PART II. USE OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS. (II)
D. VERB + SOMEBODY + TO-INFINITIVE/BARE INFINITIVE
El verbo TO HELP /hélp/ ayudar puede ir seguido indistintamente de un to-Infinitive o un bare Infinitive Ejemplo:
Can you help me to lift / lift this box, please?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences for each situation.
1. Tom: Shall we get married? Betty: Yes, let´s They decided __________________________________________________
2. Jack : Please help me. Mary: OK.
Mary agreed ___________________________________________________
3. Bob: Can I carry your bag for you? Woman: No, thanks. I can manage.
Bob offered ____________________________________________________
4. Bob: Let´s meet at 8 o´clock. Hans: OK, fine.
They arranged _________________________________________________
5. Man: What´s your name? Woman: I´m not going to tell you.
The woman refused _____________________________________________
Ex. 2. Complete each sentence with a suitable verb.
1. Don’t forget _____________________________ the letter I gave you.
2. There was a lot of traffic but we managed _____________________________to the airport in time.
3. Jill has decided not _____________________________ a car.
4. We’ve got a new computer in our office. I haven’t learnt how _____________________________ it yet.
5. I wonder where Sue is. She promised not_____________________________ late.
6. We were all too afraid to speak. Nobody dared _____________________________ anything.
Ex. 3. Put the verb into the correct form to-Infinitive or -ing
1. When I’m tired, I enjoy _____________________________ television. It’s relaxing. (watch) 2. It was a nice day, so we decided _____________________________ for a walk. (go) 3. It’s a nice day. Does anyone fancy _____________________________ for a walk? (go) 4. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind _____________________________ (wait)
5. They don’t have much money. They can’t afford _____________________________ out very often. (go) 6. I wish that dog would stop _____________________________ . It’s driving me mad. (bark)
7. Our neighbour threatened _____________________________ the police if we didn’t stop the noise. (call)
8. We were hungry, so I suggested _____________________________ dinner early. (have) 9. Hurry up! I don’t want to risk _____________________________ the train. (miss)
10. I’m still looking for a job but I hope _____________________________something soon. (find) Ex. 4. Make a new sentence using the verb in brackets.
1. He has lost weight.(seem) He ________________________________________________
2. Tom is worried about something. (appear) ___________________________________________________
3. You know a lot of people. (seem) You _______________________________________________
4. My English is getting better. (seem) ___________________________________________________
5. That car has broken down. (appear) ___________________________________________________
6. David forgets things.(tend) ___________________________________________________
7. They have solved the problem. (claim) ___________________________________________________
Ex. 5. Complete each sentence using what/how/whether + one of these verbs:
do get go ride say use
1. Do you know _____________________________ to John’s house?
2. Can you show me_____________________________ this washing machine?
3. Would you know_____________________________ if there was a fire in the building?
4. You´ll never forget _____________________________ a bicycle once you have learned.
5. I was really astonished. I didn’t know _____________________________.
6. I’ve been invited to the party but I don’t know _____________________________ or not.
Ex. 6. Complete the questions. Use DO YOU WANT ME TO...? or WOULD YOU LIKE ME TO...? with one of these verbs (+ any other necessary words): TO COME, TO LEND, TO REPEAT, TO SHOW, TO SHUT, TO WAIT
1. Do you want to go alone or do you want me to _______________________________________________________?
2. Have you got enough money or do you want me to ___________________________________________________?
3. Shall I leave the window open or would you like me to _________________________________________________?
4. Do you know how to use the machine or would _______________________________________________________?
5. Did you hear what I said or do _____________________________________________________________________?
6. Can 1 go now or do ______________________________________________________________________________?
Ex. 7. CompIete the sentences for each situation.
1. Sue: Lock the door. Hans: OK.
Sue told Hans to lock the door.
2. Tom & Betty: Why don´t you come and stay with us for a few days?
John: Yes, I´d love to
Tom and Betty invited John ____________________________________________________________________
3. Bob: Can I use your phone? Mary: No
Mary wouldn´t let ____________________________________________________________________
4. Sylvia: Be careful. Hans: Don´t worry. I will.
Sylvia warned ____________________________________________________________________
5. Tom: Can you give me a hand? Jane. Yes, of course.
Tom asked ____________________________________________________________________
Ex. 8. Complete these sentences so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence.
1. My father said I could use his car.
My father allowed _________________________________________________________________________________
2. I was surprised that it rained.
A short course in english for adult students 181 3. Don´t stop him doing what he wants.
Let ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. He looks older when he wears glasses.
Glasses make ____________________________________________________________________________________
5. I think you should know the truth.
I want ___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Don’t let me forget to phone my sister.
Remind __________________________________________________________________________________________
7. At first I didn’t want to apply for the job but Sarah persuaded me.
Sarah persuaded _________________________________________________________________________________
8. My lawyer said 1 shouldn’t say anything to the police.
My lawyer advised. ________________________________________________________________________________
9. I was told that 1 shouldn’t believe everything he says.
I was warned not _________________________________________________________________________________
10. If you’ve got a car, you are able to travel round more easily.
Having a car enables ______________________________________________________________________________
Ex. 9. Put the verb in the right form : -ing or infinitive (with or without to).
1. She doesn’t allow us _____________________________ in the house. (smoke) 2. I’ve never been to Iceland but I’d like _____________________________there. (go) 3. I’m in a difficult position. What do you advise me _____________________________?(do) 4. She said the letter was personal and wouldn´t let me _____________________________it. (read)
5. He was kept at the police station for two hours and then he was allowed _____________________________ (go) 6. Where would you recommend me _____________________________ for my holidays? (go)
7. I wouldn’t recommend you_____________________________in that restaurant. The food is awful (eat) 8. The film was very sad. It made me _____________________________ (cry)
9. Carol’s parents always encouraged her _____________________________hard at school. (study) E. VERBS +...ING/TO-INFINITIVE
Algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos indistintamente de un gerundio o de un to-infinitive, sin cambiar de significado.
Los verbos más comunes de este tipo son: TO PREFER /prifè:r/ preferir, TO BEGIN /bigín/ empezar, TO START /stá:rt/
comenzar, TO CONTINUE /kontíniu/ seguir,continuar, TO LIKE /láik/ gustarle a uno, TO LOVE /lav/ encanterle a uno, TO HATE /heit/ desagradar, TO INTEND /inténd/ tener la intención de, CAN´T STAND /ká:nt stænd/ no soportar.
Los verbos TO REMEMBER /rimémber/ recordar, recordarse, TO REGRET /rigrét/ lamentar, arrepentirse, TO STOP /stop/
parar, parar, detenerse, TO GO ON /gou on/ continuar también pueden ir seguidos de un gerundio o un to-infinitive pero, a diferencia de los anteriores, estos cambian de significado de la oración.
It started snowing around midnight = It started to snow around midnight.
We continued working until 10:30 = We continued to work until 10:30.
I like listening to music while I´m studying = I like to listen to music while I´m studying.
I love going to baseball games = I love to go to baseball games.
I can´t stand waiting in lines too long = I can´t stand to wait in lines too long.
I remember doing that. (I did it and now I remember it) Recuerdo haber hecho eso.
I remembered to do that. (I remembered I had to do that, so I did that) Me acordé de hacer eso.
I regret saying what I said. (I said that, and now I am sorry about it) Lamento haber dicho lo que dije.
I regret to say that we can´t send the price lists yet. (I´m sorry that I have to say that) Lamento decir que aún no podemos enviarle la lista de precios.
They stopped working in the fields when it started to rain / raining.
They have been working all morning and feel very tired. They will stop (in order) to rest for a while.
The minister went on talking for two hours. (He talked about the same thing) El ministro siguió hablando por dos horas.
After discussing the economy, the minister then went on to talk about foreign policy. Después de hablar acerca de la economía, el ministro pasó a hablar acerca de la política exterior.
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences with the TO-INFINITIVE or the GERUND form of the words in parentheses.
1. I need to study tonight (study) 2. I enjoy cooking gourmet meals (cook)
3. Helen started talking/to talk about her problem. (talk)
4. Bud and Sally have decided _____________________________ married. (get) 5. We finished _____________________________ around seven. (eat)
6. Are you planning _____________________________ a vacation this year? (take) 7. I like _____________________________ new people. (meet)
8. The Wilsons went _____________________________ in Yellowstone National Park last summer. (camp) 9. My roommate offered _____________________________ me with my English. (help)
10. I’ve just begun _____________________________ a movie on TV. (watch) 11. Please stop _____________________________ your knuckles! (crack)
12. Did you remember _____________________________ the cat this morning? (feed) 13. 1 won’t be late. 1 promise _____________________________ on time. (be) 14. I’m considering _____________________________ to a new apartment. (move) 15. What time do you expect _____________________________ in Denver? (arrive) 16. Some children hate _____________________________ to school. (go)
17. I forgot _____________________________ the door when I left my apartment this morning. (lock) 18. I don’t mind _____________________________ with four roommates. (live)
19. Don’t put off _____________________________ your composition until the last minute. (write) 20. Ken had to quit _____________________________ because he hurt his knee. (jog)
21. The company will continue _____________________________ new employees as long as new production orders keep _____________________________in. (hire) (come)
22. That’s not what I meant! 1 meant _____________________________ just the opposite. (say) 23. I want _____________________________this afternoon. (go) (shop)
24. Alex seems _____________________________ this weekend. (want) (go) (sail)
Ex. 2. Use the verb provided in the correct form: TO-INFINITIVE or GERUND. Sometimes either form is possible.
1. They denied _____________________________the money. (steal) 2. I don’t enjoy _____________________________very much. (drive)
3. I don’t want _____________________________out tonight. I’m too tired. (go)
4. I can’t afford _____________________________ out tonight. 1 haven’t got enough money. (go) 5. Has it stopped _____________________________ yet? (rain)
6. Can you remind me_____________________________ some coffee when we go out? (buy)
7. Why do you keep _____________________________me questions? Can’t you leave me alone? (ask) 8. Please stop _____________________________ me questions! (ask)
9. I refuse _____________________________ any more questions. (answer)
10. One of the boys admitted _____________________________ the window. (break)
11. The boy’s father promised _____________________________for the window to be repaired. (pay) 12. Ann was having dinner when the phone rang. She didn’t answer the phone; she just carried on
_____________________________ (eat)
13. “How did the thief get into the house?” “ I forgot _____________________________ the window.’ (shut)
14. I’ve enjoyed __________________________you. (meet) 1 hope _________________________ you again soon. (see) 15. The baby began _____________________________ in the middle of the night. (cry)
16. Julia has been ill but now she’s beginning _____________________________ better. (get).
Ex. 3. Complete these sentences with a suitable verb in the correct form: TO-INFINITIVE or GERUND.
1. Please remember to lock the door when you go out.
2. A: You lent me some money a few months ago.
B: Did l? Are you sure? 1 don’t remember ._____________________________you any money.
3. A: Did you remember _____________________________ your sister?
A short course in english for adult students 183 4. When you see Mandy tomorrow, remember _____________________________ her my regards, won’t you?
5. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember _____________________________ it by the window and now it has gone.
6. 1 believe that what 1 said was fair. 1 don’t regret _____________________________ it.
7. (after a driving test) I regret _____________________________ that you have failed the test.
8. Keith joined the company 15 years ago. He was quickly promoted and became assistant manager after two years.
A few years later he went on _____________________________ manager of the company.
9. I can’t go on _____________________________here any more. I want a different job.
10. When 1 came into the room Liz was reading a newspaper. She looked up and said hello to me, and then went on _____________________________ her newspaper.
11. This jacket is dirty. It needs _____________________________.
12. This is very urgent. I need _____________________________ with the manager immediately.
Ex. 4. (Review) Use the verbs given in the correct form, GERUND, TO-INFINITIVE, BARE INFINITIVE. Remember that in some cases you have two alternatives and that sometimes there is a change in the meaning.
1. I saw Bob _____________________________ the car yesterday. It took him more than 20 minutes to do it. (wash) 2. I drove past Peter´s house yesterday. I saw him _____________________________ his car. (wash).
3. Did you remember _____________________________ Mary last night, or did you forget? (phone)
4. I haven´t phoned her at her home lately. In fact I don´t remember ___________________ her for a long time (phone) 5. I look forward _____________________________ to that wedding party on Friday. (go)
6. We used_____________________________ on holiday every summer when I was a child. (go) 7. It started _____________________________ at about 7:30 this morning. (rain)
8. Bob never got used _____________________________ in that part of the country. (live)
9. I don´t mind _____________________________ the washing up. As a matter of fact I do it every day. (do) 10. Could you helpj Jimmy _____________________________ that math exercise,George? (do)
11. Please let me _____________________________ cartoons, mum. I´ve already done my homework. (watch) 12. Where did they agree_____________________________, in La Paz or in Sucre? (meet)
13. The men have been walking up the hill for about an hour, so they´ll stop ________________________ (rest) a while.
14. The children stopped _____________________________ when the teacher entered the room. (talk) 15. I can´t afford _____________________________ that house. It is too expensive.(buy)
16. They wanted _____________________________ the soccer game on TV. (watch)
17. I am considering _____________________________ to a smaller apartment soon. (move) 18. I am planning _____________________________ to a smaller apartment soon. (move) 19. He left the house without _____________________________ the front door. (lock) 20. I think Jane is quite used _____________________________ with Dr. Smith. (work)
PART III
TAG ENDINGS.
Los Tag Endings se usan al final de una aseveración con el fin de buscar una confirmación o para indicar que lo que se afirma está correcto. Equivale a la pregunta ¿Verdad? ¿No es cierto?. Salvo que estemos buscando una confirmación, normalmente se usa una entonación descendente.
Mary is at home now, isn´t she? Mary isn´t at home now, is she?
You know him well, don´t you? You don´t know him well, do you?
Bob left on Wednesday, didn´t he? Bob didn´t leave on Wednesday, did he?
The boys can speak French, can´t they? The boys can´t speak French, can they?
Thomas has been here before, hasn´t he? Thomas hasn´t been here before, has he?
Como Ud. ha advertido, los tag endings siempre se expresan de la siguiente manera:
Sujeto + aseveración afirmativa Mary is at home now, You know him well, The boy can speak French,
Contracción+ Pronombre (Nunca un nombre) isn´t she?
don´t you?
can´t he?
Sujeto + aseveración negativa Mary isn´t at home now, You don´t know him well, The boy can´t speak French,
Verbo Modal + Pronombre (Nunca un nombre) is she?
do you?
can he?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Add the proper tag ending:
1. He comes here every day. ____________________________________ ? (He comes here every day, doesn’t he?) 2. She can speak French well, ______________________________________________________?
3. They will be here early, ___________________________________________________________?
4. He left at two o’clock, __________________________________________________________?
5. He has to work tomorrow, _______________________________________________________?
6. He has many friends here, _______________________________________________________?
7. You live uptown, _______________________________________________________________?
8. She studies with you, ___________________________________________________________?
9. He will be back later, ____________________________________________________________?
10. Henry left at two o’clock, ________________________________________________________?
11. There´s some more milk in the fridge, ______________________________________________?
12. Both men look very much alike, ___________________________________________________?
13. I´m your best friend, ____________________________________________________________?
14. Mr. Smith has seen that movie, ___________________________________________________?
Ex. 2. Add the proper tag ending. Note that all these sentences are formed with the verb To BE, used either as the main verb or as the auxiliary verb:
1. John is a good student. ______________________________________ ? (John is a good student, isn’t he?) 2. They were both absent from the lesson, ____________________________________________?
3. The wind is blowing very hard, ____________________________________________________?
4. Helen and her sister are both studying English, _____________________________________?
5. You are busy today, ____________________________________________________________?
6. I´m doing the exercise well, ______________________________________________________?
7. George is a very tall boy, ________________________________________________________?
8. You were absent from class yesterday, ____________________________________________?
A short course in english for adult students 185 10. Mr. Smith is out of town, ________________________________________________________?
11. They are leaving early in the morning, _____________________________________________?
12. There are many students absent today, ____________________________________________?
Ex. 3. Add the proper tag ending:
1. Mary goes shopping every day. _____________________________? (Mary goes shopping every day, doesn’t she?) 2. Sue was at home when you called last night, _______________________________________ ?
3. José used to work in this office, __________________________________________________ ? 4. William has been working very hard today, _________________________________________ ? 5. William was born in Cardiff, ______________________________________________________ ? 6. William will be here soon, ________________________________________________________ ? 7. The traffic on this street was very heavy that evening, ________________________________ ? 8. The sun sets at about six o’clock, ________________________________________________ ? 9. The sun is setting now, __________________________________________________________ ? 10. Bob´s going to buy a new car this year, ____________________________________________ ? 11. They went into the church, ______________________________________________________ ? 12. The shopping district extends for many blocks, _____________________________________ ?
Ex. 4. Add the proper tag ending:
1. He doesn’t come here every day. __________________________ ? (He doesn’t come here every day, does he?) 2. She isn’t busy now, ____________________________________________________________?
3. They didn’t come with her, _______________________________________________________?
4. She can’t speak French, ________________________________________________________?
5. They don’t live uptown, _________________________________________________________?
6. He didn’t visit us last night, ______________________________________________________?
7. She won’t be at the lesson tomorrow, _____________________________________________?
8. They don’t know each other, _____________________________________________________?
9. We don’t have to come to school tomorrow, _______________________________________?
10. They didn’t have to work yesterday, _______________________________________________?
11. He hasn’t got any money, _______________________________________________________?
12. They didn’t arrive on time, _______________________________________________________?
Ex. 5. Add the proper tag ending:
1. John often walks to the post office. _________________________ ? (John often walks to the post office, doesn’t he?)
2. He never goes there in the morning., ______________________________________________?
3. He first goes to the window marked “Stamps.”, _____________________________________?
4. He doesn’t always buy stamps., __________________________________________________?
5. There are many people ahead of him, _____________________________________________?
6. There are only a few people ahead of him, _________________________________________?
7. He doesn’t always have to wait in line, _____________________________________________?
8. He didn’t have to wait in line yesterday, ____________________________________________?
9. He won’t have to wait in line tomorrow, ____________________________________________?
10. He gave him the stamps, ________________________________________________________?
11. John didn’t receive any change, __________________________________________________?
12. He put a stamp on the envelope, _________________________________________________?
13. He didn’t mail any packages, ____________________________________________________?
14. But he dropped the letter into the box, ____________________________________________?
Ex. 6. You think, but you are not sure. Ask questions, using tag endings. Read these examples:
You think Mary speaks Spanish, but you`re not sure. You say: Mary speaks Spanish, doesn`t she?
You think the children can`t swim well. You say: The children can`t swim well, can they?
1. You think John`s been to England twice, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
2. You think my friends come from Wisconsin, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
3. You think Bob didn`t attend the meeting last Monday, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
4. You think there isn`t any more whisky in the bottle, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
5. You think they have to work a little faster, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
6. You think Jane shouldn`t do that again, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
7. You think the boy has had dinner already, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
8. You think there was too much noise in the room, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
9. You think you´re a good student, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
10. You think the boys worked harder than the girls, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
11. You think I wouldn`t like to go there again, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
12. You think John put on his new sweater, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
13. You think I was at the meeting too, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
14. You think the train hadn`t left yet when I got to the station, but you`re not sure. You say:
________________________________________________________________________________________________?
A short course in english for adult students 187
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BASIC VOCABULARY: Study these words
SPORTS AND RECREATION Deportes y Recreación
amusement park /amiuzment pá:rk/ parque de diversiones. lawn /ló:n/ césped
angling /ægliη/ pesca de río match /mæ´ tch/ partido (fútbol,box) athletics /aθlétiks/ atletismo movie theater /múvi θíater/ sala de cine
baths /ba:θs/ baños, termas museum /miuzíam/ museo
beach /bi:tch/ playa night club /náit klab/ club nocturno
bowling /bóuliη/ bocha oar /óar/ remo
boxing /bóksiη/ boxeo obstacle /óbstakl/ hurdle /hé:dl/ obstáculo,valla car-racing /ka:r réisiη/ carrera de autos paddling /pæ´ liη/ remo de paleta casino /kazí:nou/ casino de juegos park /pá:rk/ parque
cinema /sínema/ cine pentathlon /péntaθlon/ pentatlón
circus /sé:rkas/ circo picnic /píknik/ picnic
climbing /kláimiη/ andinismo ride /ráid/ paseo a caballo, etc competition /kompetíshn/ competición rink /riηk/ cancha de patines
court /kó:rt/ cancha (tenis) rowing /róuiη/ remo
cycling /sáikliη/ ciclismo running /rániη/ carrera championship /tchámpionship/ campeonato seaside resort /sí:said risó:rt/ balneario disco /dískou/ discoteca sightseeing tour /sáitsi:iη túar/ paseo turístico
diving /dáiviη/ buceo skating /skéitiη/ patinaje
drive /dráiv/ paseo en auto skiing /skí:iη/ esquí
excursion /ekskérshion/ excursión skiing resort /skí:iη rizó:rt/ centro de esquí exhibition /eksibíshion/ exposición sneakers /sní:kerz/ zapatillas expedition /ekspedíshion/ expedición surfing /sé:rfiη/ surfing
fair /féar/ feria sweat-shirt /suét shé:rt/ polerón
fencing /fénsiη/ esgrima swimming /suímiη/ natación
field /fí:ld/ cancha (fútbol) sword /só:rd/ espada
fishing /físhiη/ pesca theater /δíater/ teatro
game /géim/ juego, partido tour /túar/ viaje, excursión
gliding /gláidiη/ planeo tournament /tó:rnament/ torneo
green /grí:n/ cancha (golf) track /træk/ pista de carrera
horse riding /ho:rs ráidiη/ equitación trekking /trékiη/ excursión en montaña horse-racing /hó:rs réisiη/ carreras hípica trip /trip/ viaje
hunting /hántiη/ caza trunks /tráηks/ pantalones de atlet.
hurdling /hé:rdliη/ salto de vallas T-shirt /ti: shé:rt/ polera ice-skating /áis skéitiη/ patinaje en hielo voyage /vóiidll/ viaje
javelin /dllævelin/ javalina walk /wó:k/ caminata
jogging /dllógiη/ trote water-skiing /wó:ter skíiη/ esquí acuático journey /dllé:rni/ Viaje weight-lifting /wéit líftiη/ pesas
jumping /dllámpiη/ Salto
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