Engelica Manurung
II. THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Pragmatics
Yule in Pangaribuan (2015:1) states that ―Pragmatics is concerned on the study of meaning as communicated by speaker (or researcher) and interpreted by listener (or reader)‖. Bublitz says ―Pragmatics is fundamentally concerned with communicative action in any kind of context‖. Pragmatics can be defined as the study of the relationship between language and context which are used based on situation in order to get some meaning.
2.2 Deixis
Horn (2004: 100), ―Deixis is the study of deictic or indexicals expression in language‖. Deixis is one of the most fundamental elements we discuss in the perspective of contextual interpretation of an utterance. Generally, deixis refers to the phenomena in which meanings of some words and phrases in an utterance are comprehended through contextual information. The elements of language that are so contextually bound are called deictic. In lingustics, deictic word is use to describe the function of person pronoun, time, demonstrative, and other grammatical, and lexical feature which is connecting the utterance with the relation of space and time.There are several types of deixis as follows : person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis.five parts of deixis based on Stephen C.Levinson theory (1983: 65).
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 39 a. Person Deixis
Person deixis is the term of deixis to point to people. Person deixis is deixis with the role of participants in the conversation, such as speaker, spoken, and addressee.
According to Cruse (in Pangaribuan, 2015: 172), ―Person deixis involves basically the speaker, known as the first person, second person, and other significant participants in the speech situation, neither speaker nor hearer, known as third person‖.See the example below (in Journal Deixis Used on Business Brochures Text : A Pragmatic Study) :
Example (1)
I have lost my pen
From the example (1) above, a word which is underlined is a person deixis. It‘s the first person deixis because the researcher uses subject ―I‖.
b. Spatial Deixis
Spatial deixis is also known as place deixis.Levinson (1983:62) says that place deixis (spatial deixis) is the specification of locations relative to anchorage points in the speech event. Yule (in Pangaribuan, 2015: 173) states that in considering spatial deixis, however, it is important to remember that location from the speaker‘s perspective can be fixed mentally as well as physically. It usually is expressed in : this, these, that, those, there, and here. Place deixis deals with proximal (close to speaker) or distal (close to addressee) dimension.See the example below (in Journal Deixis Used on Business Brochures Text : A Pragmatic Study) :
Example (2)
She was sitting over there
From the example (2) above, ―There‖ as the spatial deixis in the sentence. I is to indicate the position of the girl who was sitting.
c. Temporal Deixis
Levinson (in Pangaribuan, 2015: 174), ―Time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which the utterance was spoken (or a written message inscribed)‖. Temporal deixis is the term of deixis thst used to point to a time. Time deixis is deixis which shows the unit of time in speech. In other word, time deixis is reference to time relative to a temporal point, typically this point is moment of utterance. Time in deixis are now, tomorrow, today, and yesterday. Time deixis or temporal deixis is indicating the timing of event relative to the time of speaking. Let us see the conversation below (in previous relevant research ―Analysis Deixis in Spongebob Movie Script”) :
Example (3) Tommorrow is my birthday
From the example (11) above, This sentence uses the time deixis ―tommorrow‖ which is to determine the born day of someone.
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 40 d. Social Deixis
Cruse (in Pangaribuan, 2015: 175), ―Social deixis is exemplified by certain uses of the so-called pronoun in many languages‖. Social deixis concerned with the encoding of destination that are relative to participant roles, particularly aspect of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee or speaker and some referent. Social deixis also concern with the aspect of sentences that reflect by certain realities of the social situation in which the utterance occurs. See the example below (in Journal Deixis Used on Business Brochures Text: A Pragmatic Study):
Example (4)
Mr. President
From the example (4) above, It uses the social deixis, namely : absolute social deixis. The form of address will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addressee, there will be only a simple reference to the absolte status of the addressee.
e. Discourse Deixis
Discourse, or text, deixis concerns the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion of the unfolding discourse in which the utterance (Levinson, 1983:
85). Discourse deixis concerns the use of deictic expression with in an utterance as form of orientation inside and unfolding discourse in which the utterance is located. For example, in the lastparagraph, in the next chapter, and etc. See the example below (in previous research ―An Analysis of Deixis in the Article of the Jakarta Post) :
Example (5)
I bet you haven‘t heard this story That was the funniest story I‘ve ever heard
From the example (5) above, ―this‖ can be used to refer to a forthcoming of the discourse, and ―that‖ to a preceding portion. A great deal of the discussion of such topic markers has been concerned with the sentences internal organization of information as given and new comment about the topic.
2.3 Writing
Writing is the process of arranging letters, words, sentences, and paragraph on the bases of structure and some others related knowledge. Rogers (2005: 2), ―Writing as the use of graphic marks to represent spesific linguistic utterances‖. Writing is the way a researcher expresses his ideas about a subject to an audience for a purpose. In foreign language learning, writing is a process where the foreign learners try to explore their ideas.
2.4 Genre
Knapp & Watkins (1996:6) states that ―Genre, in this sense, provide a formula or framework for students from which they reproduce particular text type‖. Genre is the important one in writing, because genre can guide the students or someone who wants to
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 41 start writing.Genre is an organizing concept for our cultural practices or place occation, function, behavior, and interactional structures
2.5 Recount Text
Knapp (in Saragih, 2014:57) says ―Recount text is written out to make a report about an experience of a series of related event‖. A recount is written out to inform an event or to entertain people and telling an incident in the past.Structurally, a recount is a text which contains three components, thay are : orientation, events, and re-orientation.
2.5.1 Social Function of Recount Text
To tell what and when something happened to the reader. Miller stated the goal of recount text is to make the researchers more understand about them. Social function of recount text is to retell the events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
2.5.2 Generic Structure
In order to create well-organized recount text, students should pay attention to the features (past tense, proper noun, word order of event) and the generic structure. The generic structure of recount text should be known by the students to know the differences between recount text and another text. Text structure of recount text, they are :
a) Orientation : setting and participants
b) Event : what happened in what sequence c) Re-orientation : closure of event (optional)
2.5.3 Significant Lexicogrammatical Features
According to Boardman (in Saragih, 2014: 57), in making of functional grmmar, the significant common grammatical patterns of recount include :
1. Focus on specific participant
2. Using of material process, or action verb 3. Circumtance of time and place
4. Use past tense
5. Focus on temporal sequence III. RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
Keegan (2009:11) stated that ―Qualitative Research explores questions such as what, why and how, rather than how many or how much, it is primarily concerned with the meaning rather than measuring‖. In this research, descriptive qualitative research method is used to find out types of deictic expression. Describe qualitative research can be called as phenomenology. According to Hancock (2002: 4) says that ―Phenomenology is a way of describing something that exist as a part of the world in which we live‖.
Prosiding Seminar Ilmiah Terjadwal ―Pengolahan Data Analisis Karya Ilmiah”, 08 Mei 2018
Page 42
Diagram
Person Deixis Temporal Deixis Spatial Deixis Social Deixis Discourse Deixis
3.2 Data Collecting Method
Data collection technique in this research, namely: Observation and Writing. The data of the research was collected through observation method from the result of students writing in the paper that given by the researcher to the subject of the research. The researcher was going to ask students by making a recount text in the paper and then the researcher collected the paper after the students finished to write the text, while they wrote the text, the researcher saw and observed them.
3.3 Data Analyzing Method
After collecting the data, then the data were arranged and analyzed. The data were analyzed based on the following steps:
1. Reading the students‘ writing recount text one by one comprehensively 2. Identifying the students‘ writing recount text which has finished
3. Classifying the students writing recount text based on the types of deictic expression (deixis) based on Levinson‘s theory
4. Calculating the percentage to know the most dominant types of deixis that found in the students writing recount text
N
n FX x 100%
5. Interpreting the data and knowing the meaning of every sentences 6. Drawing conclusion