ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﻠﻋ :
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ...
۳۵
ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ٤٠ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ١ ، ١٣٨٨ ) ٤١
‐ ٣٥ (
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ Gibberella intermedia
ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻗﻮﻃ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﻥﺎﻴﻠﻋ ﻦﻴﻣﺍ ﺪﻴﺳ ﻩﺍﻮﺨﻜﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،۱
*۲
ﺖﻤﺸﺣ ، ﷲﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﻴﻣﺍ ﻱﻭﺮﺴﺧ ﺪﻴﺣﻭ ﻭ ۳
۴
۱ ، ۳ ، ﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﮐ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻲ
ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ دﺎﺘﺳا ﻳ رﺎ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻥﺎﺤﻳﺭﻮﺑﺍ ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ ،
۲ ﺸﻧاد ، ﻴ رﺎ
، ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ
ﯽﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﯼﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،
، ۴ ﺑﺮﻣ ، ﻲ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻞﻣﺁ ،ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﺖﻧﻭﺎﻌﻣ ،
) ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۲۹ / ۱۱ / ۸۶
‐ ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۷ / ۱۲ / ۸۷ (
ﻩﺪﻴﮑﭼ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ١٣٨٤ ، ٣٥ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
Gibberella intermedia
) ﻑﺭﻮﻣﺎﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ
Fusarium proliferatum
( ﻪﺑ ،
ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ،ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻗﻮﻃ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ .
ﺶﻬﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
nit ﻱﺎﻫ ) ﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﺕﺍ
( ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻳ
ﻭ
ﺯﺭﺍ ﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
١ ، ٣ ﻭ ٥ ﻢﻴﺳﺎﺘﭘ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺶﻬﺟ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ
nit ﻱ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ
crn ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ .
ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ
ﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻥﺎﮕ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ
nit 1
ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ .
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺴﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗ
٢٦ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
٢٣ ﻭ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻚﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ٣
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ .
ﺍﻳ ﻦ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻣﺎﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ
VCG1 ﻲ ﺎﺗ
VCG29
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ .
ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻭﺩ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
،
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
. ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻚﺗ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﺘﻧﮊ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﻴ ﮑ ﻲ ﺯﺎﺳ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻭ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻭ
ﻥﺁ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ ﮐﺮﺗﻮﻧ ، ﻴﺒ ﻲ ﺴﻨﺟ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻟﻮﺗ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻴ
ﺪ ﺴﻨﺟ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲ ﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻴ
ﺍ ﺖ ﻳ ﺒﻃ ﺭﺩ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺍ ،ﺖﻌ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺿﺮﻓ ﻴ ﺋﺎﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻪ ﻴ ﺪ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ .
ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ :
Fusarium proliferatum
ﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ،
nit ﻥﺎﮕ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ، ﻱﺎﻫ ،crn
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ
ﻱ .
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺑ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ،ﻡﺪﻨﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻴ
ﺮﺘﺸ ﻳ ﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻦ ﺬ
ﻳ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻪ
ﺍﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮ .
ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ۴۰
ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻗﻮﻃ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ
(foot rot)
ﻪﻧﺎﻛﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ
(bakaneae)
ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺯﺭﺬﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳﺁ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﻧﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﮐﺪ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
(Mew & Misra, 1994)
ﻲﻫﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﺎﻣﺍ ، ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻡﻮﻳﺭﺍﺯﻮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺎﻫﺭﺬﺑ ﺎﺑ
ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺑﺍﺮﻫﺯ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻲﭼﺭﺎﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻙﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ ﻡﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ
(Desjardins et al.,
2000)
.
Alian (2005)
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ
G. intermedia
) ﻑﺭﻮﻣﺎﻧﺁ :
Fusarium proliferatum
( ،
G. fujikuroi
) ﻑﺭﻮﻣﺎﻧﺁ :
F. fujikuroi
( ﻭ
G. moniliformis
) ﻑﺭﻮﻣﺎﻧﺁ :
F.verticillioides
( ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ
G. intermedia
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ .
ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ * :
ﻩﺍﻮﺨﻜﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
ﻦﻔﻠﺗ : ۲۶۰۰۷۳۵
‐ ۰۹۱۲
E-mail: jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir
۳۶ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
۴۰ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۱ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﺭﺩ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ ﺑ ﻱ ﻴ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻤ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺲﻳﺯﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺪﻳﺁ
ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻤﺟﺎﻬﺗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺵﺍ
ﺍﻳ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺩﺎﺠ
(Leslie, 1993)
. ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻓﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ )
(VCGs
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺘﻧﮊ ﻴ ﮑ ﻲ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮﻴﮔﺍﺮﻓ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﺳﻮﻛﻮﻟ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻲ
) ﻱﺎﺟ ﻥﮊ ( ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺑ ﻱﺪﻨ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺎﺟ ﻥﮊ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﺠﻨﺳ
ﻟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻟﻮﻜ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ .
ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺗﺎﺋﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺮﻫ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
(Puhalla, 1981)
. ﻞﺜﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ
ﺖﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﺴﻨﺟ
(Alian et al., 2006)
ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ،
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﻥﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘﺎﻧ ﻭ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﺷ
(Puhalla, 1981)
ﻥﺪﺷ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﻛ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ
ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ
ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﻝﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻗﻮﻃ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗﻮﻧ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻑﻭﺮﺗﻮﺴﻛﺁ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺖﻔﺟ ﻡﻮﻳﺭﺍﺯﻮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ
(Puhalla, 1981)
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ
ﻱﺎﺟ ﻥﮊ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
vic ) ompatibility c
n i getative e v
ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ (
ﻚﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻓﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ
ﺪﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
.
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﺍﺪﺟ ﻳ ﻪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ
۳۱ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
G. intermedia
ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻗﻮﻃ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ ﻲﻃ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ
ﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻲ
ﻝﺎﺳ ۱۳۸۳ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﻱﺪﺷﺭ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻭ
ﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺍﺰﺧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۱ .(
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ
ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ
(Alian, 2005)
ﻲﮕﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﺁ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻑﺭﻮ
F. proliferatum
ﺨﺸﺗ ﻴ ﺺ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ .
ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ
ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺍﺪﺟ
ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺍﺪﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻘﻠﺣ nit
ﻴﻠﺴﻴﻣ ﻲﻣﻮ ۵ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﺘﻣ ﻲﻠﻴﻣ ۷
‐ ۵ ﺯﻭﺭ ﻱ ﻱﻭﺭ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ PDA
)
MM۵ (
ﻪﻛ
ﻦﻴﺑ ۱۰ ﺎﺗ ۳۰ ﻢﻴﺳﺎﺘﭘ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﻡﺮﮔ )
KClO3
( ﻪﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ )
ﻡﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ MMC
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ( ﻭ
ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ]PDC
ﻪﻛ
ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﻪﺑ PDA
۳۰ ﻢﻴﺳﺎﺘﭘ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﻡﺮﮔ
)
KClO3
( ﺖﺳﺍ [ ﺎﺗ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ۱۰
ﺯﻭﺭ
ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ
° C
±۲ ۲۴ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﻲﻜﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ .
ﺭﺩ
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﺮﺘﭘ ﻚﺘﺸﺗ ﻪﺳ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺯﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺩ ﮏﺘﺸﺗ
ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ﻪﺳ
ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻴﻠﺴﻴﻣ .
ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺪﺷﺮﻟﺍ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻒﻴﻫ ﻙﻮﻧ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ MM
. ﹰﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺪﺷﺭ nit
ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ،ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻭ
ﻡﻮﻴﻠﺴﻴﻣ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﻫ
ﻲﻳﺍﺯﺭﻮﭙﺳﺍ ﻭ
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ MM
. ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻚﺘﺸﺗ ﺪﺷ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ﻱﺮﺘﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ .
ﺶﻬﺟ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻥﺎﮕ nit
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻧﻴ ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘ ) ﻭ ﻡﻮﻴﻧﻮﻣﺁ ،ﻦﻴﺘﻧﺍﺯﻮﭙﻴﻫ ،ﺖﻳﺮﺘﻴﻧ ،ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ﻚﻳﺭﻭﺍ ﺪﻴﺳﺍ (
ﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﻧ
) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۲ .(
ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﭗﻴﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ nit
ﺸﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺖ
ﻕﻮﻓ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ºC
۲۵
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ .
ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ۵ ‐ ۳ ﺭ ﺯﻭﺭ ﻳ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺨ ﻲ
ﻪﻨﮔﺮﭘ
ﺪﺷ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﭗﻴﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺪﻧ
ﻭ
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺮﻫ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ۲
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ
(Correll, 1987)
.
ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻲﻗﻼﺗ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ nit
ﻡﻮﻳﺭﺍﺯﻮﻓ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ
ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳﺎﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭ ﻲﺸﻳﻭ
(HIS)
(Correll et al., 1986)
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻕﻼﻃﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﮔﺮﭘ ﻭﺩ ﻲﻗﻼﺗ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﻲﻔﻴﻫ ﺵﻮﺟ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
nit
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ MM
ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻲﻓﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﻠﻋ :
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ...
۳۷
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۱
‐ ﺕﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ
Gibberella intermedia
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻡﺎﻧ ﻢﻗﺭ
ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻞﺤﻣ
۱ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F1
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺮﺳﺮﭙﭼ
۲ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣﺮﭘ F2
‐ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺩﺎﺑﺁ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ
‐ ﻞﻣﺁ ﻱﺪﻨﺑﺮﻤﻛ
۳ ﻖﻔﺷ F3
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺩﺎﺑﺁ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ
‐ ﻞﻣﺁ ﻱﺪﻨﺑﺮﻤﻛ
۴ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F4
ﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻲ ﻞﻣﺁ
‐ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ
۵ ﺭﺰﺧ F5
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻞﻣﺁ
‐ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ
۶ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺮﭘ F6
‐ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﻧﺍﺰﺧ
ﻞﻴﺧ ﺶﻳﻭﺭﺩ
‐ ﻮﮕﻧﺯﺮﻣ
۷ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F7
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻞﻴﺧ ﺶﻳﻭﺭﺩ
‐ ﺍﺩﺮﺳ ﻚﻴﻠﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻮﺑ
۸ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F8
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻞﻴﺧ ﺶﻳﻭﺭﺩ
‐ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻪﻠﺤﻣ ﻪﺸﻴﺑ
۹ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F9
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻞﺑﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻣﺁ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
‐ ﺩﺎﺑﺁ ﻪﻟﻻ
۱۰ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F10
ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻣﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻭﺮﺧﺮﺳ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
۱۱ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F11
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺭﺎﻨﻜﻧﻭﺪﻳﺮﻓ
‐ ﻪﺗﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ۱
۱۲ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F12
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺭﺎﻨﻜﻧﻭﺪﻳﺮﻓ
‐ ﻪﺗﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ۲
۱۳ ﻡﺎﻨﻴﺑ F13
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺭﺎﻨﻜﻧﻭﺪﻳﺮﻓ
‐ ﻪﺗﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ۳
۱۴ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F14
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺭﺎﻨﻜﻧﻭﺪﻳﺮﻓ
‐ ﻪﺗﻮﺳ ﻂﺧ ۴
۱۵ ﻲﻤﺷﺎﻫ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F15
ﻪﻧﺍﺰﺧ
ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ
‐ ﻪﻠﺤﻣﺭﻮﻳ
۱۶ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F16
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ
‐ ﻼﻛﺪﻤﺣﺍ
۱۷ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F17
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻞﺑﺎﺑ
‐ ﻼﻛﺎﻴﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
‐ ﻪﻠﻜﻳﺫﻮﻣ ۱
۱۸ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F18
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻞﺑﺎﺑ
‐ ﻼﻛﺎﻴﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
‐ ﻪﻠﻜﻳﺫﻮﻣ ۲
۱۹ ﺭﺰﺧ F19
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻞﺑﺎﺑ
‐ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ ﻲﭘﺪﻨﺑ
‐ ﻲﭘﺩﻭﺮﻜﺸﺧ
۲۰ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F20
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺭﺎﺒﻳﻮﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﻤﻨﻬﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
‐ ﻼﻛ ﻞﻴﻋﺎﻤﺳﺍ
۲۱ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F21
ﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻲ ﻱﺭﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻢﺋﺎﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
‐ ﻪﻃﺭﺍ
۲۲ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F22
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻱﺭﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻢﺋﺎﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ
۲۳ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F23
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺏﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮔﺮﻴﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ
‐ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
۲۴ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F24
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺮﻬﺷ ﻢﺋﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺮﻴﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
) ﻲﻣﺎﻈﻧ ( ‐ ﻼﻛ ﻲﺟﺮﻴﺷ
۲۵ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F25
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻩﻮﻛﺩﺍﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻢﺋﺎﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ
‐ ﻞﺸﻧ
۲۶ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F26
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻱﺭﺎﺳ
‐ ﻼﻛ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ‐
ﺯﺍﺭﺩﻻﺎﺑ
۲۷ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F27
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻱﺭﺎﺳ
‐ ﻪﮕﻧﺍﺩﺭﺎﻬﭼ
۲۸ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F28
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺩﺎﺑﺁ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ
‐ ﻞﭘ ﺶﻟﺎﮔ
۲۹ ﻡﺭﺎﻃ F29
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﺭﺎﻨﻜﻧﻭﺪﻳﺮﻓ
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
۲
‐ ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺲﻨﺟ ﺭﺩ nit
Fusarium )
۷ .(
ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺱﻮﻛﻮﻟ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩnit
ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ﻚﻳﺭﻭﺍ ﺪﻴﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﺘﻧﺍﺯﻮﭙﻴﻫ ﺖﻳﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﻡﻮﻴﻧﻮﻣﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺱﻮﻛﻮﻟ ﻒﻳﺎﻇﻭ
ﺱﻮﻛﻮﻟ
Fusarium
+ +
+
‐ + ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺎﻴﺣﺍ ﻢﻳﺰﻧﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻥﮊ
Nit1
+ +
‐
‐ + ﻲﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﮊ
‐ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﺎﻴﺣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ
Nit3
+
‐ +
‐ + ﻥﺪﺒﻴﻟﻮﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓﻮﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﮊ
) NitM
۵ ﻥﮊ (
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ،ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ nit
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ۲
ﺎﺗ ۳ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ
ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ MM
°C
±۱ ۲۱ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ۴ ﺎﺗ ۱۰ ﺯﻭﺭ
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻑﻭﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﺪﺷ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ .
ﻭﺩ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻚﻳ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻑﻭﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﻛ nit
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﻟﻮﻟ ﺭﺩ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ MM
ﻱﺎﻣﺩ
°C
۴
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ .
ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻱﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ،
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﻗﻼﺗ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ MM
. ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۳ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ
Nit
ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻭ M
ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ
nit 1
ﺎﻳ
nit 3
ﻢﻴﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ .
۳۸ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
۴۰ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۱ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﻮﻄﻗ ﻑﻭﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ nit
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
. ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
nit
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻪﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ MM
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ۲ ﺎﺗ ۳ ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻣ
°C
±۱ ۲۱ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﻪﺳ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻜﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﺪﺷ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻑﻭﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻭ .
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻝﻮﺼﺣ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ،ﻥﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ nit
ﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻥﺎﮕ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ nit
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ .
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۳
‐ ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ
nit
(Desjardins et al., 2000)
NitM nit3
nit1
+
‐ / +
‐ nit1
+
‐
‐ / + nit3
‐ / + + +
NitM
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۴
‐ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻞﻤﻜﻣnit ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺯ
Gibberella intermedia ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻡﺎﻧ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ A ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ B
ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ
F1 nit 1
Nit M VP4
F2 nit 1
Nit M VP5
F3 nit 1
Nit M VP2
F4 nit 1
Nit M VP6
F5 nit 1
nit 3 VP7
F6 nit 1
nit 3 VP8
F7 nit 1
nit 3 VP1
F8 nit 1
Nit M VP9
F9 nit 1
nit 3 VP1
F10 nit 1
Nit M VP10
F11 nit 1
Nit M VP11
F12 nit 1
Nit M VP12
F13 nit 1
Nit M VP2
F14 nit 1
nit 3 VP13
F15 nit 1
Nit M VP14
F16 nit 1
Nit M VP15
F17 nit 1
Nit M VP3
F18 nit 1
Nit M VP3
F19 nit 1
Nit M VP16
F20 nit 1
Nit M VP17
F21 nit 1
Nit M VP18
F22 nit 1
Nit M VP19
F23 nit 1
Nit M VP20
F24 nit 1
Nit M VP21
F25 nit 1
Nit M VP22
F26 nit 1
Nit M VP23
F27 nit 1
Nit M VP24
F28 nit 1
Nit M VP25
F29 nit 1
Nit M VP26
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺎﻫ
MMC
ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ۱ ، ۵ ، ۳ ﻭ ۵ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﺳﺎﺘﭘ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ،ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ MMC
۳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﺳﺎﺘﭘ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ .
،ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﺳ
ﺶﻬﺟ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﻜﭽﻴﻫ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ
nit
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻜﻧ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ crn
(Klittich & Leslie, 1989)
. ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺪﺷﺮﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻒﻴﻫ ﻙﻮﻧ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺪﺷﺭ MM
ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﭗﻴﺗ .
ﺶﻬﺟ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ nit1
ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻥﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ nit
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ،ﺎﻫ .
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻴﻠﺴﻴﻣ ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻠﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻒﻴﻫ ﻙﻮﻧ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻉﺎﻄﻗ ،ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺩﺮﻛ
. ﺶﻬﺟ ﻲﭙﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ
ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺍﺪﺟ nit
ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﻡﺍﺪﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻧ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻴ
،ﺖﻳﺮﺘﻴﻧ ،ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘ
ﺯﻮﭙﻴﻫ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻚﻳﺭﻭﺍ ﺪﻴﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻮﻴﻧﻮﻣﺁ ،ﻦﻴﺘﻧﺍ
، ﺪﺷ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ .
ﻱﻭﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﭗﻴﺗ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ۲
ﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ .
ﺶﻬﺟ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ nit
ﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻂ
ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ MM
ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻗﻼﺗ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻑﻭﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺭ
ﺪﺷ ) ﻞﻜﺷ ۱ .(
ﻑﻭﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺕﺪﻣ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻞﻤﻜﻣ nit
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﺎﺗ ﻪﺳ ۱۰ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﻭﺭ .
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳﺩﻮﺧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
(HSC)
ﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺭﺩ
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ .
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺎﻫ
nit
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻴ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺨﻤﻫ ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮ
ﻲﭙﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ) A
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
nit 1
ﺎﻳ
nit 3
( ﻭ ) B
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
nit 3
ﺎﻳ
Nit M
( ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﻠﻋ :
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ...
۳۹
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۴ .(
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ nit
ﻭ A
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ B
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ nit
ﻭ B
ﻳﺎﺳ A
ﺮ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
) ﻞﻜﺷ ۲ .(
ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ۲۹
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
F. proliferatum
ﺭﺩ ۲۶
ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ
۲۳ ﻭ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻚﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ۳
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ .
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻱ
ﻱﻮﻀﻋﻭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ VP3
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻱ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ ﻭ VP1
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻉﺭﺍﺰﻣ ﺯﺍ VP2
) ﻞﻜﺷ ۳ .(
nit ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ‐۱ﻞﻜﺷ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ
Gibberellaintermedia
ﻞﻜﺷ ﺖﺳﺍﺭ ﺖﻤﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻑﻭﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺭ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺮﺘﻫ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭ
.
ﻞﻜﺷ ۲ ‐ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ
nit
ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱ
Gibberella intermedia
. ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﻫ ﻡﻮﻴﻠﺴﻴﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻞﻜﺷ ۳
‐ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﺮﭘ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ Gibbrella intermedia ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ
۴۰ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
۴۰ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۱ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﺚﺤﺑ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻥﺪﺷﺍﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺩ ،ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ nit
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳﺎﻧﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
(HSI)
ﺶﻬﺟ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ
(Correll et al., 1986)
ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ
(HSC)
ﻲﻣ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ
. ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳﺎﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ
ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱ
ﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ .
ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺳﺪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﻚﻳ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
nit 1
ﻪﻛ ،
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺪﺟ ﺪﻧﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ،ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
nit
ﭗﻴﺗﻮﻨﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
nit 3
ﺎﻳ
Nit M
ﻧ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻴ ﺪﻣﺎ . ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ
nit 1
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻱ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻥﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻓﻭﺮﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﻜﭽﻴﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺪﺸﻧ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ HSC
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ
،ﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺍﺬﮔ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷ
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ ﭘ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﺷﺍ ﻲ
ﻴ ﻧ ﺶ ﻴ ﺎﻳ ﺪ .
ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻚﺗ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻲﻜﻴﺘﻧﮊ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ
ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻱ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻡﻮﻳﺭﺍﺯﻮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺟ ﻞﺜﻣ
ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﺴﻨ
Gibberella fujikuroi (Farrokhi-Nejad, 1999;
Correll et al., 2000)
ﻭ
G. zeae (Bowden & Leslie,
1992)
ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺨﻤﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
.
Chulze et al.
(2000)
۳۶ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
ﻲﺷﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺐﮐﺮﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔA
Gibberella fujikuroi
ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻦﻴﺘﻧﺍﮊﺭﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ۲۸
ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﻳﻭﺭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻲﺸ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ
. ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ۲۳
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻚﺗ ۱۳
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ۵
ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺞﻨﭘ ،ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ۴
ﺯﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻪﻛ ،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻭﺩ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
ﺎﻫ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ .
Farrokhi-Nejad (1999)
ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ۳۷۳ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
F. moniliforme
ﺕﺭﺫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ
، ۱۹۴
ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ۱۳۴
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻚﺗ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﻧ
ﺯﺍ ﻭ ۶۰ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
۱۷ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻫﺩ
ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻩﺪﻨ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ .
ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ
ﻡﻮﻳﺭﺍﺯﻮﻓ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ،ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻱ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻧ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻚﺗ ،
ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻢﻛ
. ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺪﻳﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﻚﺗ ﻱ .
ﺐﻟﺎﺟ
ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻭﺩ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ )
ﻭ F17
(F18
ﺭﺩ
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺸﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ .
ﺪﺟ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ F11
ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ F12
ﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ
ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧﺍﻮﺘﻧ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ .
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﭺﺭﺎﻗ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
. ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ،ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ
ﻳﺍﺪﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻥﻮﻳﺭﺎﻛﻭﺮﺘﻫ ﻪ
ﻱﺎﻫ ) F3
ﻱﺪﻨﺑﺮﻤﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺍﺪﺟ
ﻞﻣﺁ ‐ ﺩﺎﺑﺁﺪﻤﺤﻣ (
ﻭ ) F13
ﺭﺎﻨﻜﻧﻭﺪﻳﺮﻓﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺍﺪﺟ (
ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻢﻗﺭ )
ﻡﺎﻨﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻖﻔﺷ (
ﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﭼ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻨ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﺟ ،
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺳﺭ . ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻮﻀﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ )
ﻞﻜﺷ ۳ ( ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﺑﺍﺮﻗ ﻭ ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
ﺎﻫ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱ
ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺍﺪﺟ
ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳ .
ﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ ﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻱ
ﺍﻳ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻦ ﻴ ﺎﻤﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻖ ﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﺖ ﻱ ﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺖﻧﻭﺎﻌﻣ ﻲ
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ
ﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻴ
ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻘ .
ﺯﺍ
ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺖﻧﻭﺎﻌﻣ ﻡﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺎﻳﺭ ﻪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻤﺻ
ﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻞﻣﺁ ﺭﺩﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺞﻧﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘ
ﻲﻧﺍﺩﺭﺪﻗ ﻭ ﺮﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻤﺻ ،ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ .
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ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﻠﻋ :
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۴۱
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