, etc.
2.9 The Advantages of Skimming and Scanning Techniques A. The Advantages of Skimming Technique
1) It will make students aware of the benefits of the information available in reading materials both authentic and inauthentic because this technique also prepares the students to be independent reader.
2) It will make students aware of reading strategy is used to find the stated and unstated information in certain text as this technique does not only focus on asking the students to do reading test but also focus on equipping the students with the technique used in different texts.