ﻴﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﺰﻨ
ﺖﺑﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﻤﺣﺍ
1
*
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺘﻛﺩ
mashhadiahmad@hotmail.com ﻲﻠﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ
ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
motavaselim@gmail.com ﻃ ﻲﻠﻋ
ﺐﻴ ﺎﻴﻧ
ﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻴ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
taiebnia@ut.ac.ir
ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
9 / 1 / 89 ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
23 / 8 / 91
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻫﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪ
ﻱ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻍﻭﺮﻓﺮﭘ ﻪﻫﺩ
ﻱ 1930 ﻪـﺑ ﻉﻭﺮـﺷ ﻱﺩﻼﻴـﻣ ﻝﻮـﻓﺍ
ﺪﺷ ﻍﻭﺮﻓ ﻢﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛ .
ﻞـﻳﻻﺩ ﺩﺍﺪـﺧﺭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺪـﺷ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺩﻭﺯ ﺏﻭﺮﻏ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻉﻮﻠﻃ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ.
ﻩ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ًﺎﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺎﻳﺁ ،ﺎﻣﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻝﻮﻓﺍ ﻮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ؟ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺪﺳﺭ
ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻳ ﻚ
ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ
، ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻳﺎﺑﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺮـﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻱ
ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻳﺁ ﻝﺎﺣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺩﺭ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻪـﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳ ﻭ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﻱﺎـﻫ
؟ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻳ ﺵﻼﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ
ﺎـﻫ ﭘ ﺍﺩﺮ ﻪـﺘﺧ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻪـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ،ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ :JEL B22, B15
ﻩژﺍﻭ ﺪﻴﻠﻛ :
ﺖـﻓﺮﻌﻣ ،ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ،ﻡﻮـﺳﺮﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ
* - ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻱ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ
1 - ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻫﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪ
ﻱ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻍﻭﺮﻓﺮﭘ ﻪﻫﺩ
ﻱ 1930 ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻉﻭﺮـﺷ
ﺪﺷ ﻍﻭﺮﻓ ﻢﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻝﻮﻓﺍ .
ﻞـﻳﻻﺩ ﺩﺍﺪـﺧﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ
ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ) ﻉﻮـﺟﺭ ﺩﺭﻮـﻓﺮﺛﺍﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﻮـﺷ 2001
ﺺـﺻ ، 182 - 185 ؛ 2000 ﺺـﺻ ، 298 - 300 ؛
ﻭ ﺎﻫ ،ﻥﻮﺴﺟ 1998 ﺹ ، 167 .(
ﺭﻮـﻬﻇ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻍﻭﺮﻓ ﻢﻛ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻱﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ
ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺪـﺷ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻉﻮﻠﻃ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎـﻬﻧ
ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻕﺎﺤﻣ .
ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻢﻴـﻫﺩ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﺼﻗ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻝﻮﻓﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﺄـﺸﻨﻣ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻞﻴﺻﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ .
ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻒﻴﻌﻀﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﺪﺷ
. ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻘﻄﻨﻣ
ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻳ ﺰ ﻱﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱ
ﺡﺮـﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﺮﺼﻋ ﻢﻫ ﻝﺍﺮﺒﻴﻟ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻂﺴﺑ ﻭ ﻩ ﺍ
ﺪﻧ .
ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻳﺪــﻧﺍﺮﮔﺩ ﻪــﺑ ﻩﺭﺎــﺷﺍ ﻦﻤــﺿ ،ﻪــﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪــﻛ ﻲﻳﺎــﺟ )
ﺲﻛﺩﻭﺮــﺘﻫ (
ﻥﺩﻮــﺑ
ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﺼﻗ ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ
ﺖﺑﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ .
ﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺚﺤﺑ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻱﺍﺭﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻦﺷﻭﺭ
ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺎـﻏﺁ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺲﻛﻭﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻳﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ .
2 - ﺰﻨﻴﻛ : ﺮﻓ ﻒﻠﺧﺎﻧ ﻱﺪﻧﺯ
ﻥﺎﻴﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩ ﻪـﺑ
ﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﻠﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪ
ﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻖﺒﻃ ،ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻛﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ،
1- Economics of Keynes.
2- Keynesian Economics.
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ
. ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻦﻳ
ﻳﺮﻃ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻢﺴﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻖ ﻠﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻪ ﻱ ﺖﻔﮕـﺷ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻭ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﺭﻭﺁ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺖﻴﻤﺳﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺁ ﻲﺋﺮﻣﺎﻧ .
ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
،ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﺭﻭﺎـﺑ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺮـﺑ
ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﺮـﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ ،ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺭﺎﻛﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻱ
ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ
، ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﺩﺮﻛ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﮕﺘـﺴﻳﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ
) ،ﺮﻠﻴﻣ 2003 .(
ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻢﻴﻫﺩ ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻖﻧﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻝﻮﻐﺸﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺑﻮـﺧ ﻪـﺑ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
"
ﻪـﭼ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ،ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ،ﺰﻴﭼ ﻪﭼ ﻲـﺴﻛ
"
) ،ﻥﻮـﺴﻠﺋﻮﻣﺎﺳ ﻞـﭘ
1343 ،ﺯﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺎﻴﻟ ، 1377
( ﺩﻮﺷ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ .
ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ
ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖﺤﺗ ،ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺍﺭ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺎـﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻉﺯﺎﻨﻣﻼﺑ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ
، ﺖﻤـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻼﻣﺎـﻋ
ﺗﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻦﻳﺮ ﺩﺮـﻛ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺖﻳﺍﺪـﻫ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ
. ﺭﺩ ﺖـﻘﻴﻘﺣ
"
ﻲـﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ
"
ﻭ
"
ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ
"
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻳﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧ ﻱ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ،ﻝﻮـﺼﺤﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻭ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺩﺮﻛ
ﻩ ﺍ ﺪﻧ . ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ
ﭻﻴﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻼﺘﺧﺍ ،ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻳﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﻲ ﻲﮕﺘﻔﺷﺁ ﻭ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻲﺘﻗﻮﻣ ﻲﮕﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻑﺮﻃﺮﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
.
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺼﻗ ﺩﻮـﻛﺭ ﻭ ﺖـﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎـﺳﺎﻧ ﺮـﺳ ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻬﮔﺎﻧ ﻪﻛ ،ﺖﻓﺭ
گﺭﺰﺑ ﻪﻫﺩ ﻱ 1930 ﻪﻌﺟﺎﻓ ،ﺩﺍﺩ ﺥﺭ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪـﺴﻟ ﻦﻳﺮـﺘﻛﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮـﻓ
) ﺎـﻳ
ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ (
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛﺎﻧ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ .
ﻲﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺩﺎـﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ،ﺪﻳﻮﮔ
"
ﺖـﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻪـﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻪﺴﻟ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻳﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﺘﻛﺩ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻓ
ﻪ ﻱ ﻭ ﻡﺪﺷ گﺭﺰﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎـﺳ
ﺎـﻫ
ﻡﺩﺮﻛ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ
"
) ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1973 ، 339 .(
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻩ
ﺳﺍ ﺖ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎـﻤﻫ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺕﻼﻣﺎـﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ
ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻩ ﻱ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ )
ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺥﺮـﻧ ،ﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺲﭘ ،ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﺦﻟﺍ ﻭ ،ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ،ﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ (
ﻛ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻝﺮﺘﻨ
ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻑﺮﻃﺮﺑ ﻨﻛ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪ ﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺕﻼﺧﺍﺪ ﻲﮕﺘﻔﺷﺁ
ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻢﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻭ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ .
ﺏﺎـﺘﻛ ﺭﺎـﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ 1936
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ
ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺖﺸﭘ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ
"
ﻲﺑ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻡﻼﻋﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺪﻣ
ﺮﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩ . ﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺝﺮﺟ ﺪﻳﻮﻟ
، ﺏﺰـﺣ
ﺕﺎﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺍﺮﺒﻴﻟ 1929
، ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪ ﻱ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻣﺎـﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺝﺮﻣ ﻭ ﺝ
ﺖﻟﺍﺪـﻋ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﺒﺛ ﻊـﻔﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺪـﻫﺪﺑ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻛ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
، ﺩﻮﺑ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻡﻼﻋﺍ
"
) ،ﺎﻧﺍﺩ ﺲﻴﺋﺭ 1383
ﺹ ، 158 .(
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ،ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ،
"
ﺩﻮـﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﺼﻋ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ
"
ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻳﺩ ﻲـﺘﻗﻭ ﻭ ،
ﻗﺍ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺲﻛﻭﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘ ﻱ
ﻢـﻠﻋ ﺪﻗ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛﺎﻧ ﻭﺍ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﻭﺭ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛ .
ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺪـﻨﻛ
ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺚﺤﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻱ :
1 . ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻛ] [ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻋﻮـﻧ ﺯﺍ ،ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ
ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ ًﺎﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ .
ﻲﻳﻼﻘﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺏﺎـﺴﺣ ﺮﻴـﺴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻂﻠﻏ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
] ﺩﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺬﻟ [
ﻲﻣﺎﻬﺘﻨﺑ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ . ﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻪ ﻱ ﺪـﻨﻳﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﻩ
ﻱ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ
ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﺳﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ )
ﺵﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﻪـﺑ ﺭﻮـﺒﺠﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎـﻣ ﻩﺮـﻣﺯﻭﺭ ﻱﺎـﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺁ
ﻥ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ( ﻭ ، ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﻨﭘ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻫ
ﻥﻮﭼ ،ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ،ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻚﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻣ ،ﺪﻴﻣﺍ ﻭ ﻢﻴﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ
) ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1937 ﺹ ، 222 .(
2 . ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ،ﻞﻛ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻠﻔﻏ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ ﻪﻛ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻱﺍ )
،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1937 ﺹ ، 223 .(
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﻜـﺷﺁ ﺭﻭﺎـﺑ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻡﻮـﺳﺮﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺲﻛﻭﺪﺗﺭﺍ
،ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻞـﻛ ﻱﺎـﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻪـﺿﺮﻋ ﺹﻮـﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﻲﺗﺭﻭﺮﺿ )
ﺹ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻫ 219
.(
ﻪﻠﺌـﺴﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺐﺒـﺳ
ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﻩﺪـﺷ
ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﺳﺭﺩ ﻙﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ
ﻱ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
.
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ ﻪﻛ ،ﺶﻨﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺕ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﺪـﻤﻋ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺑﺎـﻄﺗ ﻡﺪـﻋ
ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺶﻨـﻴﺑ
ﺖﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪﻬﻧﺎﻨﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ًﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
. ) ،ﺏﻭﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍﻭ 1975
.(
3 - ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﺕﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻱ
، ﺎـﻳ ﻲﻧﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍﺎﻧ ﺚﺤﺑ
ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻄـﺳﺍﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺜﺤﺑ ، ﻪ
ﻱ ﻱﺭﻮـﺻ ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺯﺎـﺳ
ﻩﺩﺮــﻛ ﺖــﻠﻔﻏ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺪــﺷ ﻪــﺑ ﻱﺰــﻨﻴﻛ ﺪــﻧﺍ
. ﻲــﻣ ﻱﺮــﻴﺒﺒﻌﺗ ﻪــﺑ ﻥﺎــﻴﻨﺑ ﻪــﻛ ﺖــﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮــﺗ
ﺖﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴ
. ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎـﺒﻣ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ
ﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﻪ ﻱ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ) 1921 ( ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﻭ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ) 1936 ( ﺯﺍ ﺕﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺑ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ
.
ﺎـﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻣ ﺪﻫﺍﻮـﺷ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﻀﻗ ﻥﺁ ﺭﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ
ﺎـﻫ ﺯﺍ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻱﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻳﺎـﻀﻗ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ،ﺎﻣﺍ .
ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻴﻫﺩ ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﺗ
ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻢﻳﺮـﻴﮔ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ .
ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻥﺁ
ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪ
ﻱ ﻭ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻣﺮﺳ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻳﺎ
ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻨﻛ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻲﻳﺎـﻬﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺪ ﻱ
ﺩﻮـﺧ
ﺿﺮﻋ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻪ
ﻱ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻲـﺗﺁ ﻱﺪـﻳﺎﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺍ
) ،ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ 1973 ﺹ ،
147 .(
ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﺪـﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ
ﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻲﺗﺁ ﻱﺪﻳﺎﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻱﺎ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺪـﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭﺍ
ﻱﺪﻳﺎﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ
"
ﻗﺍﻭ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻲﺗﺎـﻴﻌ
ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﺍﺭ
ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑﺎﻤﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ
ﻲـﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ، ﻲﺛﺩﺍﻮـﺣ ﺮـﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﺒـﺴﻧ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﺎـﻫ ﺶﻴـﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻲـﻨﻴﺑ ﺩﺮـﻛ . ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﻱ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺍ
ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻭ ﻞﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ
ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﺩﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﻧ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ]
ﻲﺑ ﻪﻛ ،ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻚﺷ
ﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻩ
ﻱ ﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲـﻨﻴﻘﻳ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﻳﺯ ﺪـﺣ ﺎـﺗ ﺕﻻﻮ .[
ﻡﻭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻲـﻳﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﺁ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺍ
ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻖﻳﻼﺳ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺕﺪﺷ ،ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺮ ﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺮﻤﻋ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﻭ
ﻲﻟﻮﭘ ﺩﺰﻤﺘﺳﺩ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ )
ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺮﻤﻋ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﺪﻫﺩ ﺥﺭ ﺮﻈﻧ (
ﺩﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﻧ ] ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﺎـﺑ ﺕﻻﻮـﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻚﺷ ﻲﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ [
"
) ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1973 ﺹ ، 147 .(
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺲﭙﺳ ﺩﺮﺑ
:
"
ﻞﻜﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻥﺎـﻤﺗﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﺎﻘﻤﺣﺍ ﻲﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻧ
. ﻲـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻳﻮﺷ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ
ﺹﻮـﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻣ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺗﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺕﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻲﺘﺣ ،ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺁ
ﺎـﻫ
ﻂﺑﺭ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺰﻴﭼﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻢﻬﺒﻣ ﻢﻛ
ﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
"
) ﺹ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻫ 148
.(
ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ پﺎﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺰﻨ
ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ 1936
،
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ 1937
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻂﺴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺪﻫﺩ
.
1- Effective demand.
ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺕﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭﺍ )
ﻢﻫ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻚـﻳ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ،ﮓﻨﺟ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ 20 ﺦﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻝﺎﺳ (
ﻥﺍﻮـﺘﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲـﻤﻠﻋ ﻱﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ﭻﻴـﻫ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﻝﺎـﻤﺘﺣﺍ
ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ ) ﻉﻮﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ (
ﺩﺭﺍﺪـﻧ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﻴﺑ .
ﺶﻨـﻛ ﺕﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ،ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺎـﺑ ﻭ
ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﺭﻮـﺒﺠﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻣ ،ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ـﻨﻛ
ﻦﻳﺮـﺘﻬﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪ ﺵﻼـﺗ
ﺎﻫ ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎـﻤﻳ
ﻢﻴﻫﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩﺭﺍﺯﺁ .
ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﻪـﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺎـﻣ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻝﺎﺣ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ
. ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ 1937 ﻪـﺳ ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻚﻴﻨﻜﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺎﺟ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻀﻓ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ
ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺮـﺗ ،
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻡﻮﺳ ﻚﻴﻨﻜﺗ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ
:
"
ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺟ ﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻪ ﺕﻭﺎﻀﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎﻣ ﻲﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻢﻴـﻨﻛ
ﺯﺍ
ﻪﻴﻘﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻀﻗ ﻱ
ﺘﺣﺍ ﻪﻛ ،ﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔﺁ ًﻻﺎﻤ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺗ ﻳﺮﻴﮕﺑ ﻚﻤﻛ
ﻢ . ﻲﻣ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻪـﻛ ﻢﻴـﻨﻛ
،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺖﻳﺮﺜﻛﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﭘ
ﻢﻴﻨﻛ . ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺮـﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﭙﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ]
ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ [ ﻱﺰـﻴﭼ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎـﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮـﮕﻳﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻀﻗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻡ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻧ ﻢﻴﻣ
"
) ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1937 ﺹ ، 214 .(
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺟ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺎﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻥﺎـﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﺮﺑ ﻲﭘ . ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻩﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻱ ﺖﺧﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻕﻮﻓ
ﻚﻳ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﺖﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻩﻮﺟﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺹﻮﺼﺧﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ
ﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻭﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
. ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ،ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ )
1898 ، 1909 ﻭ 1383 ( ﺮـﺑ ، ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﻛ
ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻜﺗﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﻭ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻪـﻛ ﺎـﻣ ﻞـﻤﻋ ﻱﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ًﻼـﻤﻋ ﺕﺍﺩﺎـﻋ ﻭ ﻡﻮـﺳﺭ
،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ .
ﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻢﻳﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ
ﺖﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺯﻮـﻨﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻟﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﺟ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ،ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺪﺳﺭ . ﻪـﺑ
ﻪﺑ ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻞﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻻﺪﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱ
، ﻖـﻄﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ .
ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﻲﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻫﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺿﺎﻳﺭ ﻱﺭﻮﺻ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻜﺗﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻫﺮﺑﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺗﻻﻮـﻘﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻢـﻫ ﻥﻮـﭼ
ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﻭ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ )
،ﻭﺍﺩ 1995 .(
ﻢﻫ ﻴﻨﭼ ﺖﻟﻻﺩ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺚﺤﺑ ،ﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻦـﻠﺑﻭ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻬﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﻲـﻣ ﻦﻴـﻴﺒﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﻦـﻠﺑﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻜﻳ ،ﺪـﻨﻛ
ﮋﻳﻭ ﻲـﮔ ﺩﺮـﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
،
ﺖﻳﺎﻏﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺺﺨـﺸﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻱﺍ
.
1- conventional judgment.
ﻲﻣ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﺘﺴﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻲﻔﻧ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮـﺷ
. ﺯﺍ ﻱﻮـﺳ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺐﺒﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻥﺁ
ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺩﺎﻌﺗ .
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻜﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ
ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﺧﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻟﺩﺎﻌﺗﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
،ﻦـﻳﻭﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺲﻛﺭﺎـﻣ ،ﻞـﮕﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻳﻮﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺰﻤﻴﺟ ،ﺱﺮﻴﭘ ،ﺮﺴﻨﭙﺳﺍ .
) ،ﻲﭼﻭﺮﮔ 1948 .(
ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺮﻴﭘ ،ﻲﭼﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﺁ
ﻪﻛ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻚﻳ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻭ
ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ ﻞﻜـﺷ ﻚـﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎـﻧﺎﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺎﻣﺎﻧ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﺰﮔﺎﻧ ،ﺪﻫﺪﺑ ﺖﻳﻮﻟﻭﺍ ﺩﺮﻛ
ﻲﻨﺗﻮﻴﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﻜﻔﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺶﻨﻴﺑ ﻥ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
.
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺱﺮﻴﭘ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ
ﻥﺍﺮـﻜﻔﺘﻣ ﻡﺍﺭﺁ ﻭ ﻦﺌـﻤﻄﻣ ﻱﺎـﻴﻧﺩ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﻢﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﺮﭘ ﺎﻫﺪﻴ .
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺱﺮﻴﭘ
، ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﭘ ﻱﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻜﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﭘ ﻱﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺲﻛﻭﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ
. ،ﺕﻻﺎـﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻪـﺑ
ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻱ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻮﻧ ﺎﻳ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻟﺎـﺣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻳﺎـﺸﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻭ ﻝﻮﻤﺷ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺩﺪﻨﺑ
.
ﻪﻔﺳﻼﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﻮﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﺟ ،گﺭﺰﺑ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
. ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻠﺋﺎـﺴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻜﻳ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻪﻔﺳﻼﻓ ﻥﺎﻋﺫﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺪـﺣ ﺎـﺗ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ،
ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﻮﻳﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﮕﻠﻤﻋ .
ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ )
،ﺮﺘـﺳﺎﻓ 1991 (
ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻛ ﻲـﻣ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺰـﻨﻴ ﻚـﻳ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺭﻮـﻣ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺖــﻓﺮﮔ ﺮــﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﻮــﻳﺩ ﻲــﻤﻠﻋ ﻲــﺳﺎﻨﺷ .
ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻲــﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﻭﺮــﮔ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺐــﻟﺎﺟ ﻱﺎــﻫ
،ﻲﻳﻮﻳﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺶﺨﺑ ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ
ﻲـﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻒﺸﻛ ﻑﺮﺻ ﺍﺭ ﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻡﺎـﮕﻨﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﻥﺎـﻨ
ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻱﺎﻳﺎﻀﻗ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
.
ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺟ ﺖﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻲﺸﻘﻧ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻔﻳﺍ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻳﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ
ﻱﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻨﻤﺿ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ
ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻭ ﻢﻳﺯﺍﺩﺮﭙﺑ ﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﻭﻼـﻋ ﺎـﻣﺍ ،ﻢﻴﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺎﺟ ﻪـﺑ ﻝﺎـﻤﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ
.
ﻢﻠﻋ ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ
، ﻥﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﺎـﺑ
ﻥﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻳ ﻱﺪﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ
ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ
ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻲﺘﺨـﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻔﺳ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻳﺎﭘ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ
.
ﻥﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻔﺟ ﻚﻳ ،ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ
ﻞﻛ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺘﺨـﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻔـﺳ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲــﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ ﻢــﻫ ﻥﺁ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻂــﻠﻏ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ
. ﻦــﻠﺑﻭ
، ﻩﺰــﻳﺮﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﺖﻴﻌــﺿﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺭﺎــﻛ
ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻨﻫ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻭﺍ ﺶﻨـﻴﺑ ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻞﻛ ﻭ ءﺰﺟ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ )
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ (
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻖﻴﻗﺩ .
"
ﺮـﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻱﺪﻳﺩﺮﺗ ﭻﻴﻫ
ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺪـﺑﺍ ،ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ،ﻉﺍﺮﺘﺧﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ،ﻩﺯﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺰﻴﭼ ،ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻲـﻨﺘﺒﻣ
ﻲـﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﮕﻤﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺮـﻓ ﻞـﻤﻋ ﺭﺎـﻜﺘﺑﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻤﺸﭼﺮﺳ ﻞﺴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ ،ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺮﺸﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
"
) ،ﻦـﻠﺑﻭ
1964 ﺺﺻ ، 176 - 177 .(
ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺎﺟ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺍ
ﻢـﻫ ﻥﻮـﭼ
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺪﺑﺎﻴﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ
. ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻭﺍ ،ﺪـﻫﺩ
"
ﺎـﻣﺍ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﻱ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ
ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺽﺮﻌﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﺸﻳﺭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ )
ﻦﻴﻠﭙﻴـﺴﻳﺩ (
،ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲـﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺎﺒﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻚﻳ
"
) ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥ .(
ﻱﺮـﺑ ﺲﻛﺪـﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻄﺧ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ،ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ،ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ .
ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ،ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻱ
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺁ ،ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻟﺎـﺻﺍ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
. ﻌﻳ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ
، ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻱ
ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻭﺍ ﻪ
ﻱ ﻭ ﺎـﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻳﻮﺳ ﻭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ
.
ﻲﻣ ،ﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻥﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﻱﺪﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ
ﻞﻛ ﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺩﺮﻜ ﻩ،
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺖـﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺳﺭ
ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺰـﻴﻫﺮﭘ ﻱﺪـﺣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻠﺌـﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﻗﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻱ
ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ
ﺏﺎــﺘﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ ﺎــﻣﺍ ،ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﻪــﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭙﻧ ﺩﺮــﻓ ﻪــﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻪــﺘﻜﻧ ﺩﻮــﺧ ﻲﻣﻮــﻤﻋ ﺹﻮــﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺩﺮﻛ
ﺶﻨـﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻭﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺪـﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ ﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎـﻫ
،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻧﺎﻳﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ :
"
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﺳﺭ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻜﻧﺎـﺑ ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪ
ﻱ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
، ﻦـﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻨﻛ
ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻱ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻀﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻜﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﭼﺮﮔ ؛ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﻲﻔﻧ ﻱ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺍﺪﻴﻬﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺤﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺍ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﺎﻘﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
"
) ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1973 ﺹ ، 378 .(
ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺯﺍﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ
ﻭ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺶﻨـﻛ ﺖﻳﺍﺪـﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋ
ﻭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻢﻴﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻤﺼﺗ
، ﺪـﺷ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ ﻑﺮﺻ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻭﺍ ﺰﻴﻫﺮﭘ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ .
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺁ
ﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﻣ ،ﻥﺍﺪـﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ ﺩﺎـﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻙﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
"
ﺭﺩ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ
ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻱ ،ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻥﺩﺮـﻛ
ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﺘﺴﻴﻟﺎﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﻱژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﻳﺍ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ ،
"
) ،ﻲﻠـﻀﻔﺗ 1388
ﺹ ،
391 .(
ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻱ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎـﻜﻴﺑ ﺄـﺸﻨﻣ ﻭﺍ ،ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
"
ﻲﺘﺴﻴﻟﺎﺘﻴﭘﺎﻛ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺮﻓ
"
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ )
،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1973 ﺹ ، 381 .(
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻞﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺠﺗ ،ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻪﺑﺮ
ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﻮﻬـﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ
ﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺹﻮـﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺕﺎﻜﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ،
ﻩﺪـﻣﺎﻴﻧ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺖﻟﺎـﺻﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻞﻘﻋ ﺖﻟﺎﺻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺪـﻧﺍ
) ﻪﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ (
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﻬﺷ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﻜﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺮﺗﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﺘﺣ ، ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎـﺷ
ﻮﺒﻧ ﻩﺩ ﺪﻧﺍ ) ﻲﻨﻏ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻉﻮﺟﺭ ،ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﮋﻧ
1376 .(
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻦـﻠﺑﻭ ﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﻮﻬﺷ ﺪﻧﺍ
.
ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ،ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﻱ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻥﺎـﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ
ﻱﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻢـﻫ ﻥﻮـﭼ
ﺯﺎـﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ ،ﻞﭽﻴﻣ ﻲـﻣ
ﺩﺩﺮـﮔ . ﺭﺩ ﺖـﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻪﺘـﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﺶـﻘﻧ
ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻞـﭽﻴﻣ
ﻩﺍﺭ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻱﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ )
(NBER ﻭ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻭﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﺯ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺎﻋﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻲﻤﻛ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .
ﻲﻠﺑﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺍ )
1988 ( ﺭﺩ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺪـﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﻪﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﻱ ﺩﺮـﻛ ﻆـﻔﺣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﻤﻋ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺷﻭﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ .
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ
.
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻝﺪﺟ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﺍﺮﻘﺘـﺳﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺚﺤﺑ ،ﻩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻭ .
،ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺨﺳﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻑﻼﺧﺮﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺮﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻡﻮـﻠﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻬﺟﻮـﺗ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ )
،ﺮﺘﺳﺎﻓ 1991 .(
ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻑﻼﺧﺮﺑ ، ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢـﻠﻋ ﻪـﻛ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ،ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ
ﺵﻼﺗ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻢـﻫ ﻥﻮـﭼ ﻥﺎـﻴﻨﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻲـﻜﻳ ،ﺰﻨﻣﺎـﻛ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻱ
ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﺘﺷﺁ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻕﻼﺧﺍ .
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺵﻼﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺑﺍﺮﻗ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻔـﺴﻠﻓ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ
ﺩ
ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻢﻴـﺴﻘﺗ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻨﻌﻳ ،ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻱﺪـﻨﺑ
ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ
ﺩﻮﺷ .
4 - ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻒﻟﺍ ( ﻞﻛ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻱﺎـﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺲﻛﻭﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﺘﻔﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﭘ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻞ
ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻟﺎـﺣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺖـﺴﻧﺍﺩ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻞﻛ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
. ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻲـﺒﻠﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺺﻴﺨـﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴـﭘ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩﺯ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ .
ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﮔ
ﺰﺑ ﻥﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ گﺭ
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺎـﻫ ﻲﻳ
ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﻴﻠﻛ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﺳﺭﺩ ﻙﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ .
ﻪﺑ ﺎﭘ ﻢﻫﺩﺯﻮﻧ ﻥﺮﻗ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﻪﺻﺮﻋ
ﻱ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺖـﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
، ﻪـﺟﻮﺘﻣ
ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﻭﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖـﺤﺗ ﺕﺪـﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺮـﺧ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺘﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﻲـﺳﺭﺩ ﺏﺎـﺘﻛ ﻪـﻫﺩ ﻦﻳﺪـﻨﭼ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﺏﺎـﺘﻛ ﻭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﺘﻛ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻞﻴﻣ ﺕﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺟ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺏﺎ ﺏﺎـﺘﻛ ﻱﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ
ﺻﺍ ﻞـﭘ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢـﻠﻋ ﻝﻮـﺻﺍ ﺏﺎـﺘﻛ ﺍﺭ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎﻫﺪـﻌﺑ ﻪـﺘﺒﻟﺍ ،ﻝﺎـﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻝﻮ
ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻩﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﻮﺴﻠﺋﻮﻣﺎﺳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪ
.
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ،ﻝﺎﺣ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻄﻴﺳ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩ ﻱ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻥﺎـﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﻢـﻫ ﻭ ﻞـﭽﻴﻣ ﻢـﻫ ﻭ ﻦـﻠﺑﻭ ﻢﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ،ﺪﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺪﺷ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﻠﻤﺣ ﻥﺁ
ﻩ ﺍ ﺪﻧ ) ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ،ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ 1898
، 1909 ﻞﭽﻴﻣ ﻭ 1910 .(
ﺯﺍ ﻦـﻠﺑﻭ
ﺖﻬﺟ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭﺎﻛﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ . ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﻱﺭﺎﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺰﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻛ
ﺎﺧﺎﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﺎﻳ ،ﻥﻼﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺺﻟ
ﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ) ،ﻲﭼﻭﺮﮔ 1958 .(
ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ،ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
، ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﻼﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ
ﺎـﻫ ﻱﺫ ﻱ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿﻭ ﻭ ﻊـﻔﻧ
ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻨﻫ ﻭ
ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺱﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻂﺴﺑ . ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺭﺎـﺛﺁ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
ﺩﺮـﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺑﻮﭼﺭﺎـﭼ ،
ﻪﺑ ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻠﻜﺷ ﺪﻧﺎﺸﻛ ﻥﻼﻛ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻭﺍ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
. ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﻼﻛ
، ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﺗﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻣ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺍﺭ
"
ﻥﻼﻛ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ
"
ﺎﻳ
"
ﺺﻟﺎـﺧﺎﻧ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ
ﻞﻛ
"
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺰﻴﭼ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ًﺎﻘﻴﻗﺩ ،ﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻝﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﻭ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻱ
ﻥﺍﻭﺮﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ
ﻲﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ . ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺎﻳﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺮﻴﺧ ﺎﻳ .
ﺏ ( ﺥﺮﻧ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻚﻳ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﻮﭘ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖـﺳﺍ . ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻜﻳ
ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻑﻼﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ
ﺪـﻳﺪﭘ ﻚـﻳ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻩ
ﻱ ﻲﻟﻮـﭘ
ﻛ ﻡﻼﻋﺍ ﺩﺮ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ .
"
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻦﻳﺍ ؟ﺖﺴﻴﭼ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ
ﻤﻫ ﻪ ﻱ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻣ
ﻲﮔﺯﺎـﺗ ﻦﻴـﻤﻫ ﺎـﺗ ًﺎـﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻭ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻲـﺜﺤﺑ ﭻﻴـﻫ ﻥﻭﺪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻢﻳﺍ ... .
ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ،ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ
ﺍﺭ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﻱﺮـﻜﻓ ﺖﻨـﺳ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﻣﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﻳﺎ
ﺲﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻝﺩﺎـﻌﺘﻣ ﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ
"
) ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1973 ﺹ ، 175 .(
ﻚـﻳ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﻭ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻩ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻟﻮﭘ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ .
"
...
ﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﺮـﻜﻧ ﺝﺮـﺧ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻝﺎﺣ ،ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺰﻨﻛ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺝﺮﺧ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻝﻮﭘ ﻥﺩﺮﻜﻧ
"
) ،ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ
ﺹ 174 .(
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ
، ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻝﻮﭘ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻭ
ﻨﻛ ﻲـﻣ ﻭ ﺪ ،ﺪـﻳﻮﮔ
"
...
ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﻲـﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺥﺮـﻧ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻳﺪﻘﻧ ﻥﺎﺤﺟﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻝﻮﭘ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﻛ
"
) ﺺﺻ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻫ 167
- 168 ( ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻝﺎﺳ
ﺎـﻫ ﻞـﺒﻗ
ﺍ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧ
. ﺖﻨـﺳ ﻦﺘـﺴﻜﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ
ﻭﺍ ﻑﻼﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻞﺴﻜﻳﻭ ﺮﻛ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﻩﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﻱﺭﺎـﻛ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ ﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﭘ .
ﺯﺍ
،ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ،ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﺁ
ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻚﻳ ًﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻩ
ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﻮﭘ .
ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ
ﻪﻛ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﺵﻼﺗ
ﻩﺩﺮﻜﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻚﻳ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻣ )
،ﻦﻠﺑﻭ 1904 .(
ﺝ ( ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻱﺎـﻋﺩﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ
"
ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻱﺎـﺿﺎﻘﺗ ،ﻪـﺿﺮﻋ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ
"
ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺚﺤﺑ ، .
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪـﻛ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻲﺸﻘﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻪﺑ ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ
ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ﻱﺎـﻋﺩﺍ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻡﻮـﻫﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺎﻔﻳﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺍﺭﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻴﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻛ . ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﺟ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ .
ﺏﺎـﺘﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻠﺑﻭ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻩﺎـﮕﻨﺑ
ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮﻛ
ﻪﻛ ﻩ :
"
ﻑﺮـﺼﻣ ﺎـﻳ ﺪـﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻢـﻛ
ﺮـﺗ ﺪـﺣ ﺯﺍ
ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻫﻮـﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺷﺎﻧ ﻪـﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻪـﻧ ،ﺖـﺳ
ﻲﻫﺪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺬﻋ ﻗﻮﻌﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺁ ﻪ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺮـﻣﺯﻭﺭ ﻊﻳﺎـﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘﺎﻧﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ ﻲـﺘﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ ،
ﺖﺳﺍ ... . ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺎﻳ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳ
ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪـﺑ ،ﺩﻭﺭ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻟﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺩ ـ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮـﺗ
ﺯﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪـﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺍﺭ ﺎـﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲﻗﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺩﺭﺍ
"
) ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ،ﻦﻠﺑﻭ
،ﮓﻨﻴﻨﻳﻭ 1939
.(
ﺩ ( ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﺘﻠﻴﻤﻫ ﻥﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ 1919
ﺭﺎـﺑ ﻦﻴـﻟﻭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺖﺴﻔﻴﻧﺎﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺞﻨﭘ ،ﺩﺮﻛ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺎـﻧ ﻱﺍﺩﻮـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺩﺮـﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺮـﻫ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻤﺷﺮﺑ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺍﺭﻭﺮﭘ
ﻛ ﻨ ﺪ . ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ
ﺎـﻫ ﻥﺁ
،ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ
"
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻣ ﻝﺮـﺘﻨﻛ ﻥﺭﺪـﻣ ﻪﻠﺌـﺴﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
"
) ،ﻥﻮـﺘﻠﻴﻤﻫ
1919 .(
ﺖﻬﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﻛﻭﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﻮﺘﻠﻴﻤﻫ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪـﻧﺍ
. ﻝﺩ ﺯﻮـﻨﻫ ﺲﻛﻭﺪـﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎـﻣﺍ ﻝﻮﻐـﺸﻣ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻳ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻝﺩ ﺯﻮﻨﻫ ﻝﻮﻐﺸﻣ
ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻢﺴﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻢﻳﺪﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪـﺷ
،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﻲـﻣ ﺥﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺗﻻﺩﺎـﺒﻣ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ
ﺍﺩ ﺕﻭﺎـﻔﺘﻣ ﺩ
ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻜﻟﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎـﻫ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻥﻮـﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﻲـﻠﻛ ﻪـﺑ .
ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ
ﻤﻫ ﻥﻮﺘﻠﻴﻤﻫ ﻪ
ﻱ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
، ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔ .
ﻦﻴـﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑ
ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ، ﻱ
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
"
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻝﺎﻜـﺷﺍ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻥ
» ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ «
ﻪﻛ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻳ
» ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺳ
ﻪـﺿﺮﻋ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻱ ﺮـﺗ
ﻢﻴﻨﻛ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ
«
"
ﺪﺷ ﻝﺪﺒﻣ )
،ﻞﭽﻴﻣ 1923 ﺩﺭﻮـﻓﺮﺛﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻞـﻘﻧ ،
2007 .(
ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻉﻮﺟﺭ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻪﻏﺪﻏﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻱ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ .
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺶﺠﻧﺭ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ،ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺑ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻕﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪـﺑ ،ﺩﻮـﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺭﺎـﮔﺯﻭﺭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛﻮﺌﻧ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱﺭﺎـﻜﻴﺑ ﻲـﻨﻌﻳ ،ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺭﺎـﮔﺯﻭﺭ ﻞﻜـﺸﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺰـﻴﭼ ﺮـﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ .
ﻑﺮﻃﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺪﺷ
، ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﮕﻣ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻚﻤﻛ .
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ، ﻑﻭﺮﻌﻣ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ
ﻱ ،ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ
ﺍ ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻛ ﺪﻨـﺴﭘ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﺼﻓ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺕﺎـﺸﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳ
ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ
ﻥﺎﻳﺬﻫ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺲﻛﻭﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳﻮﮔ
"
ﻲﻟﺎﺑﺍﻻ ﻱﺮﮔ ﻲﺑ ﺕﺎﻇﺎﺤﻟ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺪـﻴﻗ
ﺖﺳﻭﺍ
"
) ،ﻦﺴﻨﻫ 1953 ( ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ، :
"
ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ ﻔﮔ ﺶﻴـﭘ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﺘ
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺖﻟﻻﺩ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪـﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺶﻳﺎﻫ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﻧﺍﺭﺎﻛ .
ﺮـﺑ ﻪـﭼﺮﮔ ،ﺍﺮـﻳﺯ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪـﻨﻛ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺑﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺍ ﻪﻛ ]
ﻝﺎـﺣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﺑ [
ﻩﺯﻮـﺣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺳﻭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺍ .
ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﻮﺒﺠﻣ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺰﺑ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻣ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻩﻮﻴـﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻫ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﻭ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ،ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻫﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ
"
) ،ﺰﻨﻴﻛ 1973 ﺺﺻ ، 377 - 378 ( . ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ، ﻪ ﻱ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺲﻛﻭﺪﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
.
(ﻩ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻚﻴﻧﺎﮔﺭﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻚﻴﻧﺎﮔﺭﺍ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
. ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ
، ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ
، ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻥﺁ
ﻥﺎـﻨﭼ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻩﺪﻴﻨﺗ ﻢﻫﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﻜـﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻥﺁ ،ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺟﻭ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺍ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻜﻴﺳﻼﻛﻮﺌﻧ ﻱﺭﻮﺻ ﻱ .
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ
، ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ
"
ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﻚـﻳ
ﺘﻣ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺩﻮــﺑ ﻱﺩﺎــﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎــﻈﻧ ﺩﻮــﺧ ﺯﺍ ﺕﻭﺎــﻔ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻭ ﺪــﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻢﺘــﺴﻴﺳ ﻚــﻳ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎــﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎــﻈﻧ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﻪﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ
ﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻫ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ؛ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻲـﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺕﺍﺰﻴﻬﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻜﺒﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪ
ﻱ ﭽﻴﭘ ﻩﺪﻴ ،ﺏﺍﺩﺁ ،ﻡﻮـﺳﺭ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲـﺼﺨﺷ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﻣﺰﺟ ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ﻭ ﻒﻃﺍﻮﻋ ﺩﻮﺷ
"
) ،ﺪﻠﻴﻔﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ،ﻦﻠﺑﻭ 1999
.(
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺶﻨـﻴﺑ ﻪﻴﺒـﺷ ﻲـﺸﻨﻴﺑ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺰﻨﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ .
ﻭﺍ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﺪـﻤﻋ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪـﺑ ﻢـﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻞﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﺕﺎـﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺎﮔﺭﺍ
ﻚـﻴﻧ
ﻩﺭﺫ ﻪﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ،ﺭﺍﻭ
ﺐﺒﺳ ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻑﺮـﺻ ﻱﺎـﻜﺗﺍ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﻮـﺘﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﻢﻴﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻮﺻ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳﺍ .
ﻢـﻫ ـﻨﭼ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﻲﮔﺪـﻴﭽﻴﭘ ،ﻦﻴ
ﻲﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻮﺷ
ﺩ ) ،ﻭﺍﺩ 1995 .(
5 - ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﻫﺩ ﻢﻴﺘﻔﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﺎـﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻥﺎـﻬﺟ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺑ ﻥﺮﻗ ﻦﻳﺯﺎﻏ
ﻋ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﺵﻮﺨﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻤﻴﻈ
ﺭﻮـﻃ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎـﻳﺍﺮﮔﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻢـﻫ ﻭ ﺰـﻨﻴﻛ ﻢـﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﻱ
