PART II. MODAL VERBS (I)
B. HAVE TO = TENER QUE
El verbo modal MUST (deber) tiene un sinónimo: la expresión idiomática HAVE TO . A pesar de ser sinónimos, en el uso díario HAVE TO se utiliza frecuentemente para expresar idea de necesidad, mientras que MUST enfatiza más la idea de obligación.
Lea, escuche y aprenda:
I must go to the hospital to see a friend. (Yo debo ir al hospital a ver a un amigo) I have to go to the hospital to see a friend. (Yo tengo que ir al hospital a ver a un amigo) Peter must work until late this evening. (Peter debe trabajar hasta tarde esta noche) Peter has to work until late this evening. (Peter tiene que trabajar hasta tarde esta noche)
Debido a que el verbo modal MUST no tiene una forma para expresar el pasado, ni tampoco se puede usar en otros tiempos verbales, es necesario recurrir a la forma correspondiente de HAVE TO.
Lea, escuche y aprenda:
(Present) I must go to the hospital to see a friend = I have to go to the hospital to see a friend (Yo debo ir al hospital a ver a un amigo) (Yo tengo que ir al hospital a ver a un amigo)
(Past) = I had to go to the hospital to see a friend.
(Yo tuve que ir al hospital a ver a un amigo)
(Future) = I will have to go to the hospital to see a friend.
(Yo tendré que ir al hospital a ver a un amigo) (Present) Peter must work until late this evening. = Peter has to work until late every evening.
(Peter debe trabajar hasta tarde esta noche) (Peter tiene que trabajar hasta tarde todas las noches)
(Past) = Peter had to work until late yesterday evening.
(Peter tuvo que trabajar hasta tarde ayer)
(Future) = Peter will have to work until late this evening.
Peter tendrá que trabajar hasta tarde esta noche)
En la forma negativa de HAVE TO se deben usar, al igual que con los verbos principales, los verbos modales DO / DOES, DID, WILL + NOT o las contracciones DON´T / DOESN´T, DIDN´T, WON´T.
Lea, escuche y aprenda:
Peter doesn´t have to work until late every evening Peter didn´t have to work until late yesterday evening Peter won´t have to work until late this evening
En las interrogaciones debemos anteponer los verbos modales do/does/did/will al sujeto Lea, escuche y aprenda:
Does Peter have to work until late every evening?
Did Peter have to work until late yesterday evening?
Will Peter have to work until late this evening?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Substitute the correct form of HAVE To for MUST in the following:
1. I must work tonight. ___________________________________________________
2. John must go out of town this afternoon. ___________________________________________________
3. You must read this article. ___________________________________________________
4. Mary and John must fly to Paris today. ___________________________________________________
5. They must stay there at least an hour. ___________________________________________________
6. I must get up early every day. ___________________________________________________
7. We must write a composition each night. ___________________________________________________
8. 1 must write many letters. ___________________________________________________
9. We must prepare our lessons every night. ___________________________________________________
10. Mary must study French next year. ___________________________________________________
11. John must also take another language. ___________________________________________________
12. We must learn many new words every day. ___________________________________________________
A short course in english for adult students 133 Ex. 2. Read the following with MUST. Then. change to past and future time:
1. 1 must must leave at once. I had to leave at once. (at once = right away= = immediately)
I will have to leave at once.
2. He __________ go to the hospital right away. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. We __________ make reservations at once. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. He __________ learn all the new words. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5. We __________ hurry in order to get there early. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
6. He __________ spend more time on his English. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
7. She __________ attend class every day. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
8. I ____________ answer this letter at once. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
9. We __________ telephone her right away. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
10. He __________ stay at home and rest. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Ex. 3. Change to past and future time:
1. I have to work today. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. John has to be here at two o’clock. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. Mary has to come with him. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. We have to study tonight. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5. They have to write many letters. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
6. You have to wait a few minutes. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
7. They have to come back later. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
8. We all have to write a short story. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
9. We have to go to the hospital this afternoon. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
10. He has to see a doctor. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
11. John has to stop his English lessons. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
12. I have to get up early. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Ex. 4. Change to negative form:
1. They have to study very hard. ___________________________________________________
2. He had to be there at two o’clock. ___________________________________________________
3. We have to get up early. ___________________________________________________
4. We have to write a composition tonight. ___________________________________________________
5. We had to meet him at noon. ___________________________________________________
6. Mr. Smith has to go out of town. ___________________________________________________
7. They had to leave early. ___________________________________________________
8. I have to buy a new pen. ___________________________________________________
9. We have to work on Sunday. ___________________________________________________
10. John had to go to the hospital. ___________________________________________________
11. We have to prepare our homework every day. ___________________________________________________
12. We will have to learn many new words. ___________________________________________________
Ex. 5. Change to interrogative form. Then, ask questions with WHEN, WHERE, WHAT TIME, WHY, etc.
1. He had to leave at noon. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. We have to get up at 6.00 every morning. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. They have to study every day. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. They have to rent an apartment soon. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5. He had to buy several new books. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
6. He had to leave a tip for the waiter. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
7. He had to return yesterday. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
8. He will have to wait a few minutes. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
9. They will have to come back later. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
10. He has to wear a coat because it´s cold.. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
11. She has to rest a while because she´s tired ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
12. He has to take more exercise. ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
A short course in english for adult students 135 BASIC VOCABULARY:
PARTS OF THE BODY /pá:rts ov δe bódi/ Las Partes del Cuerpo 1. The Head /(e hed/ La cabeza
beard /bíard/ barba lip /lip/ labio
brains /breinz/ cerebro moustache /mustá:sh/ bigote
cheek /tchi:k/ mejilla mouth /mauθ/ boca
chin /tchin/ mentón neck /nek/ cuello
ear /iar/ oreja nose /nouz/ nariz
eye /ai/ ojo nostrils /nóstrilz/ fosas nasales
eyebrow /aibrau/ ceja pupil /piu:pl/ pupila
eyelash /áilæsh/ pestaña sideburns /sáidbernz/ patillas
eyelid /áilid/ párpado skull /skal/ cráneo
face /feis/ cara temple /témpl/ sien
forehead /fo:red/ frente throat /θrout/ garganta
hair /héar/ cabello tongue /táη/ lengua
Head /héd/ cabeza tooth /teeth /tu:θ, ti:θ/ diente(s)
jaw /dllo:/ mandíbula
2. The Trunk /(e truηk/ El tronco
back /bæk/ espalda intestines /intéstinz/ intestinos
backbone /bækboun/ espina dorsal kidney /kídni/ riñón
bladder /bláder/ vejiga liver /líver/ hígado
bowels /báuelz/ vientre, entrañas lung /laη/ pulmón
breast /brest/ pecho,mamas navel /néivl/ ombligo
buttocks /bátoks/ nalgas ribs /ribz/ costillas
chest /tchést/ pecho, torax spleen /spli:n/ bazo
gall bladder /golbláder/ vesícula stomach /stómak/ estómago
heart /ha:rt/ corazón waist /weist/ cintura
hip /hip/ cadera
3. The Limbs /(e limz/ Las extremidades
ankle /æηkl/ tobillo limbs /limz/ extremidades
arm /a:rm/ brazo little finger /lítl fiηger/ meñique
armpit /á:rmpit/ axila middle finger /mídl fiηger/ cordial
calf /ka:f/ pantorrilla nail /neil/ uña
elbow /élbou/ codo palm /pa:m/ palma
finger /fíηger/ dedo(mano) ring finger /riη fiηger/ anular
foot / feet /fu:t, fi:t/ pie /s shin /shin/ canilla
hand /hænd/ mano shoulder /shóulder/ hombro
heel /hi:l/ talón sole /soul/ planta (del pie)
index finger /índeks fiηger/ índice thigh /θai/ muslo
knee /ni:/ rodilla thumb /θam / pulgar
kneecap /ni:kap/ rótula toe /tou/ dedo(del pie)
knuckle /nákl/ nudillo wrist /rist/ muñeca
leg /leg/ pierna
4. Related Words /riléitid we:rdz/ Palabras relacionadas
corn /ko:rn/ callo sigh /sai/ suspiro
cough /kof/ tos sneeze /sni:z/ estornudo
freckle /frékl/ peca wart /wo:rt/ verruga
hiccough /híkap/ hipo wrinkle /rínkl/ arruga
mole /moul/ lunar yawn /io:n/ bostezo
Pins and needles /pinz an ní:dlz/ calambres
TIME EXPRESSIONS /táim iksprésh nz/ Expresiones de Tiempo
now /náu/ ahora
at this moment /at δe móument/ en este momento
at present /at prézent/ en la actualidad
for the time being /for δe táim bi:iη/ transitoriamente, por ahora
right now /rait náu/ ahora mismo
today /tudéi/ hoy día
yesterday /yésterdi/ ayer
tomorrow /tumórou/ mañana
this morning /δis mó:rniη/ esta mañana this afternoon /δis a:fternú:n/ esta tarde this evening /δis í:vniη/ esta tarde
tonight /tunáit/ esta noche
tomorrow morning /tumórou mó:niη/ mañana en la mañana yesterday afternoon /yésterdi a:fternú:n/ ayer en la tarde
last night /la:st náit/ anoche
last week /la:st wí:k/ la semana pasada
next Monday /nekst mándi/ el próximo lunes
last Tuesday morning /la:st tíuzdi mó:rniη/ el martes pasado en la mañana next Sunday afternoon /nekst sándi a:fternú:n/ el próximo domingo en la tarde the day after tomorrow /δe déi a:fter tumórou/ pasado mañana
the day before yesterday /δe déi bifó:r iésterdi/ anteayer in the morning /in δe mó:rniη/ en la mañana in the afternoon /in δi a:fternú:n/ en la tarde in the evening /in δi í:vniη/ en la tarde
at night /at náit/ por /durante la noche
a week next Monday /e wí:k neks mándi/ el lunes subsiguiente a week last Sunday /e wí:k la:st sándi/ el domingo antepasado in December last year /in disémber la:st yíar/ en diciembre del año pasado in the summer of 1976 /in δe sámer ov náintin séventi síks/ en el verano de 1976
every day /évri déi/ todos los días
every week /évri wí:k/ todas las semanas
every month /évri mánθ/ todos los meses
every year /évri yíar/ todos los años
every Monday morning /évri mándi mó:niη/ todos los lunes en la mañana every other day /évri áδer déi/ día por medio
every other three days /évri áδer θrí: déiz/ cada tres días
once a day /wans e déi/ una vez al día
twice a week /twáis e wí:k/ dos veces a la semana several times a month /sévral táimz e mánθ/ varias veces al mes many times a year /méni táimz e yíar/ muchas veces al año
a long time ago /e lóη táim agóu/ hace mucho tiempo /mucho tiempo atrás many years ago /méni yíarz agóu/ hace muchos años
ten minutes ago /tén mínits agóu/ hace diez minutos not very long ago /nót véri loη agóu/ no hace mucho tiempo
ages ago /éidlliz agóu/ hace muchísimo tiempo
a short while ago /e short wáil agóu/ hace un rato, un rato atrás
immediately /immídlliatli/ inmediatamente
at once /at wáns/ de inmediato
right away /ráit ewéi/ al instante, “al tiro”
as soon as possible /as sú:n as pósibl/ lo antes posible, lo más pronto posible
always /ó:lweiz/ siempre
generally /dllénerali/ generalmente
usually /iúshuali/ usualmente
frequently /fríkwentli/ frecuentemente
often /ó:fn/ a menudo
A short course in english for adult students 137
sometimes /sámtaimz/ a veces
rarely /réarli/ raramente
seldom /séldom/ rara vez
hardly ever /ha:dli éver/ casi nunca
never /néver/ nunca
from time to time /from táim tu táim/ de vez en cuando once in a while /wáns in e wáil/ de vez en cuando.
now and then /náu an δén/ de vez en cuando.
Bl 138
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Key to answers
UNIT 10
PART I.
Ex. 2. 1. Mr Mitchell is flying to Sydney next week. 2. John is attending a conference at YMCA at 10:30 on Monday. 3.
I´m playing tennis with Bob tomorrow. 4. Jim and Mary are going to a disco tonight. 5. Our daughter is arriving on the 8:15 train on Saturday morning. 6. Mr Brown isn´t attending our wedding party on Friday.
Ex. 3. 2. Attending a reception at the White House 3. Playing tennis with Dr Brown 4. Is attending a ceremony at Lincoln Memorial. 5. He´s attending a dinner party at the US Surgeons Club 6.He´s visiting Bethesda Medical Center. 7. He´s attendding a concert at the Kennedy Center. 8. He´s flying to Texas. 9. He´s attending a conference at houston Medical Center. 10. He´s attending a conference at Nasa Space Center. 11. He´s having lunch with some friends at the Waldorf Hotel. 12. He´s flying back to Washington DC. 14. He´s flying back to Chile from National Airport.
Ex. 4. Open answers
Ex. 5. 1. Mary will come to see us next week. 2. They´re going to stay several days with us. 3. We´re having dinner with Mr Jones this evening. 4. I´m not going out of Santiago this weekend. 5. I promise you I will never do that again. 6. I think / believe she´s not going to accept our invitation 7. What will they do with the money they received? 8. When are they traveling to the USA? 9. At what time are you going to arrive / get back from work this evening? 10. According to the schedule, at what time are we getting there?
PART II.
A.
Ex. 1. 1. May 2. Must 3. Should / ought to 4. Can 5. Must 6. Should / ought to 7. May 8. Can 9. Must / should - can / may 10. Must 11. Can 12. Can´t 13. Can - can´t 14. Can´t 15. Can / must 16. May 17. Should / ought to 18. Should 19. Must 20. Should / ought to 21. Must 22. Must 23. Should / ought to 24. Can´t
Ex. 2. 1. Bob can´t speak... / Can Bob speak...? / How many languages can Bob speak? 2. They shouldn´t take... / Should they take...? / What should they do? 3. We must not go... / Must we go...? / Why must we go? 4. They may not use... / May they use...? / Which room may they use?
Ex. 3. 1. You can / may smoke here. 2. He can run very fast. 3.You must come again tomorrow. 4. They may visit us tomorrow 5. He can´t speak Spanish well. 6. What should I do now? 7. Can you help me this afternoon? 8. May I sit here, Sir? 9. That may / can happen again. 10. He worked very hard. He must be tired.
B.
Ex. 1. 1. I have to work.. 2. John has to go out... 3. You have to read... 4. Mary and John have to fly...5. They have to stay... 6. I have to get up... 7. We have to write...8. I have to write... 9. We have to prepare...10. Mary has to study...
11. John also has to take...12.We have to learn
Ex. 2. 2. He had to go... / He´ll have to go... 3. We had to make... / We´ll have to make... 4. He had to learn... / He´ll have to learn... 5. We had to hurry... / We´ll have to hurry... 6. He had to spend... / He´ll have to spend 7. She had to attend... / She´ll have to attend... 8. I had to answer... / I´ll have to answer... 9. We had to telephone... / We´ll have to telephone... 10. He had to stay... / He´ll have to stay...
Ex. 3. 1. I had to work... / I´ll have to work... 2. John had to be... / John will have to be... 3. Mary had to come... / Mary will have to come... 4. We had to study... / We´ll have to study... 5. They had to write... / They´ll have to write... 6. You had to wait... / You´ll have to wait... 7. They had to come back... / They´ll have to come back...8. We all had to write...
/ We´ll have to write... 9. We had to go... / We´ll have to go... 10. He had to see... / He´ll have to see...11. John had to stop... / John´ll have to stop. 12. -I had to get up... / I´ll have to get up...
Ex. 4. 1. They don´t have to study... 2. He didn´t have to be... 3. We don´t have to get up... 4. We don´t have to write...
5. We didn´t have to meet... 6. Mr Smith doesn´t have to go... 7. They didn´t have to leave... 8. I don´t have to buy... 9.
We don´t have to work... 10. John didn´t have to go...11. We don´t have to prepare... 12. We won´t have to learn...
Ex. 5. 1. When / What time did he have to leave? 2. What time do we / you have to get up every morning? 3. What do they have to do every day? 4. When do they have to rent an apartment? 5. What did he have to buy? 6. What did he have to leave for the waiter? 7. When did he have to return? 8. How long will he have to wait? 9. When will they have to come back? 10. Why does he have to wear a coat? 11. Why does she have to rest a while? 12. What does she have to do?
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