Kristina Shintauli
II. THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Definition of Semantic
According to Kreidler (2002:313), stated that Semantics is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meanings. It used to explicate the knowledge of any speaker of a language which allows that speaker to communicate facts, feelings, intentions and products of the imagination to other speakers and to understand what they communicate to other people.
Yule (2010:112), stated that Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. In semantic analysis, there is always an attempt to focus on what the words conventionally mean, rather than on what an individual speaker, might want them to mean on a particular occasion. This approach is concerned with objective or general meaning and avoids trying to account for subjective or local meaning.
2.2 Meaning
Meaning can meant by a representation of something that has same or closed relation. Nick (2010:40), said that ‗Meaning‘ is a very vague term: in English it refers to a variety of different relations between the world, language and speakers. Most languages do not have precise equivalents for the English term ‗meaning‘, and some use a very different stock of lexical resources to talk about meaning-like phenomena.
2.3 Kinds of Meaning
According to Kreidler (2002:41) the dimensions of meaning include reference and denotation, connotation, sense relations, lexical and grammatical meanings, morphemes, homonymy, polysemy, lexical ambiguity, sentence and meaning.
2.3.1 Reference and Denotation
According to Kreidler (2002:43) stated that Reference is the relation between a language expression or the expression itself that pertains or relates to a particular situation of language use, including what a speaker may imagine. Denotation is the potential of a word in indicating something into such language expressions. A denotation identifies the central aspect of word meaning, which everybody generally agrees about.
Example: Door- The way of in and out a certain place 2.3.2 Connotation
Kreidler (2002:45) said that Connotation refers to the personal aspect of meaning, the emotional associations that the word arouses. Connotations vary according to the experience of individuals but, because people do have common experiences, some words have shared connotations.
Example: A White clouds = a Clean clouds
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Page 99 2.3.3 Sense Relation
According to Kreidler (2002:46), Sense relation is when a certain word means depends in part on its associations with other words, the relational aspect. Lexemes do not merely ‗have‘ meanings; they contribute meanings to the utterances in which they occur, and what meanings they contribute depends on what other lexemes they are associated with in these utterances.
Example: Time = Elapsed A man = Walked
2.3.4 Lexical and Grammatical Meaning
Lexical meaning is the smallest meaning unit in the meaning system of language that could be distinguished from other similar units. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms of actual spoken or written sentences. Lexical meaning refers to the real meaning, meaning that proper with our sense of observation, or granted meaning. Grammatical meanings, then, are expressed in various ways: the arrangement of words, (for instance, by adding affixes to the base form of the word). (Kreidler, 2002:50)
Example: - Emille is happy when her Daddy coming. It means she is pleased.
- Approve Disapprove Not giving an agreement or approval - Height Heighten Make something Longer
2.3.5 Morphemes
According to Kreidler (2002:51), The technical term for a minimal meaningful part is morpheme. Morphemes divided into two terms, that are free and bound morpheme.
Example: Boyfriend = Boy+friend Beautiful = Beauty+ful 2.3.6 Homonymy
Homonymy known as the words that have same pronunciation and spelling but not for the meaning. Kreidler (2002:52). The words that homonymy can be same in pronunciation and spelling, but they possibly have contrary meaning.
Example: Bank : - As the financial institution - The edge of the stream 2.3.7 Polysemy
A polysemous lexeme has several (apparently) related meanings. It can be a word that has several kinds of related meaning but in different necessaries, places or functions.
Kreidler (2002:52)
Example: Head : - Head of a person, - Head of a company, - Head of a table or bed.
2.3.8 Lexical Ambiguity
Kreidler (2002:56) stated that Ambiguity occurs also because a longer linguistic form has a literal sense and a figurative sense. belong to different lexical categories and therefore do not give rise to ambiguity.
Example: I think to myself = I talk to myself
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Page 100 2.3.9 Sentence and Meaning
According to Kreidler (2002:56), stated that The meaning of a sentence derives from the meanings of its constituent lexemes and from the grammatical meanings it contains. All the lexical and grammatical meanings expressed in a sentence, we will know the meaning of the sentence, and vice versa.
Example: Albert Thompson opened the first flour mill in Waterton.
Opened : can be opening the store or opening the store‘s door.
Can be as the ceremonial of store opening
2.4 Song
Song is a material composition on other set of word adapted for singing or intended to be sung. It is a poem in lined stanzas (Oxford, 1993). Song is any poem, even there is an attention of it being set to music, poem maybe called a song.
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design
In this research, the researcher uses Descriptive Qualitative method to find out the types of meaning of English songs in students‘ courseboooks that found in students‘
worksheets at grade VII-1, VIII-1 and IX-1 in SMP Negeri 12 Pematangsiantar.
3.2 Subject of the Research
The subject of this research are the students of SMP Negeri 12 Pematangsiantar, Grade VII-1, VIII-1 and IX-1, who have learnt the songs on their own English coursebook and also have asked to make a meaning of the songs, to see the level of students‘
understanding of the songs they have learnt from first grade until the third grade.
3.3 Object of the Research
The object of this research are the students‘ worksheets of the meaning of English Songs of students‘ coursebooks ―Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan-Bahasa Inggris Grade VII, VIII, and IX‖. The research is conducted to the songs that learnt by the Junior High School students in SMP 12 Pematangsiantar, they are: What A Wonderful World, Heal The World, and Que Sera Sera.
3.4 Research Instrument
Instrument is the device the researcher uses for collecting data. The instruments deal with how the data relevant to do the theories given in this study. In getting the data, the researcher uses the students‘ worksheets, then the result of making a meaning of the song lyrics ―What A Wonderful World, Heal The World, and Que Sera Sera‖, will be collected as a data for the researcher.
3.5 Technique of Collecting Data
In collecting the data, the researcher does some actions, such as;
1. The researcher gives the songs lyric to the students. Each student is given a lyric song paper, then they will give the meaning of each stanza of the song.
2. The researcher gives the instruction to the students orally, ―You‘re your attention fully to the song lyric, then give meaning of the song in each stanza of the song
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Page 101 lyrics.‖ The researcher do the same for each grade of students, and the students are allowed to use dictionary to help them in getting the meaning of the song.
3.6 Technique of Analyzing Data
In this research, the researcher analysis the data by following several steps, such as:
1. The researcher reads students‘ result paper of making a meaning of the songs.
2. The researcher finds whole data found from the students‘ worksheets. For each title of the song are treated in the same way.
3. The researcher underlined the words or phrases of the song lyric, and circle the words or phrases of the meaning of song lyrics, to see which word or phrase that the students can make into semantic meaning consists Reference and Denotation, Connotation, Sense Relation, Lexical and Grammatical meaning, Morphemes, Homonymy, Polysemy, Lexical Ambiguity and Sentence meaning.
4. The researcher tabulating semantic meaning words analysis of students grade VII, VIII and IX.
IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS