تحلیل محتوای نظریه‎های مبتنی بر همکاری کسب‌وکارها با تأکید بر کارکردهای شبکه‎سازی

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Content Analysis of Business Cooperatives Theories Emphasizing Network Functions

Rasool Lavaei Adaryani

Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. E-mail: lavaeirasool@ut.ac.ir

Khalil Kalantari

*Corresponding author, Prof., Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. E-mail: khkalan@ut.ac.ir

Ali Asadi

Prof., Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. E-mail: aasadi@ut.ac.ir

Amir Alambeigi

Assistant Prof., Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. E-mail: alambaigi@ut.ac.ir

Abstract

Objective

As an organizational strategy, networking has a variety of functions for network activists. Such functions begin with the flow of resources and information and finally result in economic benefit for the network members. Accordingly, numerous theories considered business cooperatives in the form of networks and multiple links which is of great importance in perception of network functions and benefits. In fact, companies seek inter-firm cooperatives in order to be able to obtain knowledge resources outside the firm, new technologies or markets, and probable benefits from the joint research and development activities. In addition, companies try to reduce the risks of conducting activities beyond the capabilities of a single firm. Existing theoretical and empirical opinions in the area of networking show that sharing knowledge, improving performance, sharing resources, building trust, clarity, and promoting market status are among networking functions for organizations and companies.

Moreover, some theories investigate organizational relationships from economic point of view highlighting resource sharing. Meanwhile, view point and analysis provided by each theory (as a result of the combination of resources and inter-organizational relationships) is different from the others. In this respect, the main objective of the present study is to determine the networking functions from the perspective of six theories including Transaction Cost, Merge and Acquisition (M & A), Resource Dependence Theory, Agency Theory, Resource-Based Theory, and Strategic Alliance.

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Methodology

The present study is a qualitative content analysis study based on inductive approach. Using snowball and theoretical sampling techniques, 41 articles pertinent to the target theories were selected from 25 journals and analyzed based on qualitative method. Data analysis was initially started by identifying meaning units, and then, by choosing meaning units, coding, forming of subcategories and categories, and extraction of the themes were pursued. To ensure validity and reliability, triangulation and investigator triangulation techniques were used.

Findings

Within content analysis approach, following selection of the analysis unit and meaning units, explanatory themes including “obtaining the resources and improving the competitive advantage”,

“developing control capabilities and improving management structure”, and “adjusting capacities and diversification” in the firms were identified. The first theme indicates that in order to reduce their costs and obtain competitive advantage in production and marketing, firms tend to apply networking. This theme is highlighted within merger and acquisition viewpoint, whereas agency viewpoint does not consider such a theme. It is also noteworthy that resource dependent theory partly focuses on this theme. The second theme indicates that within networking procedure, firms can enhance their power on scarce resources and reduce the competitiveness through convergent management with network activists. Such a procedure will lead to governance development within the network. “Reduction in competitiveness and governance development” are of utmost importance in this theme. In fact, this theme is applicable within three theories of dependence, strategic alliance, and agency theory. In general, resource dependence theory is much more involved in this theme compared to other theories.

The third theme reflects the fact that there are some extra capabilities in some organizations and firms which are intact in production and service providing processes. On the other hand, some firms lack necessary capabilities to retain their own part in the market. Therefore, it is crucial to balance such capabilities through the analysis of inside conditions and inter-relationships between the firms. It means that the activists tend to evaluate their capabilities and their competitors and active allies in the market to build and diversify their relationships. Accordingly, diversification is considered as the main by-product of balancing capabilities. Diversification occurs in two different levels of activist and resources. In fact, organizations and firms attempting to gain new resources, to find other institutional allies so as to ensure future capacities and to reduce uncertainties by balancing capabilities. This theme includes diversification through networking, relationship analysis, and internal-external capabilities analysis which are equally shared among different theories. In general, the results showed that some theories of relationship and networking are merely economic-based, while others are multi- dimensional encompassing issues of transactions and activist diversity. Moreover, merge and acquisition theory and resource dependence theory can explain networking functions more appropriately.

Conclusion

Theory of merger and acquisition and theory of strategic allies have considered the interactive and economic roles of the networks in a mixed and balanced way. In addition, agency theory is not

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focused on organizational communications and networking in comparison with other theories, and does not work well in explanation of networking functions. Generally, this study significantly focused on the content and principles of explanation and synthesis of selected theories in selection of the scientific papers and did not consider related critical approaches. Hence, it is suggested to investigate critical approaches in future studies.

Keywords: Network functions, Cooperation theories, Organizational network, Content analysis, Business.

Citation: Lavaei Adaryani, L., Kalantari, Kh., Asadi, A., & Alambeigi, A. (2019). Content Analysis of Business Cooperatives Theories Emphasizing Network Functions. Journal of Business Management, 11(1), 3-24.

(in Persian)

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Journal of Business Management, 2019, Vol. 11, No., pp. 3-24 DOI: 10.22059/jibm.2018.261256.3125

Received: July 01, 2018; Accepted: December 24, 2018

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ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺐﺴﻛ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو

ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ

يزﺎﺳ

ﻲﻧﺎﻳردآ ﻲﻳاﻮﻟ لﻮﺳر

هوﺮﮔ ،يﺮﺘﻛد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ناﺮﻳا ،جﺮﻛ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و دﺎﺼﺘﻗا هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ، .

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

lavaeirasool@ut.ac.ir

يﺮﺘﻧﻼﻛ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ

*

،لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ناﺮﻳا ،جﺮﻛ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و دﺎﺼﺘﻗا هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ ،دﺎﺘﺳا

. ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار :

khkalan@ut.ac.ir

يﺪﺳا ﻲﻠﻋ

د ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و دﺎﺼﺘﻗا هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ ،دﺎﺘﺳا ناﺮﻳا ،جﺮﻛ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧا

. ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار aasadi@ut.ac.ir :

ﻢﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﻣا ﻲﮕﻴﺑ

ناﺮﻳا ،جﺮﻛ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و دﺎﺼﺘﻗا هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،يزروﺎﺸﻛ شزﻮﻣآ و ﺞﻳوﺮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ،رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا .

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﻳار alambaigi@ut.ac.ir:

هﺪﻴﻜﭼ

فﺪﻫ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ : ،يزﺎﺳ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ناﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ

ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ و دور دراد يدﺪـﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ .

ﺖـﻳرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺎـﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻦـﻳا

ﻲﻣ زﺎﻏآ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ نﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ياﺮﺑ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ رد ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

.

ﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ﻦـﻳا ﺮـﺑ

، ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ـﺑ يدﺪـﻌﺘﻣ يﺎـﻫ ﺎ

يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺐﺴﻛ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد رﺎﻛو ﺮﻛ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟﺪﻨﭼ يﺎﻫﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ و ﺎﻫ

هد ﺖﺳا ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻳاﺰﻣ و ﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ كرد ياﺮﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا .

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻠﺻا فﺪﻫ ،ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻳا رد ﻪﻳواز زا يزﺎﺳ

ﻲﮕﺘـﺴﺑاو ،بﺎـﺴﺘﻛا و مﺎـﻏدا ،ﻪـﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺶﺷ ﺪﻳد

دﻮﺑ ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ .

شور ﻳا : ﺪﺷ ﺖﻳاﺪﻫ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و ﻲﻳاﺮﻘﺘﺳا يدﺮﻜﻳور ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦ .

هﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻚﻴﻨﻜﺗ زا يﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ

و ﻲـﻓﺮﺑ ﻪـﻟﻮﻠﮔ يﺮﻴﮔ

،يﺮﻈﻧ 41 ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ مﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ شور ﻪﺑ و بﺎﺨﺘﻧا هدﺮﺑ ﺪﻧ

.

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ : ﺣاو بﺎﺨﺘﻧا زا ﺲﭘ ،اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ دﺮﻜﻳور رد ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻦﻴﻣﺎﻀﻣ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻌﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﺣاو و ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺪ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ يﺎـﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ناﻮـﻨﻋ ﺖـﺤﺗ يزﺎـﺳ

» ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﻳﺰﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺐﺴﻛ

« ،

» ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و ﻲﻟﺮﺘﻨﻛ ترﺪﻗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ «

و

» ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ عﻮﻨﺘﻣ و ﺎﻫ

يزﺎﺳ « ﺖﻛﺮﺷ رد ﻲﻳﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ،داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ. طﺎﺒﺗرا صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ يﺪﻌﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﻳد ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد فﺮﺻ ِيدﺎﺼﺘﻗا هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ،ﻪﻜﺒﺷ و

ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ هداد راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ار ناﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ عﻮﻨﺗ و تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﺗﻻﻮﻘﻣ و ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ .

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ،ﻲﻠﻛ رﻮﻃ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑاو و بﺎﺴﺘﻛا و مﺎﻏدا ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ رﻮﻃ

ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻦﻴﻣﺎﻀﻣ يﺮﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ار يزﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻫد

.

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔ : ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺰﻴﻧ و بﺎﺴﺘﻛا و مﺎﻏدا هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻲﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ يدﺎـﺼﺘﻗا و ﻲﻃﺎـﺒﺗرا يﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ هدﺮﻛ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نزاﻮﺘﻣ و ﻪﺘﺨﻴﻣآ ترﻮﺻ ﺪﻧا

. ﻪﺑ ﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﻲﻠﻛ رﻮﻃ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ياﺮ

و اﻮـﺘﺤﻣ ﺮـﺑ يﺮﻴﮕﻤـﺸﭼ رﻮـﻃ

نﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ رد نآ يﺎﻫ مﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ

هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ و ﺪﺷ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ هدﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يدﺎﻘﺘﻧا يﺎﻫ

ﻦـﻳا زا ؛ﺖـﻓﺮﮕﻧ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ هرﺎﺑ ﻦﻳا رد يدﺎﻘﺘﻧا يﺎﻫدﺮﻜﻳور ﻲﺗآ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﺖﺳا مزﻻ ،ور دﺮﻴﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺮ

.

هژاوﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺎﻫ : ﻪﻜﺒﺷ دﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،يزﺎﺳ

ﻤﻫ يﺎﻫ ﺐﺴﻛ ،اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ،يرﺎﻜ رﺎﻛو

.

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﻢﻠﻋ ؛ﻲﻠﻋ ،يﺪﺳا ؛ﻞﻴﻠﺧ ،يﺮﺘﻧﻼﻛ ؛لﻮﺳر ،ﻲﻧﺎﻳردآ ﻲﻳاﻮﻟ ﺮﻴﻣا ،ﻲﮕﻴﺑ

) 1398 .(

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺐﺴﻛ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ يزﺎﺳ

ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ . ،

11 ) 1 ( ، 3 - 24 .

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ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ، 1398 ود ، ر ه 11 ، هرﺎﻤﺷ 1

، ﺺﺻ . 3 - 24

10.22059/jibm.2018.261256.3125 DOI:

رد ﻳ ﺖﻓﺎ : 10 / 04 / 1397 ، ﺬﭘ ﻳ شﺮ : 03 / 10 / 1397

ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد©

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ﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻣ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا زا ﻲﻜﻳ يزﺎﺳ

ﻲـﻣ راﺮـﻗ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺪـﻣ رازﺎﺑ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ياﺮﺑ دراﻮﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ دﺮـﻴﮔ

.

»

1ﻪﻜﺒﺷ « نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺳ زا ﺶﻴﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻪﺳ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نورد يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ /

فﺪـﻫ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻧ يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ

ﻲﻣ رﺎﻛ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

. ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا

» فﺪﻫ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ « ﻪﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﻳا رد ﻲﻳاﺪﺟ ﺶﺨﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﻲـﻣ ﻲـﻘﻠﺗ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ،دﻮـﺷ

ﻲﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ناﻮﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ هﺪﻤﻋ رﻮﻃ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻔﺘﻧاﺮﻴﻏ و ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ

روآدﻮـﺳ و ﻲﺘﺑﺎـﻗر يﺎﻫ

ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) ﻚﻣ ،پﻮﭘ ﻞﻴﻣ ،ﺮﺒﺳﺎﻛ ،ﻦﻴﻛ

موﺮﺘﺳﺪﻨﻴﻟ و دراو ،2

2014 .(

ا ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ،ﺮﮕﻳد هﺎﮔﺪﻳد زا زا ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺎـﻳ ﻪﺳ ز

تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ و ﻲﻧﺎﻣز ،يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫزﺮﻣ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺳ ﺮﮕﻳﺪـﻜﻳ ﺎـﺑ كﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﻲـﻫد

ﻲﻣ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

) تﻼﭘرﺪﻧاو و ﺮﺒﺳﺎﻛ ،ﺎﺗرﺎﻫ ،3

2006 .(

ﺲﻠﮔ ،ساﺮﺑ

يﺎـﺴﺗ و وﺮـﮔ ،ﺰﻳراﻮﻳﺎﻛ )4

2004 ( ار ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻪـﺑ

ناﻮـﻨﻋ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ هﺮﮔ زا يا هﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ

هدﺮﻛ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻫ هﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا نﺎﻴﻣ ﻂﺑاور دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ ﺎﻳ ﻂﺑاور ﻦﻴﺒﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا

ﺖـﺳا ﺎﻫ . ﻦـﻳا

هﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ رﻮﺼﺗ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد ﺎﻫ

.

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺮﻴﺧا ﻪﻫد ود ﻲﻃ هزاﺪﻧا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا رد ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘـﺷاد يﺮﻴﮕﻤـﺸﭼ ﺪـﺷر ﻲـﻧوﺮﻴﺑ يﺎـﻫ ﺪـﻧا

) نروﺪﮔﺎﻫ ،5

2002 (

؛ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ اﺮﻳز ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ياراد ﺎﻫ

. ﻣ ﺆ هﺎﮕﻨﺑ و تﺎﺴﺳ ﺐـﺴﻛ يﺎﺘـﺳار رد يدﺎـﺼﺘﻗا يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ،ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ يﺎﻫرازﺎﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺐﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو )

6اﺮﻫز ، 2005 ( ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ياراد يژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ

آ ياﺮﺑ دراﻮﻣ يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ رد ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻬﻧ

ﻲﻨﻣاﺎﻧ ﺎ دراد ﻲﭘ رد ﻲﻳﺎﻫ .

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻤﻛ يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﺎﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﻚﭼﻮﻛ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻳدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ياﺮﺑ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﺪـﻧراد يﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﺶـﻘﻧ يزﺎـﺳ )

وﺮﻧﻮـﻣ و ﻮـﻠﻳﻮﮔ ،7

1995 و ﻦـﺳﺪﻣ ؛

ﺲﻳاوﺮﺳ ،8

1997 و موﺮﺘﺴﻣﻮﻠﺑ و ﺎﻣرﺎﺷ ،9

2003 .(

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ،ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻳا رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ناﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻨﻣاﺎﻧ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﻚﭼﻮﻛ يﺎﻫ

ﺦـﺳﺎﭘ يژﻮـﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ زا ﻪﺘﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻠﻤﻜﻣ )

10ﺰﻳد ، 2002 و ﻜﻳا ،ﮓﻧز مﺎﺗ و ﺎﺴ ،11

2010 .(

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻦﻴـﺑ و ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﺪـﺷر ﺮﮕﻠﻴﻬـﺴﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﻲـﺸﺨﺑ

ﻪﺑ يروآﻮﻧ ﺮﺸﻧ و ﻲﻨﻤﻳا ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،تﺎﻋﻼﻃا نﺎﻳﺮﺟ هﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻚﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺪـﻧا

) وﺰﻴﻣ و ﻚﻳاﻮﻳد ،12

2004 .(

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ،يروآﻮﻧ ﺮﺸﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻤﻛ و ﻲﻨﻤﻳا ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﺎﺳ

ﻲﻣ يز ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻄﻳاﺮـﺷ رد ﺪـﻧاﻮﺗ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ و ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ

سﺎـﻴﻘﻣ ﻪﻓﺮـﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد يﺎﺘﺳار رد يزﺎﺳ 13

ﻪـﭼرﺎﭙﻜﻳ ﺎـﻳ

ترﺎـﻬﻣ يزﺎـﺳ

يژﻮـﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ،ﺎـﻫ و ﺎـﻫ

ﺖﻴﺣﻼﺻ ،ﺖﺳا سﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ دﻮﺷ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻚﻳ )

ﻲﺗﺎـﻧﺰﻣ و ﻲﻠﻨﻴﺴﻨﻣ ،14

2009 .(

،ﻊـﻗاو رد

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻲﭘ رد يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻦﻴﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻛﺮﺷ ،ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ يﺎـﻫزﺮﻣ زا جرﺎـﺧ ﻲـﺸﻧاد ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳا زا ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺘ

يژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﺪـﻨﺑﺎﻳ ﺖﺳد كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺖﻳﺰﻣ و ﺪﻳﺪﺟ يﺎﻫرازﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ .

،ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﺎﻬﻧآ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ تاﺮﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﻢﻴﻬﺴﺗ دﺪﺻرد ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ زا ﺮﺗاﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ دﺮﻔﻨ

) ﺮﭽﺸﻴﻓ

ﺎﮔراو و ،15

2002 .(

هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ و يﺮﻈﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ يزﺎﺳ

،تﺎـﻋﻼﻃا و ﺶـﻧاد لدﺎـﺒﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫد

ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــ

1. Network 8. Madsen & Servais

2. Popp, MacKean, Casebeer, Milward & Lindstrom 9. Sharma & Blomstermo 3. Huerta, Casebeer & Vanderplaat 10. Diez

4. Brass, Galaskiewicz, Greve & Tsai 11. Zeng, XieX & Tam

5. Hagedoorn 12. Dewick & Miozzo

6. Zahra 13. Economies of Scale

7. Coviello & Munro 14. Mancinelli & Mazzanti

15. Fischer & Varga

(6)

ﺎﻘﺗرا و ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ،دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ لدﺎﺒﺗ و كاﺮﺘﺷا ،ﻲﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا و دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ي

رازﺎﺑ هﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ )

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

( ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﺑ يزﺎﺳ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ياﺮ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ و ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ دور . ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ

،ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ زا ار ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻂﺑاور

هداد راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ كاﺮﺘﺷا ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺪﻧا

؛ ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ زا ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ و هﺎﮕﻧ عﻮﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﻳا

ﻞﻜﺷ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑاور يﺮﻴﮔ

ﺎﻫ ﻪﺋارا ﻲﻣ ،ﺪﻫد ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ .

ﻦـﻄﺑ رد ﺮﺘﺘﺴﻣ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا فاﺪﻫا ﻪﻛ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻞﻜﺷ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ار ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻂﺑاور يﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ يروﺮﺿ ﻲﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ رﻮﻃ

ﻨﻛ ﺪ . ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ كرد ،ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻲﻣﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ياﻮـﺘﺤﻣ و ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺎﻫ يﺎﺘﺳار ﻞﻜﺷ ﻞﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ نﺎﻴﻣ رد ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ عﻮﻧ و ﻂﺑاور ﻲﻫد

ﺋﺎﺣ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﺰ .

ﺮـﺑ

ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ دﺪﺻ رد ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﻳا ﺶـﺳﺮﭘ

ﻪـﻳواز زا ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا

ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻚـﻳ ﺮـﻫ ﺪـﻳد ﺎـﻫ

ي ﺐـﺴﻛ رﺎـﻛو ،

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ؟ﺖﺳا هزاﺪﻧا ﻪﭼ ﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻦﻳا ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ زا ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﻫ ﻢﻬﺳ و ﺖﺴﻴﭼ ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يزﺎﺳ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ زا ﻲﻳﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻪﭼ ﺳ

ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ يزﺎ ﻪﺘﺷاد

راﺮـﻗ نآ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﻛ رد هزاﺪﻧا ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻦﻳا و ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ

؟ﺪـﻧا

ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﻜﻳ ﻲﻳﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﺋارا ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺐﺴﻛ

رﺎﻛو ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺰﻨﻟ زا ﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ

هﺪﺷدﺎﻳ دﻮﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ .

ﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ يﺮﻈﻧ ﻪ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺐﺴﻛ رد ﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫ ﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،رازﺎﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا نﺎﻳﺮﺟ و ﻪ

ﺎﻫ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد و ﻪﺑ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ رﻮﻃ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ و ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ هدﺮﻛ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ يزﺎﺳ

ﺪﻧا . ﻲﻣ نﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ

ﻪـﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ و مﺎـﻏدا ،1

بﺎﺴﺘﻛا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑاو ،2

ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ،3

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ ،4

ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا و5

دﺮﻛ هرﺎﺷا6

. ﻦـﻳا ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ياراد ًﺎـﺳﺎﺳا ﺎـﻫ

يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧراد هرﺎﺷا ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ .

هرﺎﺑرد ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ يﺮـﻈﻧ

ﻚـﻳ ﺮـﻫ زا

ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﻳز رد ﺎـﻬﻧآ

ﺚﺤﺑ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ هﺪﺷ

ﺖﺳا .

ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻠﺻا هدﻮﻟﺎﺷ

، ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يﺮﺜﻛاﺪﺣ شﻼﺗ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ رد ﺎﻫ

يﺎﺘﺳار ﻳﺰﻫ نﺪﻧﺎـﺳر ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﻨ

و ﻪـﻟدﺎﺒﻣ يﺎـﻫ

ﺖﺳا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ .

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺎﻫ

، ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ار رازﺎﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ يﺎﻫرﺎﻛوزﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﻛوزﺎﺳ

ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ .

ﺮﻓ ،ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻳا رد ا

ﻲﻧوﺮﻴﺑ رازﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺪﻨﻳ ﻲﻧورد ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ7

ﺎﺑ8

ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﻜﻳ ناﻮﻨﻋ يدﻮﻤﻋ يزﺎﺳ

ﻲﻣ هﺪﻧاﻮﺧ9

دﻮﺷ . ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻂﻳاﺮﺷ رد ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﻜﻳ

ﻲﻣ حﺮﻄﻣ رازﺎﺑ رد تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ زا بﺎﻨﺘﺟا و يدﻮﻤﻋ يزﺎﺳ دﻮﺷ

. ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ،ﻊﻗاو رد رد ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ زا ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ دراد دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ رﻮﻃ

رﺎﺘﻓر رﺎﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃ ي

دﻮـﺷ ﺖﻧار ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ )

نﺎـﻨﻴﻛ و ﺎـﮔو ،10

2014 .(

نﻮﺴﻣﺎﻴﻠﻳو ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ )

1975 ( ا روﺎﺑ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳ

ﻪـﻟﻮﻘﻣ ود لﻮـﺣ ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﻚﻳ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا نﺎﺳﻮﻧ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺐﺗاﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ و ﺎﻫرازﺎﺑ )

نﻮﺴﻣﺎﻴﻠﻳو ،11

1975 .(

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ناﻮﺗ

ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ رد ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﻜﻳ رﺬﮕﻫر زا ار ﺐﺗاﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ و رازﺎﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ود دﻮﺧ يﺪﻨﺑ

ﺖـﺳا هداد راﺮـﻗ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺪـﻣ يدﻮـﻤﻋ يزﺎـﺳ .

ﻦـﻳا

نورد ﻂﺑاور ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺎﻣا ،ﺪﻧراد ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ار ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑاور يﺎﻫ

و رازﺎﺑ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ نﺎﻴﻣ رد ﻪﻛ ار ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

1. Transaction Cost 7. External Market

2. Merge and Acquisition 8. Internal Coordination 3. Resource Dependence Theory 9. Vertical Integration 4. Agency Theory (Principal-Agent Theory) 10. Vega & Keenan

5. Resource based View 11. Williamson

6. Strategic Alliance

(7)

ﻲﻣ ﻊﻗاو ﺐﺗاﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد لﻮﻔﻐﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ،دﻮﺷ

. يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﻳا ،ﻊﻗاو رد ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﻜﻳ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ زا ﺎﻫ

توﺎـﻔﺘﻣ يدﻮﻤﻋ يزﺎﺳ

ﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻨ ) ﻦﺴﻟُا و كﺎﺟز ،1

1993 .(

بﺎﺴﺘﻛا و مﺎﻏدا ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗرا هﻮﺟو ﺮﺑ بﺎﺴﺘﻛا و مﺎﻏدا ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ دراد ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫ

. ﻪﺑ بﺎﺴﺘﻛا ﺎﻳ مﺎﻏدا ﺐـﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﻳ ود ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ

ﺖﺳا ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻲﻧوﺎﻌﺗ ﺎﻳ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ .

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺪﻨﭼ ناراﺪﻣﺎﻬﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ،ﻊﻗاو رد )

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ود لﻮـﻤﻌﻣ رﻮـﻃ ﻪﺑ (

ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻪـﺑ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺪﺣاو ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺖﺳا هداد خر مﺎﻏدا هﺪﻳﺪﭘ ،ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ

) يﺮﺷارد ،2

2016 و ،تﺮـﺑور

ﺲﻟﻮﻣ و سﻻاو ،3

2016 .(

ﻪﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ زا ﻲﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ مﺎﻏدا ،ﻲﻠﻛ رﻮﻃ

ﻲـﻣ ﻲﻗﺎـﺑ ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﻚـﻳ نآ ﻲﻃ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫ و ﺪـﻧﺎﻣ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ زا هﺪﺷ

.ﺪﻧور ﺮﻓ ﻲﻃ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ا

اﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ،مﺎﻏدا ﺪﻨﻳ ﻲﻳاراد ،ر

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ يﺎﻫ

ار هﺪﺷ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ رد دﺮﻴﮔ . ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ رد مﺎﻏدا عﻮﻧ ﻦﻳا

» مﺎﻏدا يرﺎﺒﺟا هﺪﻨﻨﻛ «4

ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ رﺎﻛ دﻮﺷ

) نﺎـﻗﻮﮔ ،5

2010 .(

رد ﻲﻣاﺪﻗا ﺮﺑ ﺮﻇﺎﻧ بﺎﺴﺘﻛا يﺎﺘﺳار

ﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺆ

ﻲﻳاراد ﺮﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ ﺮﺛ

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ و ﺎﻫ ﻖـﻴﻔﻠﺗ نوﺪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ

يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ

ﺐﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو ﺖﺳا . زﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ ،ﻲﻠﻛ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ دراد

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﻳﺮﺜﻛا مﺎﻬﺳ ﻦﺘﺷاد رﺎﻴﺘﺧا رد ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ

، ﺮـﺑ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺮﺛﺆﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﻬﻧآ )

،يﺮﺷارد 2016

.(

ﺐﺣﺎﺼﺗ ،ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻳا رد ﻪﺑ6

ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ بﺎﺴﺘﻛا عاﻮﻧا زا ﻲﻜﻳ

ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ دور . ﻦﻳا

بﺎﺴﺘﻛا عﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻚﻳ ﺐﺴﻛ

رﺎﻛو اﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ي ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ و ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣ رﻮﻃ

ﻲﻣ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ دﻮﺷ

) ،يﺮﺷارد 2016

.(

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻔﻬﻧ يﺮﻴﺴﻣ رد بﺎﺴﺘﻛا و مﺎﻏدا ﻦﻴﺑ هﺪﻤﻋ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺖـﺳد ﻪـﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻫد . مﺎﻏدا ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ رد ﻪﺑ

ﺮﻓ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ ا

ﺖﻔﮔ و هﺮﻛاﺬﻣ زا يﺪﻨﻳ

ﻛﺮـﺷ ﻖـﻴﻔﻠﺗ زا ﺶﻴـﭘ ﻪﻛ دراد دﻮﺟو ﻮﮔو ﺖ

ترﻮـﺻ ﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣ دﺮﻴﮔ ﺎﻣا ، ﺮﻓ رد ا بﺎﺴﺘﻛا ﺪﻨﻳ

ًﺎﻣاﺰﻟا هﺮﻛاﺬﻣ ﻲﻤﻧ ترﻮﺻ يا دﺮﻴﮔ

) تﺮﺑور نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ،

2016 .(

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑاو ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑاو ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

، ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﺐﻟﺎﻏ يﺮﻈﻧ ﻞﻳﻻد زا ﻲﻜﻳ ﺖﻠﻋ

مﺎﻏدا ﺖﻛﺮﺷ بﺎﺴﺘﻛا و مﺎﻏدا رد ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ

ار ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﺪﻫد

.

بﺎﺴﺘﻛا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﻣ

ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ

ﻪﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

) ﺲﻧﺎﻫ ﺪﻠﻳﺎﭼ ،7

1993 و و ﻦﻳ ﻲﻠﻧﺎﺷ ،8

2008 .(

ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻪﺑ

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ )

ﻚﻣ ،زرود ،ﻦﻳﻼﺒﻟﺎﻫ ﻦﺴﻳود و ﺮﺘﻨﭘرﺎﻛ ،ارﺎﻤﻧ

،9

2009 ( عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧوﺮﻴﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻚﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا

دراد ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ اﺮﭼ ﻪﻛ

ﺪﻧراد زﺎﻴﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ .

ﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻲﻳاﺮﭼ ،ﻊﻗاو رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑاور يرا

ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ .

10ﺮﻔﻔﭘ ) 1976 ( ﺖﻛﺮﺷ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻞﻳﻻد ﻲـﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ار بﺎﺴﺘﻛا و مﺎﻏدا ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺎﻫ

دﺮﻤـﺷ : 1 . زا ﺖـﺑﺎﻗر ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ

يدﺎﻬﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺐﻴﻗر ﻚﻳ بﺬﺟ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ،

2 . ﺎـﻬﻧآ بﺬﺟ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ناراﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﺎﻳ يدورو ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑاو ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ و

3 . ﻨﺗ عﻮ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑاو ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ رد و تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ

ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ لﺎـﺣ رد ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﻮﻨﻛ يﺎﻫ .

دﺎـﻘﺘﻋا ﻪـﺑ يو

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻲﻣ ار دﻮﺧ ﻲﺗﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ يﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﺐﻠﻏا ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺑﺎﻳ

.

1. Zajac & Olsen 6. Takeover

2. Derashri 7. Haunschild

3. Roberts, Wallace & Moles 8. Yin & Shanley

4. Statutory Merger 9. Haleblian, Devers, McNamara, Carpenter & Davison

5. Gaughan 10. Pfeffer

(8)

ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻚﻣ و ﻦﺴﻨﺟ

1ﮓﻨﻴﻟ ) 1976 ( ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﻛﺎﺣ ﻪـﺑ طﻮـﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﻴﺑدا رد ﺐﻟﺎﻏ يﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﺖـﻴﻤ

ﻲﺘﻛﺮﺷ

،2

ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ شﻼﺗ ﺎﺗ

ار ناراﺪﻣﺎﻬﺳ هﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ يذ ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ ﻲﻠـﺻا نﺎـﻌﻔﻧ ﻨﻛ

ﺪـﻨ ) و نﻮـﺘﻟاد ،ﻲـﻠﻳد

3ﻼﻧﺎﻛ ، 2003 و سﻮﻠﻛاﺮﻫ و ﻦﻟ ،4

2010 .(

ﻊـﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﺮـﻴﮔرد ناﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ﻪﻛ دراد ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻊﻗاو رد

و هدﻮﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ

ﻮﺗ ناراﺪﻣﺎﻬﺳ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ و ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺟ

ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﻦـﺴﻨﺟ هﺎﮔﺪـﻳد ﺎـﺑ نرﺎـﻘﻣ عﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا )

1989 ( ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ :

» ﻪﺑ مﺎﻈﻧ رﻮﻃ ﻲﻣ لوﺎﭙﭼ ناراﺪﻣﺎﻬﺳ ﺪﻨﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

« ) ﺖﻴﻤﺳا ،5

2011 .(

دراد ﺪـﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺪﻳد ندﺮﻛ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺻا ناﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻛ رد ار ﺎﻫ

يﺎﺘﺳار ﺖﺻﺮﻓ رﺎﻬﻣ ﻲﺒﻠﻃ

ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ و ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻲﺒﻠﻃ

ﻫ ﺖـﺳد رد ﻲﺼﺨﺷ يﺎ

ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ) ﻲﻠﻳد نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ،

2003 .(

ﻪﺑ دراد ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻠﻛ رﻮﻃ .

ود ﻪـﻛ ﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪـﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﮔرد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ لدﺎﺒﺗ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ رد ﺖﻟﺎﻛو ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

) نﻮﺘﺳﻮﮔ و ﺎﻧوﺮﺑ ،6

2003 .(

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد راﺰﺑا7

ي ﺼﺘﻗا ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا يدﺎ )

سﺮﺘﺳد رد (

ﻪـﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ

ﻲـﻣ رﺎـﻛ دور .

نﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻪﻴﻟوا يﺎﻫ زوﺮﻨﭘ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ اﺪﺘﺑا رد ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا )8

1959 ( ﻪﺋارا ﺷ نﺎـﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺪ )

ﻲﻧرﺎـﺑ ،9

1996 ﺮﻧﻮـﻛ ؛ ،10

1991 و ﺖﻠﻓﺮﻧرو ،11

1984 ( ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻂﺴﺑ .

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻖﺒﻃ ﺳار رد ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﻳﺰﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد يﺎﺘ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دﻮﺷ . ﻲﻳاراد ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ نﺎﻣز ﻚﻳ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

) و سﻮﻤﻠﻣ سﻮﻤﻠﻣﺎﻧ

( ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا رد ﺖـﻗﻮﻣ ترﻮـﺻ

ﺖﺳا نآ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ )

12زوﺎﻛ ، 1980 .(

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻜﺳ ﻚﻳ يور ود تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ رد ،ﻊﻗاو رد .

ﻪـﻛ ﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪـﺑ

تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺐﻠﻏا ﻪﺑ

ﺒﻨﻣ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ زﺎﻴﻧ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ زا ﺚﻌ

ﺪﻧراد ﻲﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺐﻠﻏا و هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ

ﻮـﺷ ﺪﻧ .

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫرازﺎﺑ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يﺎﻫ

ار زﺎـﻴﻧ درﻮـﻣ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪـﺣ ناﻮـﺗ

ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﻛ د . ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﻲﺧﺮﻤﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺖﻴ

ﺖـﻓﺎﻳ ﺖـﺳد رازﺎـﺑ بﻮـﻠﻄﻣ يﺎـﻫ

) ،ﺖﻠﻓﺮﻧرو 1984

.(

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ،هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻦﻳا سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ،ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ وﺮﮔ رد ار دﻮﺧ ﻲﺗآ يﺮﻳﺬﭘ

ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ دﺮﻓ .

ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻦﻳا ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ رد سﻮﺴﺤﻣﺎﻧ و ﻲﻨﻤﺿ ترﻮﺻ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻔﻬﻧ ﺎﻫ

) ﻮﻧﺎﺴﻴﭘ ،ﺲﻴﺗ

نﻮﺷ و ،13

1997 .(

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ،سﺎﺳا ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑ

نآ دﺮـﻓ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺼﺤﻨﻣ يﺎـﻫ

دﻮﺷ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ )

ﺖﻠﻣار و

14ﺐﻤﻟ ، 1997 .(

ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ تﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺎﻫ

ﺮﻴﮔ ﻧ ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎـﻳ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ دﺪﺻرد و ﺪ

1. Jensen & Meckling 8. Penrose

2. Corporate Governance (CG) 9. Barney

3. Daily, Dalton & Cannella 10. Conner

4. Lan & Heracleous 11. Wernerfelt

5. Smith 12. Caves

6. Braun & Guston 13. Teece, Pisano & Shuen

7. View Based Theory 14. Rumelt & Lamb

(9)

ﺷ ﻚﻳ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﻛﺮ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ) ﻦﻴﻟود و ﻲﻠﻛﻼﺑ ،1

1988 و نﺎﺟرادراو و

مﺎـﻘﻨﻴﻧﺎﻛ ،2

1995 .(

ﮓـﻨﺗ و ساد دﺎـﻘﺘﻋا ﻪـﺑ )3

1998 (

ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ،ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻦﻴﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ يﺎﻫ

يدﺎﻬﻧ / ﺎﻛﺮـﺷ ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘـﺳا فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺘﻛﺮﺷ

ﻲﻣ دﺎﺠﻳا ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻦﻳا يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا زا ﻲﻳﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ يﺎﻫ

ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﻣ ،ﺖﺳا ﻲﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﻴ زا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و ﺎﻫ

دﺎﺤﺗا يﺎﻛﺮﺷ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا فاﺪﻫا ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ فﺪﻫ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﻳ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳا زا ﺎﺗ ﻞـﺋﺎﻧ رﺎـﻜﻤﻫ يﺎـﻫ

ﻮﺷ ﻧ ﺪ ) نﺎﺟرادراو و

،مﺎﻘﻨﻴﻧﺎﻛ 1995 .(

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد رد ﻪﻛ ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻮﺷ د،

ا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ عاﻮﻧ .

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ يراﺬـﮔ

كﺮﺘﺸﻣ مﺎﻬﺳ ﺖﻴﻠﻗا يﺎﻫدادراﺮﻗ ،4

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫدادراﺮﻗ ،5

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،6

كﺮﺘﺸﻣ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ،7

و ﻲﺑﺎﻳرازﺎﺑ ،8

كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺞﻳوﺮﺗ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ،9

هﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ،10

ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ

ﻊـﻳزﻮﺗ يﺎـﻫ و11

ﻖـﻓاﻮﺗ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ

زﻮـﺠﻣ روﺪـﺻ يﺎـﻫ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ زا12

اﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﮋﺗ

ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ دور ) ﻦﻴﻟود و ،ﻲﻠﻛﻼﺑ 1988 ﺲﺘـﻴﮔ ؛ ،13

1993 و

نﺎـﮕﻧار و ﻮﻨﻴـﺷﻮﻳ ،14

1995 .(

را غرﺎـﻓ

عﻮﻧ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ نﺎﻴﻣ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺷاد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺳا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻢﻴﻬﺴﺗ ،دﺎﺤﺗا يﺎﻫ

.

ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺔﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ

ﻪﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ رد ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ـﺑﺮﺠﺗ تﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ مﺎـﺠﻧا يدﺪـﻌﺘﻣ ﻲ .

ياﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ

يﺪﻴﻤﺣ عراز ،هداز ﺮﺒﮕﻨﺳ و يدﺎﺑآﺪﻤﺣا

) 1393 ( ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ ﻪـﺷﻮﺧ رد ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫدﺎﺤﺗا ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ

تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻢﻴﻬﺴﺗ و لﺎﻘﺘﻧا دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد دﺰﻳ ﻚﻴﻣاﺮﺳ و ﻲﺷﺎﻛ

،

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ و يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ يﺎـﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ زا ﻪـﻛ يزﺎـﺳ

ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ،دور ﻲﻣ فﺎﻔﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ دﻮﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ يزﺎﺳ

. ﻲـﻟاو و يرﺪﻴﺣ رﻮـﭘ

) 1396 ( ﻲـﻤﻠﻋ رﺎـﺛآ نﻮﻤـﻀﻣ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ زا

ﻪﻳﺮﺸﻧ رد هﺪﺷﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ يﺎﻫ

ـ لﺎﺳ ﻲﻃ ﻲﻠﺧاد ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

93 - 1380 ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد ،ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘـﺳا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ هزﻮﺣ رد

يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﺑﺎﻗر و ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر يﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﻮﻟوا رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ

ﺖﺴﺨﻧ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا و يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ و ﻲﺘﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ،ﺖﻛرﺎﺸﻣ و

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ رد ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺪـﻧراد راﺮﻗ ﺮﺧآ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﺖﻳﻮﻟوا رد ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ .

نﺎـﻤﺣر ﻲـﻤﻗ ﻲﻧاﻮـﻠﻬﭘ و هﻮﻜـﺷﺎﺑ ،ﺖـﺷﺮﺳ

) 1388 ( يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﻦﻴﺑ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ

وردﻮﺧ ناﺮﻳا تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ،ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟا درﻮـﻣ ار

ﺪﻧداد راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ .

ـﻨﻌﻣ ﻪـﻄﺑار يﺮﻴﮔدﺎـﻳ ﺎـﺑ يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ و هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﻧآ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎ

دراد يراد .

هﺎـﺷ ،ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﻲﻜﻣرا دازآ و ﭻﻴﺋﺎﻧ دﺮﻛ ،ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ داداﺪﺧ ،ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻤﻬﻃ )

1393 ( ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺛا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد دﻮﺧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد يﺎﻫ

ﺐﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو ﺖﻳﺰﻣ ﺮﺑ

ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺎ

ا فﺎﻄﻌﻧا ،ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﻳﺰﻣ دﺎﻌﺑا نﺎﻴﻣ زا و هدﻮﺑ راد ﻪﺑ يروآﻮﻧ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺐﺴﻛ و ﻚﻳﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳ

ﻦﻳﺮـﺘﻤﻛ و ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ

ار ﺖﻴﻤﻫا هزﺎﺳ ﻦﻳا ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ رد

ﺪﻧراد .

نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻦﻴﻣ )15

2005 ( ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻃ

،ﻦﻴﻣﺄـﺗ هﺮـﻴﺠﻧز يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ صﻮـﺼﺧ رد ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ يا ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪـﺑ

60 زا ﺮـﻔﻧ

ﺐﺣﺎﺻ

ﻦﻴﻣﺄـﺗ هﺮـﻴﺠﻧز هﺮﻳﺪـﻣ ﺖـﺌﻴﻫ ﻮـﻀﻋ و ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ هﺮﻴﺠﻧز ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ يارﻮﺷ ﻮﻀﻋ ناﺮﻈﻧ /

ﻟ ﺎـﻤﻫﻼﻛُا هﺎﮕـﺸﻧاد ﻚﻴﺘـﺴﺠ

1. Devlin & Bleackley 9. Joint Marketing and Promotion 2. Varadarajan & Cunningham 10. Enhanced Supplier Partnership

3. Das & Teng 11. Distribution Agreements

4. Joint Ventures 12. Licensing Agreements

5. Minority Equity Alliances 13. Gates

6. R&D Contracts 14. Yoshino & Rangan

7. Joint R & D 15. Min et. al

8. Joint Production

(10)

ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ . ﺎﻬﻧآ

ﺎـﻘﺗرا و ﻲـﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ،ﻲﻳارﺎـﻛ ﺶﻳاﺰـﻓا ﺮـﺑ ﻞﻤﺘـﺸﻣ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد ي

ياﺮـﺑ رازﺎـﺑ هﺎـﮕﻳﺎﺟ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا

.

ﻮﭘﺎﻛ ـ ﻮﭘﺎﻛ و ﻻﻮﻣ ،وﺪﺴﻳو )1

2011 ( رد ﺶـﻧاد ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪـﻣ دﻮـﺒﻬﺑ ياﺮـﺑ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻲﻟﺪﻣ ﻲﺣاﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ

هﺮﻴﺠﻧز يﺎﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ رد ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﻚﭼﻮﻛ يﺎﻫ

. يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﺑاور ﻪﻜﺒﺷ دﺎﺠﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ يا ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ

ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ نﺎﻴﻣ ﺶﻧاد لدﺎﺒﺗ

هﺮـﻴﺠﻧز رد دﻮـﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺖﺳا . درﺎﻳﺎﻓ و سﺎﮔراو ،ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺴﻟﺎﺑ ،ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﻳا رد )2

2008 ( ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﺰﻴﻧ يور ﻲﻔﻴﻛ يا

35 ﻞـﻳزﺮﺑ رد كﺎﺷﻮﭘ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ زا درﻮﻣ

ﻲﻣ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﻮﭘ زا ﻲﺷﺎﻧ يﺰﻴﭼ ﺮﻫ زا ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ دروآ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫ

.

ﻦﺳرﻮﺗ و ﻲﻟﻮﮕﻧﺎﮔ ،ﻮﻳ ،ﮓﻧﻮﺳ )3

2016 ( ﺮﻓ ﻲﻃ ﺰﻴﻧ ا

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺪﻨﻳ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻫ

ﺪـﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻦﻴـﭼ رد ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ يﺎ .

آ ﻬﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺎ 208

لﺪﻣ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺰﺟ تﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ شور ﻪﺑ يزﺎﺳ

ﺋ هﺮﮔ يﺎﻫﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ و تﻮﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد ﻲ ﻦﻴـﺑ يﺎـﻫ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛا ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ هﺮﻴﺠﻧز رد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا لدﺎﺒﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ .

ﺮﻟﻮﻓ ـ سﺎﻣﻮﺗ و وﻻ )4

2004 ( ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﺮﮔ يور ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ يا

ﺰﻟاو ﺪﻴﻣ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ هو ﺐـﺴﻛ ﻦﻴـﺑ يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد5

ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫرﺎﻛو هژوﺮﭘ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا لدﺎﺒﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ يا

ﻲﻣ ترﻮﺻ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ دﺮﻴﮔ

. ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ،ﻊﻗاو رد

ـﺑ ﺎـﻫ ﻪ لدﺎـﺒﺗ ﻪﻠﻴـﺳو

ﻲﻣ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺶﻧاد و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ راﺰﺑا ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ

ﺐﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو ﺪﻧﻮﺷ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ يﺎﻫ .

ﻧدﺎﻫ ،ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ رد دﻮﺗار و رﺎﻛرﻮ

)6

2017 ( ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد يا

نﻮﻣاﺮﻴﭘ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﻲﺘﻴﻠﻣﺪـﻨﭼ ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ يﺎـﻫ

هﻮﻴﺷ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻫ ﻲﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ يا

) ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ـ ﻲﻤﻛ ( ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد

، ﻢﻬﻣ

ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ

ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ يرﺎـﻜﻤﻫ يﺎـﻫ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﻠﻣﺪـﻨﭼ يﺎـﻫ

ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ا و تﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ،تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ هﺮﻴﺠﻧز نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ مﺎﮕﻤﻫ و دﺎﻤﺘﻋ

ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ يزﺎﺳ دﻮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔ

.

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ دﻮﺟو يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ و ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ يزﺎﺳ

هﺪﻧﺎﺳر تﺎﺒﺛا ﻪﺑ ار ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧا

. ﻦﻳا رد

ﺎﻘﺗرا و ﻲﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ،ﻲﻳارﺎﻛ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا نﺎﻴﻣ ي

رازﺎﺑ هﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ )

ﻦﻴﻣ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ،

2005 ( تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و ﺶﻧاد لدﺎﺒﺗ ، )

ﻮﭘﺎﻛ ـ وﺪـﺴﻳو و

نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ ، 2011 ﺮﻟﻮﻓ ؛ ـ ،سﺎﻣﻮﺗ و وﻻ 2004

و ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﮓﻧﻮﺳ 2016

( ﻲﻌﻤﺟ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ، )

ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺴﻟﺎﺑ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ،

2008 ( ،

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ كاﺮﺘﺷا )

ﻴﻣ و ﻚﻳﻮﻳد ﺰ

،و 2004 (

، ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ تاﺮﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﻢﻴﻬﺴﺗ

يژﻮـﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ و ﺎـﻫ ﺎـﻫ

) ،ﺎـﮔراو و ﺮﭽـﺸﻴﻓ 2002

و و ﮓـﻧز

،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ 2010

( و ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﻜﻳ و سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ترﺎﻬﻣ يزﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ) ﻨﻴﺴﻨﻣ ،ﻲﺘﻧزﺎﻣ و ﻲﻠ 2009

( ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يزﺎﺳ

بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ

ﻮﺷ ﻧ ﺪ . سﺎﺳا ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ

، ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ناﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ

ﺎﻛ ﺖـﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا ر

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ يﺎـﻫدﺮﻛ

بﻮﭼرﺎـﭼ رد يزﺎـﺳ يﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ) يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ (

ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ، )

ﺶﻧاد و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا نﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ (

يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و )

سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ (

زوﺮﺑ

،ﺪﻨﻛ فﺪـﻫ ﺎـﻣا

ا ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﻦﻳ

، يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا )

ﺖﺑﺎﻗر و دﻮﺳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا يﺮﻳﺬـﭘ

( ﺖـﺳا . ﻪـﺑ

ﻪـﺑ ﻦﻴـﺸﻴﭘ تﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﻲـﻠﻛ رﻮـﻃ ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ رﻮـﻃ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ و يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ار يزﺎﺳ

ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷزﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ هﺮﻴﺠﻧز لﻼﺧ رد و ﺎﻫ هدﺮﻛ

ﺪﻧا . ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﻳا

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد و ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ يﺎﻫ

ﺑﺮﺠﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻧاﻮﺘﺸﭘ ناﻮﻨﻋ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ حﺮﻃ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲ

ﻦﻳا رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻳاوز زا ار ﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ

1. Capó-Vicedo, Mula, & Capó 4. Fuller-Love & Thomas 2. Balestrin, Vargas & Fayard 5. Mid Wales

3. Song, Yu, Ganguly & Turson 6. Hudnurkar & Rathod

(11)

هداد راﺮﻗ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﺪﻧا

. ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻣ يﺎـﻫ

ﺐـﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو يﺎـﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ،ﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ و يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷزﺎﺑ ار يزﺎﺳ

هدﺮﻛ ﻲﺗآ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ياﺮﺑ و

، ﻢﺠﺴﻨﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ يﺎﻨﺑﺮﻳز ﺖﺳا هدروآ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ يﺮﺗ

.

شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ياﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﻢﻳادارﺎﭘ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا1

. ياﺮﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ شور ﻚﻳ اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ

طﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد هداد زا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ و ﺮﻳﺬﭘراﺮﻜﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﻲﻨﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ

، ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻪﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دراﻮﻣ زا يا نﺎـﺷ

ﺖـﺳا . ،ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ عﻮـﻧ ﻦـﻳا

ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺶﻨﻴﺑ و ﺶﻧاد ي

ﻓ ﻢﻫاﺮ هدروآ ﺖـﺳا ماﺪﻗا ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ يﺎﻤﻨﻫار و ﻖﻳﺎﻘﺣ ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻧزﺎﺑ دﺪﺻرد و )

فورﺪـﻨﭙﻨﻳﺮﻛ ،2

2012 .(

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ يﺎـﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﺪـﺷ ﻲﻌـﺳ اﻮـﺘﺤﻣ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷزﺎﺑ ﻦﻴـﺸﻴﭘ تﺎـﻴﺑدا رد يزﺎـﺳ

هﺪـﺷ و

ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻲﺸﻨﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫدﺮﻜﻳور ﻦﻳا يﺮﻳﺬﭘراﺮﻜﺗ دﻮﺷ

. رد ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔا ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻜﻳور صﻮﺼﺧ

رد يزﺎـﺳ

ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ تﺎﻴﺑدا

، ﺖﺷاد دﻮﺟو ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺶﻧاد

، صﻮـﺼﺧ رد ﻲـﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺶﻨـﻴﺑ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻨﺒﻣ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ فﺪـﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ زا ،يزﺎﺳ

ي ﻲﻳاﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا3

. ﻪﻜﺒﺷ يﺎﻫدﺮﻛرﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ يزﺎﺳ

ﻪﺑ نوﺪﺑ و هﺪﻨﺑﺎﻳرﻮﻬﻇ ترﻮﺻ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻦﻴﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

ﺪﻧﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ تﺎﻴﺑدا رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﺘﺣ ﺎﻳ ضﺮﻓ .

ﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ و عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ زا ﺲﭘ ﺌ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻠ ﺮﻓ زا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﻣود ناﻮﻨﻋ

ا ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﻨﻳ

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ .

ﻪﺑ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا ﺎﺗ ﻚﻳ ﻦﻴﺑ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ

30 ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ )

يﺪـﻴﻠﻛ ﻊـﻠﻄﻣ (

ﺪـﻣ

ﻲـﻣ راﺮـﻗ ﺮـﻈﻧ دﺮـﻴﮔ

) ﺪﻧﻮﻟﺪﻳاﺮﻓ و

ﮓﻨﻳﺪﻠﻳﺎﻫ ،4

2000 ( و فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ، ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ

، 41 ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ و يﺮـﻈﻧ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﻳرﻮﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺐﺴﻛ رﺎﻛو ﻚﻴﻨﻜﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ

بﺎـﺨﺘﻧا يﺮﻈﻧ و ﻲﻓﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻠﮔ يﺮﻴﮔ

ﺪﺷ . ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ رﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺴﺟ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ د و

هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ رد ﻮﺟ ماﺪﻗا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ يدﺎﻨﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷ دﻮـﺟﻮﻣ تﺎﻋﺎﺟرا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و

ﻪﻳﺎﭘ لﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ رد )

ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ رد لﺎﺳ5

2015 ﻪﺑ رد تﺎـﻋﺎﺟرا ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ نآ رد ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺳ ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ،دراد دﻮﺟو نآ (

ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻲﺗﻻﺎﻘﻣ ، ﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ

ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ هدﺮﻛ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎ يرﻮﺌﺗ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ و

ـﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺪ

ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ار ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻧداد

. ﺖﺴﺟ و بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ و

ﻲﻠـﺻا هدﻮﻟﺎـﺷ ﻢﻴـﺳﺮﺗ ﻦﻤـﺿ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻣادا ﺎﺠﻧآ ﺎﺗ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ يﻮﺟ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ياﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳا

ﺪﺷ ﻞﺠﺴﻣ هﺮﻬﺑ ﻪﻛ

هﺎﮔﺪﻳد زا يﺪﻳﺪﺟ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ زا يﺮﻴﮔ ار ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻤﻧزﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻳﺎ ﺖـﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ يراﺮﻜﺗ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ يﺮﻈﻧ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ و ﺪﻨﻛ .

لوﺪـﺟ 1

ﻲـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﻼـﺠﻣ ﺎـﻬﻧآ زا تﻻﺎـﻘﻣ ﻪـﻛ

هﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺪﻧا

ار ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا لﺎﺳ و جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻣ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺪﻫد

.

1. Qualitative Content Analysis 2. Krippendorff

3. Inductive

4. Fridlund & Hildingh

5 . هژاوﺪﻴﻠﻛ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﺟ ياﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ

،تﻻﺎﻘﻣ يﻮﺟو سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻠﺻا ﻦﻳوﺎﻨﻋ ﻳﺎﻫ

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲ ﺎﻄﻣ

ﻪﻌﻟ هﺪﺷ ﺪﻧا . هﺪﻤﻋ ﻞﻴﻟد ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ

ﺮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ

عﺎﺟرا تﻻﺎﻘﻣ ةﺪﺷ

لﺎﺳ رد نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ زا ﺲﭘ يﺎﻫ

2015 ﻪﻳور ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ذﺎﺨﺗا ﻪﻛ دﻮﺑ ﻦﻳا ﻲﻣ يا

دﺎﻴﻨﺑ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا و ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﺖﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ي

ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ فﺬﺣ ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗ ﻪﻧادﺎﻘﻧ ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺒ

ﺖﺳا ه . ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ دﻮﺟو ،ﻊﻗاو رد )

ﻲﻧﺎﻣز هزﺎﺑ ( ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻦﻳا ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ياﺮﺑ ار مزﻻ تﺎﻋﺎﺟرا ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﻛ

ﻲﺗروﺮﺿ ،ﺪﻨﻛ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ياﺮﺑ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ياﺮﺑ لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ

هﺪﺷ دﻮﺑ .