PART I EL TIEMPO PRESENTE PERFECTO (THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE) INTRODUCCIÓN
A. PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
BASIC VOCABULARY:
A short course in english for adult students 171 B. Connectors
Coordinating conjunctions:
and /ánd/ y both...and... /bóuθ...and/ tanto...como...
or /o:r/ o either...or /í:δer...o:r/ ya sea... o...
so /sou / por lo tanto neither...nor /ní:δer...no:r/ ni...ni...
for /fó:r/ porque, debido a que not only...but also /nót óunli...but ólsou/ no sólo...sino que también...
not /not/ no yet /iét/ sin embargo, no obstante
Adverbial connectives:
accordingly /akó:rdiηli/ en conformidad last(ly) /lá:stli/ en último término
actually /æ´ktchuali/ en realidad likewise /láikwaiz/ del mismo modo, así mismo although /ólδou/ aún cuando, aunque, a pesar de meanwhile /mí:nwail/ mientras tanto
anyway /éniwei/ de todos modos moreover /mó:rouver/ además, por otra parte besides /bisáidz/ además nevertheless /néverδelés/ sin embargo, no obstante consequently /kónsekwentli/ en consecuencia, next /nékst/ después, enseguida, acto seguido despite /dispáit/ a pesar de, no obstante nonetheless /nanδeles/ sin embargo, no obstante ello equally /íkwali / igualmente otherwise /áδerwaiz/ de otro modo, de lo contrario finally /fáinali/ finalmente, por fin similarly /símilarli/ similarmente, del mismo modo first /fé:rst/ en primer lugar, primeramente so /sóu/ por lo tanto, en consecuencia furthermore /férδermó:r/ además subsequently /sábsikwentli/ posteriormente, con posterioridad hence /héns/ de aquí que, por lo tanto then /δen/ por lo tanto, entonces, pues however /hauéver/ sin embargo, no obstante therefore /δéarfo:r/ por lo tanto, por consiguiente indeed /indí:d/ en efecto, por cierto thus /δas/ así, de este modo
initially /iníshiali/ inicialmente, al comienzo instead /instéd/ en cambio, en lugar de eso Phrasal adverbial connectives
after all /á:fter ó:l/ después de todo in fact /in fækt/ de hecho, en realidad as a consequence /az kónsikwens/ como resultado de ello in addition /in adíshon/ además
as a matter of fact /az máter ov fæ´kt/ en realidad, in spite of that /in spáit v δæt/ a pesar de ello as a result /az rizált/ como resultado de ello in the first place /in δ fé:rst pléis/ en primer lugar even so /í:vn sóu/ aún así in the meantime /in δ mí:ntaim/ mientras tanto first of all /fé:rst v ó:l/ en primer término in the same way /in δ seim wéi/ del mismo modo for example /for igzámpl/ por ejemplo on one hand / n wan hæ´ nd/ por un lado for instance /for ínstans/ por ejemplo on the other hand / n δi áδr hæ´ nd/ por otro lado for one thing /for wan θiη/ en primer lugar to begin with /tu bigín wiδ/ para comenzar for that reason /for δæ´ t rí:zn/ por ese motivo to start with /tu stá:rt wiδ/ para comenzar Examples:
1. Peter and Tom went to visit Hans in hospital.
2. Both Peter and Tom went to see Hans in hospital.
3. He studied hard as well, but he didn´t do well in the test.
4. He didn´t study hard enough, so he failed the exam.
5. Alice studied very hard, yet she didn´t pass her exam.
6. He´s my best friend; besides, we´ve known each other all our lives.
7. He gave her a beautiful diamond; moreover, he took her to Europe.
8. The yard is too big; furthermore, we can´t afford the house.
9. The student speaks English well; in addition, he seems to know a lot about our customs.
10. I´m getting along quite well; however, my roommate is not doing so well.
11. Mary was sick; nevertheless, she came to class.
12. It´s cold outside; nonetheless, we have to wash the car.
13. On one hand, the house is not very comfortable; on the other hand, it has an excellent location 14. First, he went to the post office; then, he went to the bank.
Bl 172
A short course in english for adult students 173
Key to answers
UNIT 12
A.
Ex. 2. 1. has - started 2. has been 3. has- left 4. have seen 5. have lived 6. has - received 7. has gone 8. has worked 9. has - been 10. have - read 11. has spoken 12. have met
Ex. 3. 1. The soccer game hasn´t finished yet / Has the soccer game finished already / yet? 2. Peter hasn´t had dinner yet / Has Peter had dinner already / yet? 3. They haven´t studied the report / Have they studied the report? 4. The plane hasn´t left yet / Has the plane left already / yet? 5. John hasn´t sent them a fax / Has John sent them a fax? 6. They haven´t given her... / Have they given her...?
Ex. 4. 1. How many times has Tom seen that same movie? 2. What have they bought? 3. Why has he gone to bed?
4. How long has Tom lived in Pakistán? 5. How many books have they sold today? 6. How long has Paul worked for our company? 7. What have you eaten? 8. Where has John been? 9. Why hasn´t Ann answered the letters? 10. What have the boys done today? 11. How long have we / you waited for them? 12. How many times have the students done the same exercise?
Ex. 5. 1. No, I´ve never been there 2.Yes, she´s been there twice. 3. No, they´ve never seen one 4. Yes, I´ve driven one once or twice. 5. Yes, he´s lived abroad several times 6. No, I´ve never seen him in person. 7. Yes, she´s come here a couple of times.
Ex. 6. 1. I haven´t read that book yet. 2. The general has already gone to the meeting. 3. They´ve been here several times before. 4. Have you watched TV this afternoon / evening, John? 5. My father-in-law has lived in this city all his life. 6. What has Mary told you about that? 7. They´ve studied English for more than two years. 8. Why haven´t you visited California yet? 9. How long have you worked in the army? 10. Where have they been since eight o´clock this morning?
B.
Ex.1 1. without / after saying 2. before eating 3. without / after paying 4. by working 5. about taking 6. before leaving 7. before going
Ex. 2. 1. waiting 2. speaking 3. reading 4. taking 5. eating 6. riding 7. being 8. hitting 9. having 10. visiting Ex. 3. 2. making 3. listening 4. applying 5. washing 6. being 7. working 8. using 9. seeing 10. answering 11. being 12. trying
Ex. 4. 2. playing tennis 3. Driving / having been driving too fast 4. going for a swim 5. Breaking / having broken 6. waiting a few minutes.
Ex. 5. travelling during the rush hour 3. going away... tomorrow 4. not having a license 5. turning the radio down, please?
6. not interrupting me all the time?
Ex. 6. (Possible answers) 2. going out this evening 3. standing up 4. going out for a walk 5. laughing 6. breaking down
Ex. 7. 1. of swimming 2. on going 3. in speaking 4. to seeing 5. from hitting 6. of seeing 7. of doing 8. about studying 9. of driving 10. of waiting 11. of taking 12. of finishing
Ex. 8. 2....instead of going to the university 3.... instead of going abroad 4... instead of visiting the Smiths
5....instead of working in his father´s store 6....instead of staying at the home of his cousin 7.... instead of remaining a bachelor 8....instead of driving in their new car
Ex. 9. (Possible answers) 2. moving into a larger house 3. going to 4. vacuuming 5. doing 6. snowing 7. buying 8. taking 9. looking for 10. practising 11. visiting 12. speaking 13. working 14. closing
Ex. 10. 2. buying a new car / getting a Toyota 3. reading a good book 4. smoking 5. trying 6. doing things / doing his homework 7. helping him 8. tapping your fingernails on the table 9. going to the zoo on Saturday 10. repeating that Ex. 11. 2. to go water-skiing 3. went camping 4. to go shopping 5. goes jogging 6. like to go skiing 7. likes trekking 8. goes bowling 9. go dancing 10. are going to go ice-skating 11. like to go sailing 12. go sight-seeing 13. like to go sky-diving 14. like to go (fishing / window-shopping / swimming, etc.
A short course in english for adult students 175