EL FUTURO SIMPLE II (THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE II)

PART II. USED TO + INFINITIVE”

PART 1. EL FUTURO SIMPLE II (THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE II)

A short course in english for adult students 115

UNIT 9

Ex. 3. Ask questions using question words like When, Where, How long, etc. In each case the underlined part of the sentence will be the answer to the question asked.

1. Bill is going to travel by plane. _________________________________________________ ? 2. Bob and Jim are going to swim. _________________________________________________ ? 3. We´re going to buy fruit and drinks. _________________________________________________ ? 4. I´m going to get back from work at 6:30. _________________________________________________ ? 5. They´re going to ﬁx the engine. _________________________________________________ ? 6. She´s not going to go because she´s tired. _________________________________________________ ? 7. Bill is going to answer the question. _________________________________________________ ? Ex. 4. Translate the following sentnces into English

1. Ellos no van a venir a la ﬁesta esta noche. ___________________________________________________

2. Ella va a comprar otro par de zapatos. ___________________________________________________

3. ¿Qué vas ha hacer mañana en la mañana? ___________________________________________________

4. ¿Van a estar uds. en casa esta tarde? ___________________________________________________

5. Yo voy a visitar a Mary este ﬁn de semana. ___________________________________________________

6. ¿Cuándo vas a vender tu auto? ___________________________________________________

PART II.

A. LA EXPRESION IDIOMATICA IT TAKES... /IT TOOK.../ IT WILL TAKE...

Esta expresión idiomática se usa para expresar la idea de “demorar”, “ tomar tiempo”

Study the following chart:

Whom? How long? To do what?

PRESENT

It takes

Mr Clark the students

us ________________ about 20 minutes about 15 minutes about one hour about 2 hours

to drive to his ofﬁce to run to the stadium to walk that distance to drive to Viña del Mar PAST

It took

the students the men me ________________

about 1 hour six months more than a year a long time

to answer the questions to build the bridge.

to learn English to build the pyramids FUTURE

It will take

you the men

____________________

at least an hour two years about 10 hours

to type the report to build the new highway.

to ﬂy from London to Chicago

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

It takes Mr Clark about twenty minutes to drive to his office /it téiks míster klá:rk abáut twénti mínits tu dráiv tu hiz ófis/ El Sr. Clark demora cerca de 20 minutos en conducir a su oficina.

It took the students about an hour to answer the questions. /it tuk δe stiú:dents abáut an áuar tu á:nser δe kwéstchonz/

Los alumnos demoraron más o menos una hora en contestar las preguntas.

It will take you at least an hour to type the report. /it wil téik iú: at lí:st an áuar tu táip δ^{e ripó:rt/} Ud. demorará por lo menos una hora en tipear el informe

La forma negativa se expresa mediante el uso de “It doesn´t take...”, “It didn´t take...”, o “It won´t take...”. La

A short course in english for adult students 117 Escuche, lea y aprenda:

It doesn´t take Mr Clark more than twenty minutes to drive to his ofﬁce.

Does it take Mr Clark more than twenty minutes to drive to his ofﬁce?

It didn´t take the students much time to answer the questions.

Did it take the students much time to answer the questions?

It won´t take you more than an hour to type the report.

Will it take you more than an hour to type the report? . La pregunta habitual con esta expresión idiomática es :

How long does it take you to...? ¿Cuánto tiempo se demora Ud. en...?

How long did it take you to...? ¿Cuánto tiempo se demoró Ud. en...?

How long will it take you to...? ¿Cuánto tiempo se demorará Ud. en...?

Escuche, lea y aprenda:

How long does it take Mr Clark to drive to his ofﬁce every morning?

How long did it take the students to answer the questions?

How long will it take you to type this report?

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Change the following to introduce IT TAKES..., IT TOOK... or IT WIL TAKE...:

1. I come to work on the bus in ten minutes. (It takes me ten minutes to come to work on the bus.)

2. I did my exercise in one hour. ___________________________________________________

3. I walked to the station in ﬁfteen minutes. ___________________________________________________

4. We drove to Philadelphia in one hour. ___________________________________________________

5. I found my mistake in a few minutes. ___________________________________________________

6. I do my homework every night in a short time. ___________________________________________________

7. They will build the bridge in two years. ___________________________________________________

8. She learned to speak English in only one year. ___________________________________________________

9. I ﬁnished the work in an hour. ___________________________________________________

10. I wrote the letter in a few minutes. ___________________________________________________

11. They will complete the work in six years. ___________________________________________________

12. He does his homework every day in one hour. ___________________________________________________

Ex. 2. Change to negative and to interrogative form. Then ask a Wh-question with HOW LONG?

1. It took Herbert a long time to walk there. It didn’t take Herbert a long time to walk there.

Did it take Herbert a long time to walk there?

How long did it take Herbert to walk there?

2. It takes me seven minutes to walk there. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. It took them many years to build the road. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. It takes me ten minutes to get there by subway. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5. It took him several hours to ﬁnish it. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6. It took a month to complete the work. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7. It will take a long time to get there. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8. It will take you a week to read this book. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9. It took them two days to ﬁnd him. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10. It takes an hour to do this exercise. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11. It takes much time to learn English. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12. It took an hour to discover the mistake. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English

1. Yo generalmente demoro diez minutos en caminar a casa desde la oﬁcina.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Los alumnos demoraron más de dos horas en contestar todas las preguntas.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Uds. demorarán por lo menos tres meses en preparar el informe.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. ¿Cuánto tiempo demoró Ud. en aprender a conducir un auto?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. ¿Cuánto tiempo demoraremos nosotros en aprender a hablar inglés bien?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. ¿Cuánto tiempo demora Ud. usualmente en ducharse todas las mañanas?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Ella no demoró mucho tiempo en aprender a usar el computador.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Uno no demora más de dos horas en viajar de Santiago aPuerto Montt en avión.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Ud. no demorará mucho tiempo en leer ese artículo

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

A short course in english for adult students 119 B. GRADOS DE COMPARACION DE LOS ADJETIVOS

Cuando usamos un adjetivo caliﬁcativo como beautiful, old, big, intelligent estamos haciendo comparaciones. Cuando decimos que “Mary is a beautiful girl” estamos comparándola con otras niñas que hemos visto anteriormente.

Los adjetivos tienen cuatro grados de comparación: Grado Positivo, Grado Comparativo, Grado Superlativo y Grado de Igualdad.

1. EL GRADO POSITIVO es aquel que usamos cuando no especiﬁcamos con qué persona o cosa estamos comparando.

Mary is a beautiful girl. (Mary es una niña hermosa)

Bob is an intelligent person. (Bob es una persona inteligente) Our house is very big. (Nuestra casa es muy grande) This car is very old. (Este auto es muy viejo)

2. Nosotros usamos el GRADO COMPARATIVO cuando especiﬁcamos con qué persona o cosa estamos comparando:

Mary is more beautiful than her sister Alice. (Mary es más hermosa que su hermana Alaice) Bob is more intelligent than George. (Bob es más inteligente que George)

Our house is bigger than your house. (Nuestra casa es más grande que vuestra casa) This car is older than that one. (Este auto es más viejo que ese)

3. Cuando usamos el GRADO SUPERLATIVO estamos comparando una persona o cosa con todas las demás de su especie.

Mary is the most beautiful girl in the group. (Mary es la niña más hermosa en el grupo) Bob is the most intelligent person I know. (Bob es la persona más inteligente que conozco)

Our house is the biggest house in the neighborhood. (Nuestra casa es la casa más grande en el barrio) This is the oldest car in this town (Este es el auto más viejo en este pueblo)

4. Cuando usamos el GRADO DE IGUALDAD estamos diciendo que dos personas o cosas tienen la misma característica, es decir son iguales.

Mary is as beautiful as her sister Alice. (Mary es tan hermosa como su hermana Alice) Bob is as intelligent as George. (Bob es tan inteligente como George)

Our house is as big as your house. (Nuestra casa es tan grande como vuestra casa) This car is as old as that one. (Este auto es tan viejo como ese).

GRADO COMPARATIVO

Al usar el Grado Comparativo debemos observar las siguientes reglas:

a. A los adjetivos de una sílaba debemos agregar el suﬁjo -er:

small - smaller; tall - taller; short - shorter

b. Si el adjetivo está formado por cons.+vocal+cons o cons+cons+vocal+cons debemos duplicar la última consonante:

big - bigger; hot - hotter; thin - thinner

c. Si el adjetivo tiene tres o más sílabas se debe anteponer la palabra more:

intelligent - more intelligent important - more important

d. A los adjetivos de dos sílabas de origen sajón (que no se parecen al español) se le agrega el suﬁjo -er ; si es de origen latino o griego se le antepone la palabra more.

pretty - prettier clever - cleverer common - more common modern - more modern

e. Existen algunos adjetiivos que tienen una forma excepcional en el grado comparativo:

good - better little - less

bad - worse many - more

far - farther much - more

GRADO SUPERLATIVO

Al usar el Grado Superlativo debemos observar las siguientes reglas:

a. A los adjetivos de una sílaba debemos agregar el suﬁjo -est:

small - smallest tall - tallest; short - shortest

b. Si el adjetivo está formado por cons.+vocal+cons o cons+cons+vo cal+cons debemos duplicar la última consonante

big - biggest; hot - hottest; thin - thinnest

c. Si el adjetivo tiene tres o más sílabas se debe anteponer la palabra most:

intelligent - most intelligent important - most important

d. A los adjetivos de dos sílabas de origen sajón (que no se parecen al español) se le agrega el suﬁjo -est; si es de origen latino o griego se le antepone la palabra most.

pretty - prettiest clever - cleverest common - most common modern - most modern

e. Existen algunos adjetivos que tienen una forma excepcional en el grado comparativo:

good - best little - least

bad - worst many - most

far - farthest much - most GRADO DE IGUALDAD

Estas oraciones se expresan usando as + adj. + as. En las oraciones negativas el grado de igualdad puede ser expresado con not as...as o not so...as, dependiendo del grado de diferencia existente

He is as tall as his brother.

He is not as tall as his brother. (El no es tan alto como su hermano) (su hermano es ligeramente más alto) He is not so tall as his brother. (El no es TAN alto como su hermano) (su hermano es mucho más alto) EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Supply the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses 1. Philadelphia is...(larger than)...Washington (large)

2. John is ____________________________ William (short) 3. Henry is ____________________________ I (tall)

4. This book is ____________________________ that book . (old)

5. The weather today is ____________________________ yesterday (bad) 6. This summer is ____________________________ last summer (hot)

A short course in english for adult students 121 8. Is this exercise ____________________________ the last one? (difﬁcult)

9. These apples are ____________________________ those. (good) 10. Some people are ____________________________ others. (healthy) 11. This room is ____________________________ that one. (light)

12. Is this exercise ____________________________ the last one? (important)

Ex. 2. Complete these sentences by using the adjective which is the opposite of the one in italics:

1. Henry is not taller than I. Henry is ____________________________________________________________________

2. New York is not smaller than Chicago. New York is _____________________________________________________

3. Helen is not younger than her sister. Helen is __________________________________________________________

4. This street is not wider than that street. This street is ___________________________________________________

5. This exercise is not more difﬁcult than the last one. This exercise is _______________________________________

6. This book is not thicker than my French book. This book is ______________________________________________

7. This book was not more expensive than my French book. This book was __________________________________

8. The weather today is not better than it was yesterday. The weather today is ________________________________

9. The weather today is not colder than it was yesterday,.The weather today is ________________________________

Ex. 3. In the following, introduce the superlative form or the adjective in parentheses:

1. John is ____________________________ boy in the class (tall).

2. Today is ____________________________ day of the year.(hot)

3. New York is ____________________________ city in the United States. (interesting) 4. New York is also ____________________________ city in the United States. (large) 5. This is ____________________________ apple of all. (sweet)

6. This is ____________________________ park in the city. (beautiful) 7. John is ____________________________ boy in the class. (intelligent) 8. He is also ____________________________ student in the class. (good) 9. Henry is ____________________________ dancer in the school. (bad) 10. Which is ____________________________ city in this country? (large) 11. This is ____________________________ room in the whole building. (light)

12. Which student in your class knows ____________________________ English words? (many) 13. Which man in the group has ____________________________ money? (much)

14. That city has ____________________________ parks in the region. (few)

15. John has ____________________________ experience in computers in the group. (little)

Ex. 4. State the adjectives in parentheses, ﬁrst in comparative form, and second in superlative form. Use words of your choosing to complete each sentence:

1. Henry is...(tall) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2. Grace is...(pretty) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. Bill is...(intelligent) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. This book is...(interesting) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5. Frank is... (young) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6. The Empire State Bldg. is...(tall) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7. The Mississippi River is...(long) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8. This street is...(wide) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9. John is a... (good) student ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10. This exercise is... (easy) ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Ex. 5. Rewrite each sentence to show equality of comparison. State each sentence ﬁrst in positive form and then in negative form:

1. John is taller than his brother. John is as tall as his brother.

John isn’t as / so tall as his brother.)

2. This street is wider than that one. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. This exercise is longer than the last. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. Helen is more beautiful than Mary. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5. New York is more important than Washington D.C. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

6. Our apartment is larger than yours. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

7. This corridor is larger than the room. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

8. The sky is darker than it was yesterday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

9. This book is better than the other. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

10.The weather today is worse than it was yesterday. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

11.John makes more mistakes than Henry. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

12.There are more people today than yesterday ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

13. Peter has more money than Henry ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

14. John has less experience in computers than I. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

A short course in english for adult students 123 BASIC VOCABULARY: Study these words

FOOD /fu:d/ Los alimentos 1. Provisions /províllnz/ Abarrotes

bread /bred/ pan mashed potatoes /mæsht potéitouz/ puré de papas biscuit /biskit/ galleta (Br) noodles /nú:dlz/ ﬁdeos

butter /báter/ mantequilla oil /oil/ aceite

cake /keik/ torta pepper /péper/ pimienta

candies /kændiz/ calugas rice /ráis/ arroz

coffee /kóﬁ/ café salad dressing /sælad drésiη/ aliño para ensaladas

cookie /kúki/ galleta (USA) salt /sólt/ sal

cracker /kræker/ galleta de agua sauce /so:s/ salsa

cream /kri:m/ crema soup /su:p/ sopa

cheese /tchi:z/ queso Spaghetti /spagéti/ tallarines

chips /tchips/ papas fritas (Br) sugar /shúgar/ azúcar

egg^/eg/ huevo sweets^/suits/ dulces, pastillas

french fries /frénch fráiz / papas fritas (USA) tea^/ti:/ té

jam^/dllæm/ mermelada, dulce toast /tóust/ tostada(s)

lard^{/la:rd /} manteca vinegar /vínegar/ vinagre

margarine /má:rdllari:n/ margarina marmalade /má:rmeléid / mermelada cítrica 2. Meals /mi:lz/ Las comidas

breakfast /brékfast/ desayuno hors-dóeuvres /o:dévre/ entremeses brunch /brantch/ desayuno-almuerzo starter /stá:rter/ entrada lunch /lantch/ almuerzo ﬁrst course /fé:rst kó:rz/ primer plato supper /sáper/ cena (informal) main course /méin kó:rz/ plato de fondo dinner /díner/ cena (formal) dessert /dizé:rt/ postre

appetizer /apetáizer/ aperitivo 3. Meats /mi:ts/ Carnes

beef /bi:f/ vacuno pheasant /féznt/ faisán

breast /brest/ pechuga pork /po:rk/ cerdo

chicken /tchikin/ pollo rib /rib/ costilla

chop /tchop/ chuleta sirloin /se:rloin/ lomo

duck /dak/ pato T-bone /tí: bóun/ entrecot

fillet /filét/ filete turkey /té:rki/ pavo

lamb /læm/ cordero lechón veal /vi:l/ ternera

leg ^/leg/ pata, pié venison ^/vénison/ ciervo

mutton ^/mátn/ cordero wing ^/wiη/ ala

4. Sea Food /sí: fu:d/ Pescados y mariscos

abalone /abalouni/ loco mackerel /mækerel/ caballa

clam /klæm/ almeja mussel /mázl/ cholga, mejillón

cockle /kókl/ caracol, berberecho oyster /óister/ ostra

cod /kod/ bacalao prawns /pro:nz/ gamba,camarones

conger eel /kónger i:l/ congrio salmon /sá:mon/ salmón

crab /kræb/ jaiva scallop /skálop/ ostión

eel /í:l/ anguila shellﬁsh /shelﬁsh/ mariscos

ﬁsh /ﬁsh/ pescado shrimps /shrimps/ langostinos

haddock /hædok/ abadejo,merlango sole /soul /, plaice /pléis/ lenguado

hake /heik/ merluza squid /skuid/ calamar

herring /hérriη/ arenque swordﬁsh /sórdﬁsh/ albacora /pez espada

king crab /kiη kræb/ centolla trout /traut/ trucha lobster /lóbster/ langosta tuna ﬁsh /tuna ﬁsh/ atún

urchin /é:rchin/ erizo 5. Fruits /fru:ts/ Frutas

apple /æpl/ manzana melon /mélon/ melón

apricot /éiprikot/ damasco orange /órindll/ naranja

banana /banana/ plátano peach /pi:tch/ durazno

blackberry /blækberi/ mora peanut /pí:nats/ maní

blueberry /blú:beri/ arándano pineapple /páinápl/ piña cherry/cherries /tchérriz/ cerezas plum /plam/ ciruela

coconut /kókounat/ coco prunes /prú:nz/ ciruelas secas

cranberry /krænberi/ arándano agrio quince /kuins/ membrillo

dates /déits/ dátiles raisins /réizinz/ pasas

gooseberry /gú:zberi/ grosella raspberry /ræzberi/ frambuesa grapefruit /gréifru:t/ pomelo strawberry /stró:beri/ frutilla

grapes^/greips/ uvas watermelon /wotermélon/ sandía

hazel nuts /héizl nats/ nueces 6. Vegetables /védlletablz/ Verduras

celery /séleri/ apio garlic /gá:rlik/ ajo

artichoke /á:rtitchouk/ alcachofa lemon /lémon/ limón asparragus /aspáragaz/ espárrago lettuce /létis/ lechuga

bean(s) /bi:n(z) poroto(s) onion /ánion/ cebolla

beetroot /bí:trut/ betarraga pea(s) /pi:(z)/ arveja(s) broad bean /broud bí:n/ haba potato(es) /potéitou(z)/ papa(s)

cabbage /kæbidll/ repollo pumkin /pámkin/ zapallo

carrot /károt/ zanahoria raddish /rædish/ rábano

chicory /tchíkori/ chicoria red /green pepper /péper/ pimentón /morrón

corn /kó:rn/ maíz,choclo spinach /spínidll/ espinaca

cucumber /kiukámber/ pepino tomato(es) /toméitou(z)/ tomate(s) 7. Beverages /bívridlliz/ Bebestibles

beer /bíar/ cerveza red wine /réd wáin/ vino tinto

coffee /kóﬁ:/ café soda water /sóuda wó:ter/ agua de soda

drink /driηk/ trago soft drink /sóft driηk/ refresco

herbal tea /hérbal tí:/ aguita de hierbas tea /ti:/ té

juice /dllu:s/ jugo water /wó:ter/ agua

lemonade /lémoneid/ limonada white wine /wáit wáin/ vino blanco

milk^/milk/ leche wine^/wáin/ vino

A short course in english for adult students 125

UNIT 9

Key to answers PART I

Ex. 1. 1. Tom is going to come to... 2. They are going to travel to... 3. Mr Jackson´s going to play... 4. Jane´s going to buy... 5. The instructor´s going to use...

6. Paul`s going to go to... 7. The Johnsons are going to spend... 8. I´m going to send Mary...

Ex. 2. 1. Tom isn´t going to come to... / Is Tom going to come to...? 2. They aren´t going to travel to... / Are they going to travel to...? 3. Mr Jackson isn´t going to play... / Is Mr Jackson going to play...? 4. Jane isn´t going to buy... / Is Jane going to buy...? 5. The instructor isn´t going to use... / Is the instructor going to use...?

6. Paul isn´t going to go to... / Is Paul going to go to...? 7. The Johnsons aren´t going to spend... / Are the Johnsons going to spend...? 8. I´m not going to send Mary... / Am I going to send Mary...?

Ex. 3. 1 How is Bill going to travel? 2. What are Bob and Jim going to do? 3. What are you / we going to buy? 4. What time / When are you going to get back from work? 5. What are they going to do? 6. Why isn´t she going to go? 7. Who is going to answer the question?

Ex. 4. 1.They aren´t going to come to the party tonight. 2. She´s going to buy another pair of shoes. 3. What are you going to do tomorrow morning? 4. Are you going to be at home this evening? 5. I´m going to visit Mary this weekend?

6. When are you going to sell your car?

PART II A.

Ex. 1. 2.. It took me an hour to do my exercise 3. It took me ﬁfteen minutes to walk to the station . 4. It took us one hour to drive to Philadelphia. 5. It took me a few minutes to ﬁnd my mistake. 6. It takes me a short time to do my homework every night 7. It will take them two years to build the bridge. 8. It took her only one year to learn to speak English. 9.

It took me an hour to ﬁnish the work 10. It took me a few minutes to write the letter. 11. It will take them six years to complete the work. 12. It takes him one hour to do his homework every day.

Ex. 2. 2. It doesn´t take me seven minutes to... / Does it take me seven minutes to...? / How long does it take me to...?

3. It didn´t take them many years to build... / Did it take them many years to build...? / How long did it take them to build...? 4. It doesn´t take me ten minutes to get... / Does it take me ten minutes to get...? / How long does it take me to get...? 5. It didn´t take him several hours to... / Did it take him several hours to... / How long did it take him to...? 6.

It didn´t take a month to... / Did it take a month to...? / How long did it take to...? 7. It won´t take a long time to... / Will it take a long time to...? / How long will it take to...? 8. It won´t take you a week to... / Will it take you a week to...? / How long will it take you to...? 9. It didn´t take them two days to... / Did it take them two days to...? / How long did it take them to...? 10. It doesn´t take an hour to... / Does it take an hour to...? / How long does it take to...? 11. It doesn`t take much time to... / Does it take much time to...? / How long does it take to...? 12. It didn´t take an hour to... / Did it take an hour to...? / How long did it take to...?

Ex.3. 1. It generally takes me ten minutes to walk home from the ofﬁce. 2. It took the students more than two hours to answer all the questions. 3. It will take you at least three months to prepare the report. 4. How long did it take you to learn to drive a car? 5. How long will it take us to learn to speak English well? 6. How long does it usually take you to take a shower every morning? 7. It didn´t take her very long / much time to learn how to use the computer. 8. It doesn´t take more than two hours to travel from Santiago to Puerto Montt by plane. 9. It won´t take you very long to read that article.

Ex. 1. 2. shorter than 3. taller than 4. older than 5. worse than 6. hotter than 7. more interesting than 8. more difﬁcult than 9. better than 10. healthier than 11. lighter than

12. more important than

Dalam dokumen BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR STRUCTURES AND VOCABULARY (Halaman 115-127)