Esta expresión verbal se usa especialmente en inglés británico ( y solamente en el tiempo presente) para indicar posesión o propiedad, es decir, significa TENER. En el Presente Afirmativo se conjuga de la siguiente manera:
I have got /ai hav gót/ I´ve got /aiv gót/ (yo tengo) You have got /iú: hav gót/ You´ve got /iu:v got/ (tú tienes) He has got /hi: haz gót/ He´s got /hi:z gót/ (él tiene) She has got /shi: haz gót/ She´s got /shi:z gót/ (ella tiene) It has got /it haz gót/ It´s got /its gót/ (él / ella tiene) We have got /wi: hav gót/ We´ve got /wi:v gót/ (nos. tenemos) You have got /iú: hav gót/ You´ve got /iú:v gót / (uds. tienen) They have got /δéi hav gót/ They´ve got /δéiv gót/ (ellos tienen) Escuche, lea y aprenda:
I have got a car. /ai hav gót e ká:r/ I´ve got a car /aiv gót e ká:r/
(Yo tengo un auto)
Peter has got many friends. /pí:ter haz gót méni fréndz/ Peter´s got many friends. /pí:terz gót.../
(Peter tiene muchos amigos)
They have got a big house. /δei hav gót e bíg háus/ They´ve got a big house. /δeiv gót.../
(Ellos tienen una casa grande)
My dog has got long ears. /mai dóg haz gót loδ íarz/ My dog´s got long ears. /mai dógz gót.../
(Mi perro tiene orejas largas)
The rooms have got central heating. /δe rú:mz hav gót séntrl hí:tiδ/ (Las habitaciones tienen calefacción central)
En la forma negativa se usa HAVE NO GOT y HAS NOT GOT. Normalmente se usan las contracciones HAVEN´T GOT /hδvent gót/ y HASN´T GOT /hδzent gt/
Escuche, lea y aprenda:
I have not got a car. /ai hav not gót.../ I haven´t got a car. /ai hávent gót...r/
Peter has not got many friends. /pí:ter haz not gót.../ Peter hasn´t got many friends. /pí:ter házent gót.../
They have not got a big house. /δei hav not gót.../ They haven´t got a big house. /δei hávent got.../
My dog has not got long ears. /mai dóg haz not gót.../ My dog hasn´t got long ears. /mai dóg házent gót.../
The rooms have not got central heating. /δe rú:mz hav not gót .../ The rooms haven´t got central heating. /δe rú:mz hávent gót.../
La forma interrogativa se hace por simple inversión del sujeto y HAVE o HAS:
Escuche, lea y aprenda:
Have you got a car? /hav iú gót.../ No, I haven´t got one ( one = a car) Has Peter got many friends? /haz pí:ter gót.../ Yes, he´s got a lot. (of friends)
Have they got a big house? /hav δei gót.../ No, they haven´t. They´ve got a small one.
Has the dog got long ears? /haz δe dóg gót.../ Yes, it has. It´s got very long ones. (ones = ears) Have the rooms got a TV? /hav δe ru:mz got.../ No, they haven´t got one. But they´ve got a radio.
How much money have you got? I´ve got very little (money). I´ve only got 5 dollars.
How many brothers and sisters has Bob got? He´s got one sister and two brothers.
EXERCISES:
Ex.1 Complete the following sentences using HAVE GOT or HAS GOT 1. John _____________________________ a new uniform.
2. Hans ____________________________ long black hair .
3. The soldiers ______________________ a very good instructor.
4. We ______________________________ a small house in the country.
5. The book _________________________ 200 pages.
6. I ________________________________ three children, a son and two daughters.
7. Mary _____________________________ a new blue dress.
8. My friends ________________________ a lot of money.
9. My flat ___________________________ two bedrooms.
10. The car __________________________ four wheels.
Ex. 2 Change into the negative form
1. She´s got blue eyes and black hair. ___________________________________________________
2. They´ve got a lot of friends there. ___________________________________________________
3. My father´s got a modern car. ___________________________________________________
4. Bob´s got a big family. ___________________________________________________
5. We´ve got a small classroom. ___________________________________________________
6. I´ve got some cigarettes. ___________________________________________________
7. Nancy´s got a computer. ___________________________________________________
8. The house has got a garden. ___________________________________________________
9. My friends have got a telephone. ___________________________________________________
10. The students have got some experience. ___________________________________________________
Ex. 3 Change into the interrogative form:
1. You´ve got many things to do today. ___________________________________________________
2. Bob´s got some money. ___________________________________________________
3. You´ve got a lighter. ___________________________________________________
4. They´ve got our telephone number. ___________________________________________________
5. Bob´s got our address. ___________________________________________________
6. Bob´s sister has got a car. ___________________________________________________
7. They´ve got a big family. ___________________________________________________
8. The boy has got black shoes. ___________________________________________________
9. You´ve got your passport here. ___________________________________________________
10. The students have got a new instructor. ___________________________________________________
Ex. 4 Ask questions with HOW MUCH...? / HOW MANY...?
1. They´ve got two cars. ___________________________________________________
2. I´ve got three children. ___________________________________________________
3. A car has got four wheels . ___________________________________________________
4. Bob´s got five dollars. ___________________________________________________
5. The flat has got two bathrooms. ___________________________________________________
6. We´ve got 2 bottles of milk. ___________________________________________________
7. They ´ve got very little free time. ___________________________________________________
Ex. 5 Answer these questions:
1. How much money have you got in your pockets? ___________________________________________________
2. How many children have you got? ___________________________________________________
3. Has your wife / husband got a car? ___________________________________________________
4. Has your parents´ house got a garden? ___________________________________________________
5. Have you got a dog or a cat? ___________________________________________________
6. Have you got any friends in Europe? ___________________________________________________
7. How many rooms has your house got? ___________________________________________________
8. Have you got a big library at home? ___________________________________________________
9. Have you got any brothers or sisters? ___________________________________________________
10. Have you got a computer at home? ___________________________________________________
A short course in english for adult students 39
PART II.
A. ADJECTIVES
En inglés, los adjetivos siempre preceden a los sustantivos:
Tom is a tall man. Mary is a beautiful woman This is an interesting book That is a big car
Además, son invariables, es decir la misma palabra se usa en el singular, plural, masculino o femenino. Por lo tanto, el adjetivo tall /to:l/ se podría traducir como alto, alta, altos, altas.
The man is very tall. The woman is very tall. The men are very tall. The women are very tall.
Además, todos los sustantivos actúan como adjetivos cuando preceden a otro sustantivo. En estos casos no deben pluralizarse (porque los adjetivos nunca se pluralizan!!).
An apple An apple tree Three apple trees A dollar A one-dollar bill A five-dollar bill An exercise One exercise book Ten exercise books A hotel A hotel manager Two hotel managers B. ARTICLES (I)
1. EL ARTÍCULO INDEFINIDO A (un, una) se usa para referirse a un artículo cualquiera, no específico. Ej. This is a book. /δis iz a búk/ (Este es un libro). That´s a girl. /δæts a gé:rl/ (Esa es una niña). There´s a car in the street. /δéarz a ká:r in δe strí:t/
(Hay un auto en la calle).
El artículo A se transforma en AN antes de una palabra iniciada con un sonido vocal o una h “muda”. Ej. This is an apple. /δis iz an æ´pl/ (Esta es una manzana). That´s an orange. /δæts an órindll/ (Esa es una naranja). This is an old car /δis iz an óuld ká:r/ (Este es un auto viejo). He is an honest man. /hí: iz an ónest mæn/ (El es un hombre honrado).
La letra u se considera vocal en palabras como umbrella /ambréla/, pero también se pronuncia como una semi- consonante en palabras como uniform /iúnifo:rm/. Por lo tanto se deber decir: This is an umbrella /δis iz an ambréla/
(Este es un paraguas) y This is a uniform /δis iz a iúnifo:rm/(Este es un uniforme). Hay palabras que comienzan con una letra o pronunciada como /w/, en cuyo caso se trata como semi-consonante. Compare: This is an orange. /δis iz an órindll/
(Esta es una naranja). This is a one-way ticket. /δis iz a wán wei tíkit/ (Este es un boleto de ida).
El articulo indefinido a/an no tiene plural. Ej. This is a house /δis iz a háus/ (Esta es una casa). These are houses. /δi:z a:r háusiz/ (Estas son casas). That is a tree /δæt iz a trí:/ (Ese es un árbol). Those are trees /δóuz a:r trí:z/ (Esos son árboles). That´s an animal /δæts an æ´nimal/ (Ese es un animal). Those are animals /δóuz a:r æ´nimalz/(Esos son animales).
Debido a que a / an no tiene una forma para el plural, en su lugar se usan normalmente palabras como some /sam/
(algunos/as), several /séveral/ (varios/as) o many /méni/ (muchos/as).
Ejemplo. There is a tree in the garden There are trees in the garden There are some trees in the garden There are several trees in the garden There are many trees in the garden
2. EL ARTÍCULO DEFINIDO THE (el, la los, las) se usa para referirse a objetos específicos, determinados. Se usa tanto con sustantivos singulares como con plurales.
Ej. There is a book on the desk. The book is old. There are several books on the desk. The books are old.
Compare:
Show me a photograph (Muéstrame una fotografía) (cualquiera fotografía) Show me the photograph (Muéstrame la fotografía) (una fotografía específica)
Exe. 1. Use the indefinite articles a or an
1. ________ pencil 17. ________ car
2. ________ apple 18. ________ used car
3. ________ egg 19. ________ modern car
4. ________ envelope 20. ________ young woman
5. ________ umbrella 21. ________ old woman
6. ________ hour 22. ________ one-dollar bill 7. ________ honor 23. ________ five-dollar bill
8. ________ house 24. ________ hotel
9. ________ banana 25. ________ instrument
10. ________ big banana 26. ________ musical instrument
11. ________ exercise 27. ________ answer
12. ________ easy exercise 28. ________ question
13. ________ difficult exercise 29. ________ impertinent question 14. ________ university 30. ________ usual question 15. ________ old university 31. ________ unusual question 16. ________ new university 32. ________ hard lesson
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences into the plural.
1. That is a picture ___________________________________________________
2. This is a car. ___________________________________________________
3. Is this an envelope? ___________________________________________________
4. That man isn´t a teacher. ___________________________________________________
5. I´ve got a friend in San Francisco. ___________________________________________________
6. They´ve got a horse on the farm. ___________________________________________________
7. Peter´s got a new pen. ___________________________________________________
8. This boy isn´t a new student. ___________________________________________________
9. This is an interesting novel. ___________________________________________________
10. Is that woman a nurse? ___________________________________________________
11. Is that man an engineer? ___________________________________________________
12. There´s a yellow flower in the garden. ___________________________________________________
13. Is that an apple tree or a pear tree? ___________________________________________________
14. I haven´t got a cigarette. ___________________________________________________
Ex. 3. Change these sentences into the plural, use some, many or several
1. There´s a tree in the garden. ___________________________________________________
2. There´s a woman in the office. ___________________________________________________
3. There was a car accident last Sunday. ___________________________________________________
4. There is a new student in this class. ___________________________________________________
5. There will be an interesting program tonight ___________________________________________________
6. I´ve got a question for you. ___________________________________________________
7. They´ve got an interesting book in the library ___________________________________________________
8. The boy´s got a book in English. ___________________________________________________
9. There is a letter for you, Mr. Smith. ___________________________________________________
10. I´ve got a coin in my pocket. ___________________________________________________
11. I´ve got a magazine on my desk. ___________________________________________________
12. There´s a text book on the teacher´s desk. ___________________________________________________
13. The student has got a new notebook. ___________________________________________________
14. There is a student in the laboratory now. ___________________________________________________
15. Please show me a photograph. ___________________________________________________
A short course in english for adult students 41