ارائه مدلی برای مدیریت اتحادهای راهبردی تحقیق و توسعه در صنعت خودروی کشور ایران

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Developing a Management Model for R&D Strategic Alliances in Automotive Industry in Iran

Mohamad Ali Shah Hoseini

Associate Prof., Department of MBA, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:

shahhoseini@ut.ac.ir

Ali Heidari

Assistant Prof., Department of MBA, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:

aheidary@ut.ac.ir

Seied Mohammad Aarabi

Prof., Department of Business Management, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:

sm.aarabi@gmail.com

Sadegh Ghaderi Kangavari

*Corresponding author, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Business Policy, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: sadegh.ghadri@ut.ac.ir

Abstract

Objective

Strategic alliances are commonly used in industries with high levels of technology and dynamism, including the automotive industry. The reasons for the high level of attractiveness of strategic alliances in the automotive industry are the industry's advanced structure and the ability to predict market demand and the importance of efficiency in high production volume in the industry. In the automotive industry, research and development is one of the most important sectors that is of great interest. R & D strategic alliance with the distribution of risk between the parties, the creation of learning environments, the transfer of knowledge and technology, and the management of heavy costs of research and development plays a critical role in today's competitive environment and the complex environment of the automotive industry. This alliance consists of three general stages of deployment, management, and evaluation. Since there is a deep research gap in the strategic alliance for R & D, this article seeks to provide a model for management of strategic alliances in research and development in the automotive industry. The present study aims to respond to the following question: “What factors are involved in the management of R & D alliance in the automotive industry?” and “what are the influential factors on the management of alliances?”

Methodology

In this research, grounded theory was used to design the model. Judgmental and snowball sampling were used to find the experts in the automotive industry. After conducting ten interviews and taking into account logical theoretical sampling, theoretical saturation was achieved.

Findings

The characteristics of the automotive industry in Iran highlight the requirements for the formation of R & D strategic alliances and also confront barriers that need to be identified and eliminated to facilitate the

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formation of strategic alliances. One of the most important obstacles to the formation of strategic alliances is the weakness of the country's technical knowledge. Providing the appropriate conditions for the formation of such alliance involves a proper understanding of the strategic, motivational, legal and technical aspects of the issue which can reduce the management problems of the R & D alliances and facilitate the management of the situation. The transfer of technical knowledge in the strategic alliances of research and development has been one of the key issues that has always been taken into consideration by local experts, and perhaps this is one of the most important motivations for R & D alliance. In order to manage the alliance more efficiently, mutual trust is extremely important. Accountability, reliability and understanding of each party’s conditions are extractive concepts. The findings of this research show that cooperation with reliable local universities in general and industrial universities in particular has always been the subject of attention by internal managers to design different parts and particles. On the other hand, cooperation with automotive companies from other countries including Italy, Germany, Japan and South Korea has also been successful. Co-operation with the companies involved in the segmentation and supply chain has also been remarkable. Variables in the macroeconomic environment of the country, including the conditions of political stability or instability, the improvement of the complex economic situation, building trust for foreign parties, the supportive role of the government of the automotive industry, strategic alliances and cultural issues are considered as other important issues that can affect management of strategic alliances in the research and development. The extraction of three key concepts of exchange of knowledge and information, effective communication, and the way to collaborate in alliance are also found within this study. According to the obtained data, it can be stated that the contract-based and share-based alliance are more commonly used by local companies.

Conclusion

This research can address all R & D managers and experts who intend to manage R & D strategic alliances.

These managers can take advantage of the proposed model to consider all the important factors affecting the management of such alliances and gain a comprehensive overview respectively. Identifying the motivations of the other party and understanding the strategic and technical issues are crucial for the continuity and success of the alliance. On the other hand, having mutual trust is another important factor affecting the management of strategic research and development alliances. This trust must be strengthened by the management team through different practices so that it can perfectly address the managerial challenges such as conflict management, negotiation, control and effective relationships. Understanding and predicting macroeconomicvariables and determining the type of alliance can also be effective in an efficient management.

Keywords: Strategic alliances, Research and development, Automotive industry, Coding, Grounded theory.

Citation: Shah Hoseini, M.A., Heidari, A., Aarabi, S.M., Ghaderi Kangavari, S. (2019). Developing a Management Model for R&D Strategic Alliances in Automotive Industry in Iran. Journal of Business Management, 11(1), 25-44. (in Persian)

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Journal of Business Management, 2019, Vol. 11, No., pp. 25-44 DOI: 10.22059/jibm.2018.258526.3065

Received: May 28, 2018; Accepted: November 19, 2018

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ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻟﺪﻣ ﻪﺋارا

ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد وردﻮﺧ

ي ناﺮﻳا رﻮﺸﻛ

هﺎﺷ ﻲﻠﻋﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ

هوﺮﮔ ،رﺎﻴﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻳا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،MBA

. ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

shahhoseini@ut.ac.ir

يرﺪﻴﺣ ﻲﻠﻋ

رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا

، هوﺮﮔ ﺪﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،MBA

ﻳ ﺮ ﻳ ﺖ ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻳ

ناﺮ . ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

aheidary@ut.ac.ir

ﻲﺑاﺮﻋا ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﻴﺳ

،دﺎﺘﺳا ،ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ

،ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻃﺎﺒﻃ ﻪﻣﻼﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻳا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ

. ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

sm.aarabi@gmail.com

يروﺎﮕﻨﻛ يردﺎﻗ قدﺎﺻ

* ﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ـ ﺌﺴﻣ هﺪ ـ لﻮ ﺠﺸﻧاد ، ـ ﺘﻛد يﻮ ـ ﻴﺳ يﺮ ـ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺸﻧاد ،ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔ ـ

ﺸﻧاد ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هﺪﻜ ـ

ﻳا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕ ـ

ناﺮ . ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

sadegh.ghadri@ut.ac.ir

هﺪﻴﻜﭼ فﺪﻫ : ﻒﺸﻛ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻂﺑاور ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ و راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ رد ﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ناﺮﻳا رﻮﺸﻛ يزﺎﺳوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ .

شور : شور زا لﺪﻣ ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ ياﺮﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دﺎﻴﻨﺑ هداد ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ

. زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ

ﻪـﻟﻮﻠﮔ و ﻲﺗوﺎـﻀﻗ يﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲـﻓﺮﺑ

مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﺲﭘ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺮﻬﺑ وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ نﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ياﺮﺑ 10

ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺎﺑ و ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

يﺮـﻈﻧ يﺮـﻴﮔ

، عﺎﺒـﺷا

ﺪﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ يﺮﻈﻧ .

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ :

ﺖـﺳا لﺮـﺘﻨﻛ و هﺮﻛاﺬـﻣ ،ضرﺎـﻌﺗ ،تﻼﻣﺎـﻌﺗ و ﻂﺑاور ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ دﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ يرﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ،داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و نﻼﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ و رﻮﺸﻛ يوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يﺎﻫ

ﻞﻜـﺷ ﻂﻳاﺮـﺷ ﻞـﻴﺒﻗ زا يدﺮـُﺧ يﺎـﻫ يﺮـﻴﮔ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا و دﺎﺤﺗا عﻮﻧ ،دﺎﺤﺗا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧا

.

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔ : ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻛ ﺖﺳا نآ زا ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا يﺎﻫ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ رد ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮـﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻪ

ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ ،وردﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣﺮﻳز و ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد هﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﻗد ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺮـﻫ صﻮـﺼﺧ رد و ﻚـﻳ

ﺎـﻬﻧآ زا

ﻓﺎﻛ و مزﻻ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻲ

.

هژاوﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺎﻫ : ﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،يدﺮﺒ

دﺎﻴﻨﺑ هداد ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،يراﺬﮔﺪُﻛ ،وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ .

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا هﺎﺷ : قدﺎـﺻ ،يروﺎـﮕﻨﻛ يردﺎـﻗ ؛ﺪﻤﺤﻣﺪﻴـﺳ ،ﻲﺑاﺮﻋا ؛ﻲﻠﻋ ،يرﺪﻴﺣ ؛ﻲﻠﻋﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ )

1398 .(

ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ياﺮـﺑ ﻲﻟﺪـﻣ ﻪـﺋارا

ناﺮﻳا رﻮﺸﻛ يوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ .

، 11 ) 1 ( ، –25 44 .

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ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ، 1398 ود ، ر ه 11 ، هرﺎﻤﺷ 1

، ﺺﺻ . 25 - 44

DOI: 10.22059/jibm.2018.258526.3065

رد ﻳ ﺖﻓﺎ : 07 / 03 / 1397 ، ﺬﭘ ﻳ شﺮ : 28 / 08 / 1397

ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد©

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ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ 1

زا ﻲﻠﻴﺧ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ

فاﺮﻃا هﺪﺷ ضﻮﻋ هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﻛ ﺎﻣ

هزﺎﺗ ﻞﻜﺷ نرﺪﻣ يﺎﻴﻧد رد و ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ يا

و ﺖـﺑﺎﻗر ﻪﺻﺮﻋ يﺎﻀﻓ ،ﺪﻧا

ﺐﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو ﺰﻴﻧ ار دﻮﺧ ةﺮﻬﭼ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ

و هداد نﻮﮔﺮﮔد هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا . ،نﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﻪﻫد ﻂﻠﺴﻣ تﺎﻴﺑدا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر مﻮﻬﻔﻣ

80 ﺰﻴﻧ دﻮﺑ

،ﻲﻠﻛ هﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻫد رد

ﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺘﺨﻴﻣآ ﻢـﻫ رد يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و ﺖـﺑﺎﻗر و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻞﺻا لﻮﻤﺸﻣ ﺮﻴﺧا يﺎﻫ .

و ﻖﻠﺧ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ

ﮔرﺎﻛ ﻴ ﺮ ي نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﺗﺎﻤﻠﻛ

Coo-potition» «

ﺎﻳ

Coopertition»

2« ﺐـﺴﻛ هزﻮﺣ رد رﺎـﻛو

، ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻫاﻮـﮔ

ﺑ شﺮﮕﻧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ دﺎﺠﻳا ﻪ

دﻮﺟو هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳا .

بﻮﺒﺤﻣ زا ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻫد رد يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ تﻻﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺮﻴﺧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ و يﺮﻈﻧ ظﺎﺤﻟ

يدﺮـﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ظﺎﺤﻟ

هﺪﺷ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﺖﺳا

) اﻮﺴﺘﻴﻧﺰﻛ ،3

2016 .(

ﻦﻳا يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ هﻮﻴﺷ ﺐﻠﻏا

دﺮﺑرﺎـﻛ ،ﺪـﻧراد ﻲﻳﻻﺎـﺑ ﻲﻳﺎـﻳﻮﭘ و يروﺎـّﻨﻓ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﻳﺎﻨﺻ رد

ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺪﻧراد ي ) ﺮﻴﻣﺪﻛآ و ﻞﻴﮕﺸﻳآ ،4

2004 .(

ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﺖﺳا يزﺎﺳوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ،ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا .

دﺎـﺤﺗا ﺖﻴﺑاﺬﺟ ندﻮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻞﻳﻻد

رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ و ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ زﺎﺑ يﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ

تاﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ رد ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا و را

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﻛذ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا يﻻﺎﺑ )

،اﻮﺴﺘﻴﻧﺰﻛ 2016

.(

ﻢﻬﻣ زا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

ﺶﺨﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ يﺪﺟ نآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ . ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ

ﻲﻣ بﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺸﻛ يوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ تﺎﻣاﺰﻟا زا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ دوﺪـﺣ و ﺪﻳآ

5 / 1

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ شوﺮـﻓ زا ﺪـﺻرد ﻲـﻠﺧاد يﺎـﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻤﺳ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد قﻮﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ رد يراﺬﮔ

ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ تﺪﺷ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ

5

دوﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ رد 5

/ 4 ﻲﻣ ﺪﺻرد ﺪﺳر

) ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸﻧﺮﺑ

،6

2017 .(

،ور ﻦﻳا زا ياﺮـﺑ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ و ﺖـﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺶـﺨﺑ رد يراﺬـﮔ

هﮋﻳو ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﺳا زﺎﻴﻧ يا

.

ﻪـﻨﻴﻣز دﺎـﺠﻳا ،دﺎـﺤﺗا ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻚﺴﻳر ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮﺒﻫار دﺎﺤﺗا و ﺶـﻧاد لﺎـﻘﺘﻧا ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎـﻳ يﺎـﻫ

يژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ و

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يزوﺮﻣا هﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ و ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ رد ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻨﺳ يﺎﻫ

ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻧراد

) ﻦﻣ يد ،7

2014 ﻮﻧﻮﻛ ؛ ،8

2007 و ﺎﺠﻨﻳرﺎﺑ و نﻮﺴﻳرﺎﻫ

،9

2000 .(

دﺎﺤﺗا ﻦﻳا ،راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﻲﻠﻛ هرود ﻪﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ

و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا

) ﻦﻤﻟﺎﺗ و ﺮﻨﻛﺎﻓ ،ﺪﻠﻳﺎﭼ ،10

2005 ( زا و و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮـﺒﻫار يﺎـﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧآ

ﻸﺧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻟﺪﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﻲﭘ رد ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا ،دراد دﻮﺟو ﻲﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻦﻳا وردﻮـﺧ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ رد ﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖـﺳا

.

دﺎـﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻠﻣاﻮـﻋ ﻪـﭼ و ﺖـﺳا يدراﻮـﻣ ﻪﭼ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻜﻨﻳا ﺖﺳا راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

، ود ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻧآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺎﻬ

داد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ه ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ .

ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ يﺮﻈﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

هزوﺮﻣا يﺮﻜﻓ ﻪﻣﻮﻈﻨﻣ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ

ﺎﻫ

، زا ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ و ﺖـﺳا هﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ و يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﻢﻳادارﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ

ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــ

1 . ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ يﺮﺘﻛد ﻪﻟﺎﺳر زا ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا .

2 . ﻪﻤﻠﻛ ود زا ﻲﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ cooperation

competitionو

3. Kuznetsova 7. De Man

4. Aysegul & Akdemir 8. Konno

5. R&D intensity 9. Barringer& Harrison

6. Bernstein 10. Child, Faulkner, & Tallman

(5)

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﺮﺑ ار يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻫد

) ﻮﮕﻨﺳ و ﻮﮕﻧﺎﺟ ،1

2015 .(

ﻪﻫد زا 1980 زا ﻲـﻜﻳ يدﺮـﺒﻫار دﺎﺤﺗا ،زوﺮﻣا ﺎﺗ

بﻮﺒﺤﻣ ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ تﺎﻴﺑدا رد تﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ .

ﻲﻓﺮﻃ زا يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا

، ﻲﻃ 10 ﺎﺗ 15 لﺎـﺳ

ﺮﻴﺧا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ترﻮﺻ

قﻮﻓ ﺪﺷر ،يدﺮﺑرﺎﻛ و ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ترﻮﺻ هدﺎﻌﻟا

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد يا )

ﮓﻨﻳﺮﻛﺎﺗﺎﻜﺗ ،2

2003 .(

يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا عاﻮﻧا و ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ

ﻣ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ يدﺮﺒﻫار دﺎﺤﺗا ﻬ

ﻤ ﻲ ﺖﺳا ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﻳﺰﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد ياﺮﺑ .

ﻪﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺒﻠﻃواد ترﻮﺻ

ود ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺪـﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ و ﻪﻧ

ﻲﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﻳ دﺮﻳﺬﭘ

. ﻫ ﺮﻤ لﻼﻘﺘـﺳا ﻆﻔﺣ ،دﺎﺤﺗا رد يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ يرﺎﺼﺤﻧا ﻞﻜﺷ ،نﻼﻛ يدﺮﺒﻫار فاﺪﻫا ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﺘﺳا

ﻞﻜﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﻻﺎﺣ دﻮﺟو و ندﻮﺑ ﻲﺘﻗﻮﻣ ،ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ ﻢﻬﻣ زا يﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺖﺳا يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ زا عﻮﻧ ﻦﻳا يﺎﻫ

) اﺮـﻫز ،ﺮﻴﻣز و

3ﺮﻔﻇ ، 2014 و لروﺮﺳﺎﻣ ،4

2012 .(

ﺮﺑ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد سﺎﺳا ا

ارﺎﺒﻳ كﺮﺗ و )5

2011 ( دﺎﺤﺗا يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﺘﻴ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ـﻨﺘﺒﻣ

ﻲ ﺮـﺑ

رﺎﻜﻤﻫ ي ود ﺎﻳ زا ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻜﻳ

ﺪ ﺮﮕﻳ ﺖﺳا . ا ﻦﻳ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ دﺎﺤﺗا هزﺎﺟا ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ زا ﺎﺗ ﺪﻫد ترﺎـﻬﻣ

ﻠﺑﺎﻗ و ﺎـﻫ ﺖـﻴ يﺎـﻫ

ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻨﻛ ﺪﻨ . ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺖﻛاﺮﺷ ،ﺺﺨﺸﻣ رﻮﻃ ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ رد يرﺎﺠﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮـﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ

ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﺑ ار ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﻨﻛ

) ،ﺮﮔﻻﺎﮔ و ﻲﻟﺮﻴﺑ زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻟﻼﺟ و ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺣ 1396

.(

ﻪﺑ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا رﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺎﻳ رﻮﺤﻣ دادراﺮﻗ ﻲﻠﻛ ترﻮﺻ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا كﺮﺘﺸﻣ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

ﻲﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ رﻮﺤﻣ دادراﺮﻗ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

. ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﭼ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ يراﺬﮔ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﭼ و ﻪﻌﺑﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ رﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا زا ﻲﻋﻮﻧ دﻮﺧ ﺎﺒﻗر ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

) نورﺎﻧﺎﭼ ،6

2006 و نروﺪﮔﺎﻫ ،7

2002 .(

يدﻮـﻤﻋ و ﻲـﻘﻓا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻲﻠﻛ ﻪﺘﺳد ود ﻪﺑ ار يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺰﻴﻧ يﺮﮕﻳد ناﺪﻨﻤﺸﻳﺪﻧا

هدﺮـﻛ ﻒـﻳﺮﻌﺗ و ﻚـﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﺪـﻧا

) و ﻦﻣرﻮﻠﻴﺳ

8موﺎﺑ ، 2002 و ﻲﻠﻧﺎﺷ ،وﻮﻧارد ،ﻮﻜﻧﺎﺴﺑ و

9ﺮﻔﺷ ، 2013 .(

وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻴﻤﻫا

ﻪﺑ يزﺎﺳوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻮﻴﺗﻮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻟ ناﻮﻨﻋ

دﻮﺷ

، اﺮﻳز هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ هﺮﻴﺠﻧز

دراد ﻲﻨﻴﺴﭘ و ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ .

ﺎﺑ

ر ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﻫد ﻲﻃ نآ نوﺰﻓازور ﺪﺷر و ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا يدﺮﺒﻫا

ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا رد يروﺎﻨﻓ ذﻮﻔﻧ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ،ﺮﻴﺧا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﺨﺑ نآ ﻊﺒﺗ

ﺖﺳا لﺎﻌﻓ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ و ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ناواﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ .

ﻪﻫد رد وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ 1800

رد

دﺮﻛ اﺪﻴﭘ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﻴﻧد ﺮﺳﺎﺗﺮﺳ رد ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ ﺎﭘورا )

ﻮﻤﻴﺸﻴﻧ

10ار ، 2010 .(

ﻲﻃ ﻪﻫد ود وردﻮـﺧ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ .

ﻦﻴـﺑ دﺮﻜﻳور و ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﺰﻴﻧ نﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻓﺮﻃ زا ﻞـﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟا

ﺮﻴﺠﻧز ه ﻪﺑ ار ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا رد شزرا ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد هاﺮﻤﻫ

) ﻮﺗﺎﭙﻟو و ﻮﻓﻮﻣﺎﻛ

،11

2002 .(

شراﺰﮔ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ

ﻦﻴـﺑ يﺎـﻫ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟا

) و ﻲﻜﺴﻟزورﺎﻳ

12شﺮﻴﻫ ، 2015 ( ﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻣﺎﻛ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ زا ﺪﻌﺑ وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ

، ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ و ﻚﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟا

، ﻊﻳﺎﻨـﺻ مﺎﻤﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ

، ﻦﻳﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ زا ﻢﻬﺳ ﺖﺳا هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ار ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

. ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻦﻳﺮﺧآ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ دﺎﻬﻧ يﺎﻫ

تﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟا

1.Jungah& Seongho 7. Hagedoorn

2. Thechatakerng 8. Silverman& Baum

3. Zamir, Sahar & Zafar 9. Besanko, Dranove, Shanley & Schaefer

4. Masrurul 10. Nishimura

5. Ybarra& Turk 11. Camuffoo& Volpato

6. Chanaron 12. Jaruzelski & Hirsh

(6)

ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ناﺰﻴﻣ ،1

ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ رد يراﺬﮔ لﺎـﺳ رد ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﺢﻄﺳ رد وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و

2017 ﺪـﺷر ﺎـﺑ 5 / 1

لدﺎﻌﻣ ،ﻞﺒﻗ لﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺪﺻرد 2

/ 98 ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدز ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ رﻻد درﺎﻴﻠﻴﻣ )

ﻧﺮﺑ ﺸ

،ﻦﻳﺎﺘ 2017 .(

ﺎـﺑ ﺖـﺷاد ﺮـﻈﻧ رد ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ

ﺐﺴﻛ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﻂﻴﺤﻣ نﺪﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ و ﻲﮔﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ

ﻢـﻬﻣ زا ﻲـﻜﻳ ﻦﻳﻮﻧ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو

ﺧ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ ﻖـﻠ

ﻲﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﻳﺰﻣ دﻮﺷ

) نﻮﺳﺮﻴﭘ و ﺎﻧراوﺎﻳﺎﺟ ،2

2001 ( ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ،وردﻮـﺧ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ رد ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻲﻓﺮﻃ زا

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ شوﺮﻓ و دﻮﺳ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ود ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺎﻫ

) ساد و ساد ،3

2012 (

، اﺮـﻳز ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ

ﻲﻣ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد يروآﻮﻧ ناﺮﺸﻴﭘ دﻮﺷ

.

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻬﺑ ﻲﻠﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳد ،ﻲﻠﻌﻓ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و دﻮﺒ روﺎﻨﻓ

ي ،ﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ بﺎﺘﺷ ﻫد و ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ لﻮـﺼﺤﻣ ﻲـﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻲ

ﻚﺴﻳر ندﺮﻛ دوﺪﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) ﻲﺗرﺎﮔ و ﺞﻴﺳاد ،4

1999

و نرﻮﺒﻠﺷ ،سﻮﻳو و

5ﺰﺟور ، 1995 ( ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد يروآﻮﻧ و ﺮﻓ ،لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ يﺎﻫ

ا شور ،ﺎﻫﺪـﻨﻳ

ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳ ،ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ يﺎـﻫ يﺎـﻫ

ﺮﻓ ،ﻚﻴﺘﺴﺠﻟ ا

ﺮﻓ و لﻮﺼﺤﻣ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ يروآﻮﻧ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻴﺘﺸﭘ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳ ا

ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳ رد يروﺎـﻨﻓ هزﻮـﺣ يروآﻮـﻧ عاﻮـﻧا ﻦﻳﺮﺗ

ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺪﻨﻳآ

) اﺮﻟﺎﻗ ،ﻮﻠﻳدﺎﺑ و

ﻮﻧاﺮﺳ ﻮﻧﺮﻣ ،6

2017 (

ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺘﻔﮔ ﺶﻴـﭘ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا

ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﻧاﻮﺗ ترﻮـﺻ

ﺶﺨﺑ ﺎﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ و ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻴﺘﺸﭘ يﺎﻫﺪﺣاو ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﻲﻠﺧاد يﺎﻫ

هﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣزآ ،7

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣزآ ،8

ﻲﺗﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ و9

يروﺎﻨﻓ ﺶﻳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫﺪﺣاو ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺎﻳ10

هﺎﮕـﺸﻧاد ﺎـﺑ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻲﻧوﺮﻴﺑ يﺎﻫ

نﺎﻣزﺎـﺳ و ﺎـﻫ ،ﻲﺗﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎـﻫ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ،ﺎﺒﻗر ﺎﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻣ ﺎﻳ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ دﺮﻳﺬﭘ ترﻮﺻ نﺎﻳﺮﺘﺸ

) نﺎﻄﻠﺳ ،ﻲﻘﻄﻨﻣ و هداز 1394

.(

ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ .

ﺮـﻫ ﻚـﻳ زا

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ار يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا زا ﻲﺻﺎﺧ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺎﻫ

هدﺮﻛ ﺪﻧا . لوﺪـﺟ رد 1

ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ زا يرﺎﻤـﺷ

مﺎـﺠﻧا يﺎـﻫ هﺪـﺷ

ﻲﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ دﻮﺷ

. نﺎﻤﻫ رد ﻪﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ لوﺪﺟ ﻦﻳا

دﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ، يﺎـﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻠﻛ ترﻮﺻ

ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﻳ صﺎﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻚﻳ رد يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻪﺑ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻧا

ﺶﻴﭘ ﺮﺑ دوﺪﺤﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﺲﭘ و ﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳآ

يﺎـﻫدﺎﺤﺗا يﺎﻫﺪـﻨﻳآ

هدﻮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺪﻧا

. رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ يﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺮﺑ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﺎﻫ

ﺷ ﻲﻟﺪـﻣ ﻪـﺋارا ﻪﺑ و هﺪ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻂﺑاور و دﺎﺤﺗا ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺢﻳﺮﺸﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻢﺠﻨﺴﻣ .

ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﻸـﺧ ﻊـﻓر ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﻲﺗﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ

يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ يور ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻲﻌﺳ ،ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻲﻟﺪﻣ ﻪﺋارا ياﺮﺑ شﻼﺗ و دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ

رد ﻢـﻬﻣ ﻲـﺸﺨﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ دﺎﺤﺗا ﺮﻤﻋ ﻪﺧﺮﭼ ﺲﭘ ،ﺪﻨﻳآ

دﻮـﺷ ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ يرﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ و ﺪﻨﻳآ .

ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻲـﻓﺮﻃ زا

زا ﺖﻓر نوﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ناﺮﻳا رﻮﺸﻛ رد ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳا يﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺶﻘﻧ و وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ر ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ هﺮﻬﺑ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا و و

،ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ ﻦـﻳا ﻲﺗﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺘـﺴﺑ ،هﺪـﻨﻳآ رد هزﻮـﺣ ﻦﻳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا يرو

ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ و وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ .

ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ رد ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﻞﻤﻋ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ناﺮﻳا رﻮﺸﻛ رد هﺪﻣآ

ﺪﺸﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻦﻳا .

1. Industrial Research Institute 6. Badillo, Galera& Moreno Serrano 2. Jayawarna & Pearson 7. Support/Adoptive Units

3. Das& Das 8. Development Labs

4. Dussauge& Garrette 9. Research Labs

5. Vyas, Shelburn& Rogers 10. Technology Scanning Units

(7)

لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

هﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ / لﺎﺳ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ

ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ

ﺎﻫ

ﻦﺳداد )1

1992 ( و ﺖـﺴﻜﺷ ﻞـﻠﻋ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ يﺎــــﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖــــﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ

ﻖﻓﻮﻣ دﺎﺤﺗا ﺶﺷ يدرﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺎﻫرﻮـﺸﻛ رد ،ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻚـﻳ ،ﻦﻴـﭼ و نﺎﺘـﺴﻠﮕﻧا ،ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣا ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و كﺮﺘـﺸﻣ يراﺬـﮔ

ژوﺮﭘ ﻲﻘﺑﺎﻣ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻻﺎــﺑ هﺰــﻴﮕﻧا دﻮــﺟو ،ﺐــﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻚﻳﺮــﺷ بﺎــﺨﺘﻧا

ياﺮــﺑ

طﺎـﺒﺗرا ،ﺎﻛﺮـﺷ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺶـﻧاد لﺎـﻘﺘﻧا ،ﻪـﻧاروﺎﻨﻓ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ و نورد ﺶﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﻞﺑﺎﻗ و ﻒﻄﻌﻨﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﺎﻫ

ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ دﺎﺠﻳا ،لﻮﺒﻗ دﻮﺟو و دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ،دﺎﺤﺗا ياﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗﺎﺑ و ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا يوﺮﻴﻧ

،ﻦﻴﺘﻨﻟاو ـ ارﻮﻣ و ﺰﭽﻧﺎﺳ ـ وﺮﺘﻧﻮﻣ

ﻦﻴﺗرﺎﻣ ـ سرﺎﮔ ،2

) 2004 ( ﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ راﺬ

يﺎــــﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖــــﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ و ﻖــــﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮــــﺒﻫار ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ 800

و ﻖــﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﻛرﺎــﺸﻣ ﻪــﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎـــﻫ ﺖﻛﺮـــﺷ ﻦﻴـــﺑ ﻪﻌـــﺳﻮﺗ

نﺎﻣزﺎـــﺳ و ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻧﺎﭙـــﺳا يﺎـــﻫ

لﺎﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

1995 ﺎﺗ

2000 ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ يا : ،ﻚﻳﺮـﺷ تﺮﻬـﺷ ،ﻲـﻠﺒﻗ ﺪـﻧﻮﻴﭘ

ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎـﺳ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ و ﻖﻴﻗد فاﺪﻫا ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ :

،ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ

و دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ،تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ضرﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

و ﺮﻜﻧﺎﺷ ،ﻦﻣ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻛ نﺎﺟاراداراو

3

) 2007 ( راﺬـﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻠـﺻا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ يﺎــﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖــﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮــﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ

تﺎــﻋﻼﻃا ﻲــﺳرﺮﺑ 167

دﺎــﺤﺗا

ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ رد ﺪﻳﺪﺟ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروﺎﻨﻓ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳو هزاﺪـﻧا ،ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ دﺎﺤﺗا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يﺎﻫ

تﺎــﺒﺛ و ﺖﻛﺮــﺷ ﺮــﻤﻋ لﻮــﻃ ،ﺖﻛﺮــﺷ ؛ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎــﺳ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ؛دﺎـﺤﺗا عﻮـﻧ و دﺎـﺤﺗا هزﻮـﺣ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ دﺎـﺤﺗا يﺎﻫ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳو تﺮﻬـﺷ ،ﺎﻛﺮـﺷ دﺎﺤﺗا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻚﻳﺮﺷ يﺎﻫ

ﻪـﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ؛ﻚﻳﺮﺷ ندﻮﺑ ﻪﻧاروآﻮﻧ و ﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺮـﮔ

بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗ و ﺖﻌﻨﺻ تﺎﺒﺛ ،دﺎﺤﺗا ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ

ارﻮﻣﺎﻛوا )4

2007 ( ﺮﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ يﺎــــﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖــــﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮــــﺒﻫار و ﻖــــﻴﻘﺤﺗ يد

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ 1577

ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎـﺑ ﻦﭘاژ رﻮﺸﻛ رد ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ رد

ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﺮـﻛﺮﻤﺗ يﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎـــــــﺳ و يدادراﺮـــــــﻗ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

دﺎـــﺤﺗا ﺖـــﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮـــﺑ راﺬـــﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻞـــﻣاﻮﻋ :

رﻮـــﻀﺣ

ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ داﺪـﻌﺗ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ،ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻳﺎﻨـﺻ زا نﺎﮔﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ گرﺰﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ رﻮﻀﺣ ،نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ رد يﻮﻗ و

زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا مﺪـﻋ ،دﺎﺤﺗا رد ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ هﺮﻴﺠﻧز رﻮﻀﺣ ،دﺎﺤﺗا يﺎﻛﺮـﺷ دﺎـﻳز برﺎـﺠﺗ ،دﺎـﺤﺗا ﻪـﺟدﻮﺑ رد ﻲﺘﻟود ﻪﻧارﺎﻳ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ رﻮﻀﺣ ،دﺎﺤﺗا و فﺎـﺼﻧا ﺖـﻳﺎﻋر ،ﻲﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ

دﺎﺤﺗا ﻲﺟوﺮﺧ و هدروآ رد ﺖﻟاﺪﻋ

5ﻢﻴﻛ ) 2012 ( عﻮـــﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـــﺗ ﻲـــﺳرﺮﺑ يﺎــﻫدﺎﺤﺗا رد يرﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و ﻖــــﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮــــﺒﻫار وآﻮـــﻧ ﺮـــﺑ ﻪﻌـــﺳﻮﺗ ير

ﺪﻳﺪﺟ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ

265 هزﻮــﺣ ﺎــﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮــﻣ ﺖﻛﺮــﺷ هﺪــﺤﺘﻣ تﻻﺎــﻳا يروﺎــﻨﻓ ﺖــﺴﻳز

ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣا ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ يدﺮـﺒﻫار يﺎـﻫدﺎﺤﺗا داﺪﻌﺗ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يروآﻮﻧ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ يﺎـﻫ

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻲﭘآ ترﺎﺘﺳا .

ﺎـﻫدﺎﺤﺗا رﺎﻤـﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻓﺮﻃ زا

هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺎﺑ

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ رد يروآﻮـﻧ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ و ﺎﻫ طﺎـﺒﺗرا ﺎـﻫ

ﺪﺸﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ .

ﺪﻧز و زﺮﻴﺑ ناو

6

) 2014 ( عﻮـــﻨﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـــﺗ ﻲـــﺳرﺮﺑ و ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ و يدﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ عﻮــﻨﺘﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎــﺳ ﻞــﻣاﻮﻋ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ دﺎﺤﺗا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ 12811

رد لﺎـﻌﻓ يﺪﻨﻠﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺪﻨﻠﻫ رﻮﺸﻛ رد يروآﻮﻧ هزﻮﺣ

لﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ 1994 ﺎﺗ 2006 و نﻮﮔﺎــﻧﻮﮔ ﺶــﻧاد دﺎــﺠﻳا ﺎــﺑ ﺎﻛﺮــﺷ يدﺮــﻜﻠﻤﻋ عﻮــﻨﺗ

ﻢــﻫ شﺮﻳﺬــﭘ ﻪــﺑ ﺎﻛﺮــﺷ ﻲﻳﺎــﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ عﻮــﻨﺗ ،ﻲــﻳاﺰﻓا

ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ زا ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﺎﻫرازﺎﺑ رد تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺰﻴﻣآ

ﺖﺧﺎـﺳﺮﻳز و عاﺮـﺘﺧا ﺖـﺒﺛ ،ﻦﻴـﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ يﺎـﻫ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروﺎﻨﻓ .

1.Dodgson 4. Okamuro

2. Mora-Valentin, Montoro-Sanchez & Guerras-Martin 5. Kim

3. Kalaignanam, Shankar& Varadarajan 6. Van Beers& Zand

(8)

لوﺪﺟ ﺔﻣادا 1

هﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ / لﺎﺳ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ

،ﻮﻧﺮﻣ و ﻮﻠﻳدﺎﺑ ) 2016 ( ﻲﻧﻮﮕﻤﻫﺎــﻧ عﻮــﻧ ﻦﻴــﻴﻌﺗ ياﺮــﺑ ﻚﻳﺮــﺷ بﺎــﺨﺘﻧا و ﻖـــﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎـــﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ

7362 ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ

ﺎـﺑ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﭙـﺳا رﻮﺸﻛ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻧاروﺎﻨﻓ يروآﻮﻧ ﻞﻧﺎﭘ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ يدﺎﻳز ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ،ﻲﺘﻟود ﻪﺟدﻮﺑ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧا

. گرﺰﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ

ﻲﻜﻳﺮــﺷ عﻮــﻧ ﻪــﻤﻫ ﺎــﺑ )

و يدﻮــﻤﻋ ،ﻲــﻘﻓا دﺎــﺤﺗا

ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ـ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﻫ

(

ﻪﺘـﺷاد دﺎـﺤﺗا ﺪـﻧا

.

ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧا يوﺮﻴﻧ دﻮﺒﻤﻛ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ تﺪﺷ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ،يروآﻮـﻧ هﺪـﻨﻫﺎﻛ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ناﻮـﻨﻋ

ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ يﺪﻴﻠﻛ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ يﺎـﻫ

تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ

.

نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻮﻠﻳدﺎﺑ ) 2017 ( ﻞـــــﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎـــــﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺎـﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺮـﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ وردﻮﺧ داﺪﻌﺗ

148 يزﺎـﺳوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ

يروآﻮﻧ ﻞﻧﺎﭘ رد

ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﻪـﻧاروﺎﻨﻓ

لﺎـﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ وردﻮﺧ يﺎـﻫ

2010 ﺎـﺗ

2013 ﻲــﮔﮋﻳو

ﺖﻛﺮــﺷ ﺖــﻴﻫﺎﻣ ،هزاﺪــﻧا ﻞــﻴﺒﻗ زا ﻲﻳﺎــﻫ يﺎــﻫ

،ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺶـﺨﺑ نﺎﻨﻛرﺎﻛ داﺪﻌﺗ ،يزﺎﺳوردﻮﺧ يﺎﻛﺮـﺷ عاﻮـﻧا و ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎـﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ دﺎﺤﺗا .

شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﺗ ياﺮﺑ دﺎﻴﻨﺑ هداد ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ شور زا ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ و ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ طﺎـﺒﺗرا يراﺮـﻗﺮﺑ و ﻢﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻣ و ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ نﺎﻴﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

. ﻊﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ شور ﻦﻳا هداد ﻖﻴﻗد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ و يروآ

ﺮﺘﺴﺑ رد ﺎﻫ ي

ﻪﺑ صﺎﺧ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ رﺎﻛ و دﻮﺷ

هداد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ زا ﻪﺘﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺖﻴﻌﺿو زا ﻲﻳﺎﻜﺗا ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ شور ﻦﻳا رد ﺎﻫ

ﺪﻫد . رد ور ﻦـﻳا زا

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا شور ﻦﻳا زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا .

ﻳاﺮﮔاو ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﻪﻛ يا خر ﻦﻴﺑرﻮﻛ و سواﺮﺘﺷا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻚﻴﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ شور ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ زا ﺲﭘ دﺎﻴﻨﺑ هداد يﺎﻫ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺐﻠﻏا ،داد لﻮﺻا نﺎﻤﻫ ﻲﻧﻮﻨﻛ يﺎﻫ

1967 ﻲﻣ لﺎﺒﻧد ار ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ زوﺮﻣا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

نﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ دﺎﻴﻨﺑ هداد

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﻬﻇﻮﻧ شور دﻮﺷ

. ﻚﻴﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ و رﻮﻬﻇﻮﻧ هﻮﻴﺷ نﺎﻴﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ

ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﻨﻴﻣز ود رد هﺪﻤﻋ .

ﻪـﻜﻧآ ﺖـﺴﺨﻧ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻧاﺪﻨﭼ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ تﺎﻴﺑدا ﺮﺑ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ دﺎﻴﻨﺑ هداد ﻲ

ﻧ ﻪﺘﺷاﺪ ﻲﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ و ﻫد

هداد ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ نﺎـﻣز رد تﺎﻴﺑدا روﺮﻣ ﺪ مﺎـﺠﻧا ﺎـﻫ

دﻮﺷ . هﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﻜﻧآ مود

ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻚﻴﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ

و هداد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻲﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ار ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲﺑﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﻫد ادارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻤﻳ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﺿ ار هﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺶﻴﭘ زا بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ هﻮﻴﺷ ﺎﻣا ،ﺖﺳا فوﺮﻌﻣ ﻲﻣ يزﺎﺳ

ﺪﻧاد ) ،ﻲﻟﻼﻛﺪﻴـﺳ و يرﺪـﻴﺣ

1395 .(

شور زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يرﺰﻴﻠﮔ رﻮﻬﻇﻮﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ

. هداد ،رﺰﻴﻠﮔ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ دﺎﻴﻨﺑ هداد

1يا ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ

، ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ

، دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ و يروآدﺮﮔ تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﻴﮔرد ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ و ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ترﻮﺻ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ .

ﺮﻓ ا

ﻪـﺑ نآ نﺎـﻳﺎﭘ ﺎﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ياﺪﺘﺑا نﺎﻤﻫ زا دﺎﻴﻨﺑ هداد ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻳ

دراد ﻪـﻣادا مواﺪـﻣ ترﻮـﺻ .

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻳاﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺮﻓ و هﺪـﺷ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ يدازآ و ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ هﮋﻳو

ا وﮋـﭘ ﺪـﻨﻳ

فﺎـﻄﻌﻧا رﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ار ﺶﻫ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘ

ﻲﻣ دزﺎﺳ ) ،ﺲﻳرﻮﻣ زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ رﻮﭘﺪﻤﺤﻣ 1392

.(

مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﺲﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد هد

يﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا ،وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ هزﻮﺣ نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ و نﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

هداد يروآدﺮﮔ ﺪﻧور و ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺪﺷ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﻫ

. ﻤﻜﺗ و ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺪﻴﺗﺎﺳا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نآ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ و ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﻜﺗوﺮﭘ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻞﻴ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺎـﻫ

1. Experiential

(9)

ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ و ﺎﻫﺪﻛ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ و ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ و ﻮﺳ ﻚﻳ زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻦﻴﺣ ﺖﺳد

هﺪﻣآ ﻲﻃ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻚﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻚﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ دﺮﺒﺸﻴﭘ زا ﺎﻫ

،ﺮﮕﻳد يﻮﺳ ﺮـﺑ

هداد ﻲـﻳاور

اﺬﮔ ﻪﺤـﺻ ﻪﺒﺣﺎـﺼﻣ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ زا ﻞـﺻﺎﺣ يﺎـﻫ ﺘـﺷ

ﺖـﺳا ﻪ . ﻲـﻠﻛ تﺎـﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﺮـﻳز لوﺪـﺟ رد

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ نﺎﻴﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ .

لوﺪﺟ 2 . نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو

ﻒﻳدر يرﺎﻛ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ

ﻪﻟﺎﺳر عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا

1 و يزﺎــﺳﻮﻧ و شﺮﺘــﺴﮔ نﺎﻣزﺎــﺳ ﺪــﺷرا ناﺮﻳﺪــﻣ زا

ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﺎـﺑ وردﻮـﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ نﻼﻛ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا رد ﻚﻳدﺰﻧ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺎﻫ ) ﻲﺘﺧﻮﺳ ﻞﻴﭘ ـ

وردﻮﺧ ناﺮﻳا (

2 14 يزﺎﺳوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد يرﺎﻛ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ لﺎﺳ دﺎﻴﻣاز

دﺎﻴﻣاز و ﻮﻛﻮﻳا ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يدﺮﺒﻫار دﺎﺤﺗا رد لﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ

3 ترﺎﺠﺗ و نﺪﻌﻣ و ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﻳزو ﻲﻳوردﻮﺧ روﺎﺸﻣ نﺎﮔﻮﻟ ﺎﻴﭼاد ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ هژوﺮﭘ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا رد لﺎﻌﻓ رﻮﻀﺣ

) رﺪﻨﺗ

90 (

4 ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا

ﻢﻴﻘﺘــﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻪــﺑﺮﺠﺗ و يدﺮــﺒﻫار يﺎــﻫدﺎﺤﺗا هزﻮــﺣ رد ﻖــﻴﻤﻋ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ وردﻮـﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا رد روﺎﺸﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ )

هﺎﮕـﺸﻧاد هژوﺮـﭘ

ﺎﭙﻳﺎﺳ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﻬﺗ (

5 يروآﻮـﻧ و تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ زا و هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا

ﺎﭙﻳﺎﺳ وردﻮﺧ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ

ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ رد يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ زا يدﺮﺒﻫار دﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا يﺎـﻫ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻜﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟا ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻚﺗروﺎﭘ ياﺪﻧﻮﻴﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ،ﺎﻴﻧﺎﭙﺳا يﺎﻫ

ﺲﻜﺑﺮﻴﮔ 6

6 وردﻮـﺧ ﻊﻳﺎﻨـﺻ يروآﻮـﻧ و تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ زا

ﺎﭙﻳﺎﺳ ﺖـﻔﻴﻟ ﺲﻴـﻓ ﻲـﺣاﺮﻃ رد يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ زا يدﺮﺒﻫار دﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا

مﺮﻔﻠﺘﭘ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ و نﺎﮔﻮﻟ ﺎﻴﭼاد يوردﻮﺧ

SP100 نﺎـﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺎـﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ و

هﺮﻛ يا

7 ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا وردﻮﺧ

نﻼـﻛ حﺮـﻃ رد ﺮﻳﺎـﺗ و خﺮﭼ و ﻲﻗﺮﺑ نﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ رد يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ وردﻮﺧ ﻲﻠﻣ مﺮﻔﺘﻠﭘ

8 وردﻮﺧ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا

،قﺮـﺑ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا رد لﺎﻌﻓ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫرﻮﺤﻣ و نﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ،رﻮﺗﻮﻣ ،ﺲﻜﺑﺮﻴﮔ يﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻟﺎﺘﻳا

9 نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﺷرا ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ زا نﻻﺎﻌﻓ و يزﺎﺳﻮﻧ و شﺮﺘﺴﮔ

رﻮﺸﻛ يزﺎﺳوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ

هژوﺮﭘ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا رد ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ

X90 ﺖـﻠﭘ

كﺮﺘﺸﻣ مﺮﻓ

10 ﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يدﺮﺒﻫار هزﻮﺣ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ و هﺎﮕﺸ يﺎﻫ

يزﺎﺳوردﻮﺧ گرﺰﺑ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺧاد ﻲﻟﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ و ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ رد ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ يﺎـﻫ

ﻪﺷرﻮﭘ و وﮋﭘ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﻛ مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﺲﭘ ﺮﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺪﻛ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا و ﺎﻫ

زا ﻚـﻳ

ﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﺎﻫﺪـﻛ .

رد ﻢﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻣ ﻦـﻳا

ﻲﻋاﺰﺘﻧا ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﺪﻧراد راﺮﻗ ﺎﻫﺪﻛ زا ﺮﺗ

. ﺮﺑ و هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ رﺎﻨﻛ رد ﻲﺟاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ،ﻲﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا يراﺬﮔﺪﻛ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ

ﻲﻧﺎﺷﻮﭙﻤﻫ ﺎﻳ تﺎﻬﺑﺎﺸﺗ ،تﺎﻛاﺮﺘﺷا سﺎﺳا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣﺮﻳز ،ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻌﻣ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ و ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا يرﻮﺤﻣ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ رﻮﺤﻣ لﻮﺣ ﺎﻫ

.

ﺮﻓ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺮﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﺲﭘ ا

،ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮـﻣ عﻮـﺿﻮﻣ زا ﺮﮕـﺸﻫوﮋﭘ كاردا ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺎـﺑ و ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ترﻮـﺻ يراﺬـﮔﺪُﻛ ﺪﻨﻳ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻲﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﺗﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ يﺪﻌﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

. ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا و ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻊﻗاو رد ﺶﻴﭘ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ترﻮﺻ

ﺖـﺳا ﻪﺘﻓر .

رد

داﺪﻌﺗ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ 159

ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﻛ ﺪﺷ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ رد ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲـﻨﻓ و يرﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻒﻌـﺿ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يﺎﻫ

(10)

ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ .

ﻞﻜﺷ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ رد ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ دﺎﺤﺗا يﺮﻴﮔ

ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧا يﺎﻫ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا و دﺎﺤﺗا يﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲـﻨﻓ يﺎـﻫ

ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ .

ﻪﺑ دﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ رد ﻮﻨﻋ

مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ود ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ،يرﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ نا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و ﺶﻧاد لدﺎﺒﺗ

و ﺶﺨﺑﺮﺛا تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ

. ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

هراﻮـﻤﻫ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ دﺎـﻤﺘﻋا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ رد نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ نآ ﻪـﺑ

ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ

هدﺮﻛ ﺪﻧا دﺮﺑ هﺎﮕﻧ ندﻮﺑ اراد و ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ كرد ـ

ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ دﺎﺤﺗا ﻪﺑ دﺮﺑ .

ﺤﻣ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ زا يدﺎـﺼﺘﻗا و ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻂﻴ

نﻼﻛ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻤﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ نآ هرﺎﺑرد

ﺚﺤﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا . بﺎـﺨﺘﻧا و ﻚﻳﺮـﺷ عﻮﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ دﺎﺤﺗا عﻮﻧ رد

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ار ﻲﻧاوﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻚﻳﺮﺷ .

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ رد اﺪﺘﺑا يﺎﻫ

ﻳ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ور ﻦﻳا زا ،دﻮﺑ دﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺮﺑ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ،ﻲ ﺶﻴﭘ يرﻮﺤﻣ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ

دﺮﻛ اﺪﻴﭘ رﻮﻬﻇ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ زا .

ﻞﻜﺷ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و يﺮﻴﮔ

درﻮـﻣ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺎـﻬﺘﻧا رد و ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ راﺪﻳﺪﭘ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا .

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣﺮﻳز ،ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺮﻳز لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ و ﺎﻫ

جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﻲﺑﺎـﺨﺘﻧا يراﺬـﮔﺪﻛ ﺶـﺨﺑ زا هﺪـﺷ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ .

ﺪﺟ لو 3 . ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ و ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣﺮﻳز ﻪﺑ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ

مﻮﻬﻔﻣ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺮﻳز ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ

تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ

ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲﺘﻳﺎﺿرﺎﻧ

وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يﻻﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻞﻜﺷ تﺎﻣاﺰﻟا يﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳو يوردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يﺎﻫ

رﻮﺸﻛ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻒﻌﺿ

ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻒﻌﺿ

ﻲﻨﻓ ﻒﻌﺿ

ﻞﻜﺷ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ يﺮﻴﮔ

دﺎﺤﺗا ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ يدﺮﺒﻫار هﺎﮔﺪﻳد

ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ

يﺮﻴﮔﻞﻜﺷ يدﺮﺒﻫاريﺎﻫﻪﺒﻨﺟ

ﻞﻜﺷ ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ دﺎﺤﺗا يﺮﻴﮔ

هﺰﻴﮕﻧا

ﻲﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ

هﺰﻴﮕﻧا يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺎﻫ

هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻲﻨﻓ يﺎﻫ

هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧا يﺎﻫ يﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲﻗﻮﻘﺣ دادراﺮﻗ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا كرد

يﺮﻴﮔﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﻗﻮﻘﺣ يﺎﻫﻪﺒﻨﺟ

تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و ﺶﻧاد لدﺎﺒﺗ

ﺶﺨﺑﺮﺛا تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا

ﻲﻟﺎﻣ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ

و ﻂﺑاور ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ

دﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

دﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ

ضرﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ

ضرﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ دﺎﺠﻳا

ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﻛ

دﺎﺤﺗا لﺮﺘﻨﻛ

هﺮﻛاﺬﻣ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ كرد

هﺮﻛاﺬﻣ