Estudiar y memorizar los listados de palabras (sustantivos, adjetivos, verbos, preposiciones, etc.), frases y expresiones idiomáticas que aparecen al final de cada unidad. At that time, at 10:30 last night, etc., When Peter arrived this morning, when they got married, etc.
PART TWO: INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR
STRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY
PART ONE
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
TO BE (SER O ESTAR)
A short course in english for adult students 17 8. Answer the questions as in the example:. students). La forma interrogativa se expresa usando el verbo modal WILL o la contracción WON´T delante del sujeto.
THE ENGLISH ALPHABET
THE PHONETIC ALPHABET
KEY TO ANSWERS UNIT 1
THERE TO BE (HABER, EXISTIR)
PRESENT TENSE: THERE IS - THERE ARE
Affirmative a lot of There´s a lot of sugar in the bowl /δéarz e lót ov shúgar in δe bóul/ There are a lot of books on the shelf. There are trees in the garden There are some trees in the garden There are several trees in the garden.
PAST TENSE: THERE WAS - THERE WERE
El futuro de THERE IS/THERE ARE se expresa con la forma THERE WILL BE /δear wil bí:/. There will be a very good program on TV tonight /δear wil bí: e veri gud próugram on tí: ví: tunaít/.
NUMBERS
PEOPLE
KEY TO ANSWERS
Ex. 1. a) twelve b) fifty-six c) seventy-nine d) ninety-four e) thirty-three f) twenty-eight g) one hundred and forty-eight h) five hundred and ninety-seven i) eight hundred and forty-six j) one thousand, two hundred and eighty-five k) six thousand, three hundred and ninety-four l) twenty-four thousand, nine hundred and seventy-three m) two hundred and fifty-six thousand, eight hundred and seventy-five n) five million, six hundred and eighty-seven thousand, three hundred and twenty-eight.
HAVE GOT = TENER
ADJECTIVES
This is an old car /δis iz an óuld ká:r/ (Este es un auto viejo). There is a tree in the garden There are trees in the garden There are some trees in the garden There are several trees in the garden There are many trees in the garden.
TELLING THE TIME (Diciendo la hora)
ADJECTIVES
COLO(U)RS
EL TIEMPO PRESENTE CONTINUO (THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE)
TIME AND DATES
The date today is Wednesday the first of May, two thousand two /δe déit tudéi iz wénzdi δe fé:rst ov méi tú. The months of the year are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December 10.The first month of the year is January 11.
EL TIEMPO PRESENTE SIMPLE (THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE)
PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS WHO Y WHICH
Las frases who is/are y which is/are generalmente se omiten en oraciones como las que se expresan a continuación. The book about which they are talking is a best-seller / The book they are talking about is a best-seller 4.The people who are working in that office are engineers.
EL TIEMPO PASADO SIMPLE (The Simple Past Tense)
Study the Past Tense form of the following regular verbs which are most frequently used. Study the Past Tense form of the following Irregular verbs which are most frequently used. Remember that you have to use the word LAST instead of EVERY in the expressions of time.
USED TO + INFINITIVE”
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Un possessive pronoun (pronombre posesivo) reemplaza a un adjetivo posesivo y un sustantivo que ha sido mencionado con anterioridad. Con los sustantivos plurales solamente se debe agregar un apóstrofe, salvo que sean sustantivos plurales irregulares.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS Estudie la siguiente tabla
EL TIEMPO PASADO CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO (THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE)
- THE IMPERATIVE FORM (LA FORMA IMPERATIVA)
- THE EXCLAMATORY FORM (LA FORMA EXCLAMATIVA)
Complete the following sentences using the verbs given in parentheses in the Past Continuous Tense. walk) Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into a) negative form, and b) interrogative form. A short course in english for adult students 93 6. White was lying on the sofa because she was tired. Review) Fill in the blank spaces using the verbs provided in the appropriate verb tense.
A short course in english for adult students 101. 1.What were they doing in the park at midday. How many people were standing outside the building. 1.They were playing bridge at that time.
- USE OF SAY AND TELL
- RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO, WHOM, WHOSE
John said (to his friends) that he could not go with them to the park. I didn´t see anybody in the car / I saw nobody in the car Did you see anybody in the car.
EL FUTURO SIMPLE II (THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE II)
Esta expresión idiomática se usa para expresar la idea de “demorar”, “ tomar tiempo”. to drive to his office to run to the stadium to walk that distance to drive to Viña del Mar PAST. about 1 hour six months more than a year a long time. to answer the questions to build the bridge. to learn English to build the pyramids FUTURE. at least an hour two years about 10 hours. to type the report to build the new highway. to fly from London to Chicago. It took the students about an hour to answer the questions. it tuk δe stiú:dents abáut an áuar tu á:nser δe kwéstchonz/. Los alumnos demoraron más o menos una hora en contestar las preguntas.
EL FUTURO SIMPLE III (THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE III)
First he is visiting Washington DC and then he is attending a Conference in Houston, Texas.
MODAL VERBS (I)
CAN, MUST, MAY, SHOULD/OUGHT TO
I think that you should see a doctor /..you ought to see a doctor / iu: ó:t tu sí: e dóktor / (No te ves bien.
HAVE TO = TENER QUE
EL TIEMPO FUTURO CONTINUO (THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE)
- MAKING REQUESTS - (SOLICITANDO SERVICIOS O FAVORES)
- ASKING FOR PERMISSION (SOLICITANDO PERMISO)
- OFFERING TO DO SOMETHING. (OFRECIENDOSE A HACER ALGO)
- INVITING OR SUGGESTING TO DO SOMETHING TOGETHER. (INVITANDO O SUGIRIENDO HACER ALGO EN CONJUNTO)
Ask somebody to do the following things, using Can you.., please?, or Will you..please?, instead of the simple imperative form. NEITHER +MV+S / NOR +MV+S John didn´t go to the party and neither did Peter OrJohn didn´t go to the party and nor did Peter. Escuche, lea y aprenda. 1a) Ruth didn´t see the accident BUT Jane saw it. 2a) John will go to the meeting BUT Mary won´t go. 2b) Ruth didn´t see the accident BUT Jane did. 2b) John will go to the meeting BUT Mary won´t.
PART TWO
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
EL TIEMPO PRESENTE PERFECTO (THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE) INTRODUCCIÓN
PLURALIZATION OF NOUNS (LA PLURALIZACIÓN DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS)
- VERB + GERUND
Los sustantivos terminadas en -o precedida por una vocal normalmente agregan una -s. one tomato /toméitou/ two tomatoes /toméitouz/ one potato /potéitou/ two potatoes /potéitouz/. one hero /híarou/ two heroes /híarouz/. one radio /réidiou/ two radios /réidiouz/ one folio /fóuliou/ two folios /fóuliouz/. one video /vídiou/ three videos /vídiouz/ one zoo /zu:/ several zoos /zu:z/. one studio /stúdiou/ two studios /stúdiouz/. Existen algunos plurales irregulares que no siguen ninguna de las reglas anteriores y que debemos memorizar:. one woman /wúman/ three women /wímin/. one child /tcháild/ five several children /tchíldren/. one louse /láus/ several lice /láis/. one mouse /máus/ three mice /máis/. one ox /oks/ four oxen /óksen/. Existen algunos sustantivos que mantienen la misma forma en el plural:. one/several fish /fish/ one/ten deer /díar/ one/several means /mí:nz/. one/two series /siariz/ one/ten sheep /shi:p/ one/two species /spíshiz/. one/several aircraft /éarkrá:ft/. To go hang gliding /góu hænd gláidiη/ ir a planear (delta) To go hiking /góu háikiη/ ir a excursionar.
To go jogging /góu dllógiη/ ir a trotar To go running /góu rániη/ ir a correr To go sailing /góu séiliη/ ir a andar en yate. To go shopping /góu shópiη/ ir de compras To go sightseeing /góu sáitsí:iη/ ir en un tour To go skating /góu skéitiη/ ir a patinar To go skiing /góu skí:iη/ ir a esquiar. To go skydiving /góu skáidáiviη/ ir a hacer salto libre To go swimming /góu swímiη/ ir a nadar.
To go water-skiing /góu wó:terskí:iη/ ir a esquiar (acuat.) To go window-shopping /góu wíndow shópiη/ ir a vitrinear.
PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
The student speaks English well; in addition, he seems to know a lot about our customs. On one hand, the house is not very comfortable; on the other hand, it has an excellent location 14. 5..instead of working in his father´s store 6..instead of staying at the home of his cousin 7.
EL TIEMPO PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO (THE PRESENT PERFECCT CONTINUOUS)
USE OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS. (II)
VERB + TO-INFINITIVE
Después de los verbos TO ASK /a:sk/ solicitar, pedir, TO DECIDE /disáid/ decidir, TO KNOW /nóu/, saber, TO UNDERSTAND /anderstænd/ entender, se puede usar una palabra interrogativa seguida de to+infinitivo. Los verbos TO SHOW /shóu/, mostrar, TO TELL /tel/ decir, TO ASK /a:sk/ pedir, solicitar, TO ADVISE /adváiz/ aconsejar y TO TEACH /ti:tch/ enseñar, pueden ir seguidos por un complemento indirecto (Peter,Mary, the student, me, him, them, etc) + una palabra interrogativa (what, where, when, etc.) + un to-infinitive. Verb + (somebody) + to-infinitive . Los siguientes verbos pueden ir seguidos por a) un to-Infinitive o por b) un Complemento Indirecto + to-Inifinitive.
I´d prefer them to do it now I would love /wud lav/ me encantaría I´d love to go to the club.
VERB + BARE INFINITIVE
Los siguientes verbos pueden ir seguidos por a) un to-Infinitive o por b) un Complemento Indirecto + to-Inifinitive. Los verbos de percepción TO SEE /sí:/ ver, TO HEAR /híar/ oir, TO WATCH /wótch/ observar, van seguidos de un gerund cuando nos referimos a una acción parcial o de un bare infinitive cuando nos referimos a la acción completa.
VERB + SOMEBODY + TO-INFINITIVE/BARE INFINITIVE
Los verbos TO REMEMBER /rimémber/ recordar, recordarse, TO REGRET /rigrét/ lamentar, arrepentirse, TO STOP /stop/. parar, parar, detenerse, TO GO ON /gou on/ continuar también pueden ir seguidos de un gerundio o un to-infinitive pero, a diferencia de los anteriores, estos cambian de significado de la oración. Remember that in some cases you have two alternatives and that sometimes there is a change in the meaning. Sujeto + aseveración afirmativa Mary is at home now, You know him well, The boy can speak French,.
Sujeto + aseveración negativa Mary isn´t at home now, You don´t know him well, The boy can´t speak French,. You think there isn`t any more whisky in the bottle, but you`re not sure. You think there was too much noise in the room, but you`re not sure.
You think the train hadn`t left yet when I got to the station, but you`re not sure.
EL TIEMPO PASADO PERFECTO (THE PAST PERFECT TENSE)
- FORMATION OF ADVERBS; COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 1. Formation of adverbs
- REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Complete the following sentences using the verbs provided either in the Simple Past or in the Past Perfect Tenses. A short course in english for adult students 195 Hay algunos adverbios que usan una forma diferente en el grado comparativo. Los pronombres reflexivos son los siguientes:. yourself /io:rsélf/ yourselves /io:rsélvz/. Los pronombres reflexivos tienen tres usos frecuentes:.
Se usan (con la preposición by) para indicar la idea de “alone” (= solo, sin la ayuda o la compañía de otra . persona). I intended to call you yesterday but I forgot I was going to call you yesterday but I forgot. We intended to go to a movie first but we had to wait for our friends to arrive.
We planned to study for our examination but some friends called on us (= visited us).
