رود ،نا ا ، ز ر!" ،
٢ ن$% ، ١٣٩١
،
)* زا ٢٣
% ٢+
٢٣٥
ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ
ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ
ﻱﺍ ) Ursus arctos
syriocus (
ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﺎﻄﻋ ﺩﺎﻫﺮﻓ
*ﻲﻳ
، ۱
ﻣﺮﮐ ﺩﻮﻤﺤﻣ
۲ﻲ ﻭ ﻠﺑﺎﮐ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
۳ﻲ
ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﮐ١
ﺯ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﻳ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺯﻳ ﺘﺴ ﻲ ﺤﻣ ﻩﺪﮑﺸﻧﺍﺩ ، ﻴ
ﻂ ﺯﻳ ﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺴ ﻱ
ﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ، ﻲ
ﻘﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ، ﺎﻘﻴ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺕ
ﺤﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ٢
ﻴ ﻂ ﺯﻳ ﻧﺍﺩ ،ﺖﺴ ﻣ ﻩﺪﮑﺸ ﺤ ﻴ ﺯ ﻂ ﻳ ﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺴ ﻱ
، ﻣﻼﺳﺍ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲ
ﻘﺤﺗﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ، ﻴ
ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺕﺎﻘ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ،
ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ۳
ﻳ ﺭﺎ ﺤﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻴ ﻂ ﺯﻳ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻩﺪﮑﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﺖﺴ ﺒﻃ
ﻴ ﻌ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻲ
) :ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ۴
/ ۴ / ۱۳۸۹ ، :ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ۱۰
/ ۲ / ۱۳۹۰ (
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎ
ﻲ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ ﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ،ﻲ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻱﺍ ﺮﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻳ
ﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺨﺘﺷﻮﮔ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ
۱۰۶۶۸۸ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ
ﺍﻳ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦ ﻲﻳ
ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ
ﻴ ﺯ ﺖ ﻳ ﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻲﻴ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺍ
ﻱ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ
ﻭ ﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺩﺍ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻩﺮﺨﺻ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﺘﺳﻭﺭ ،ﻱﺍ
ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﻲﻣ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻣﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ،ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﹰﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ۱۰
،ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻲﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ
ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻣ
ﻲ .ﺩﻭﺭ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ :ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ،ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ،ﻱﺍ
ﻲ .ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ
ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ* :
:ﻦﻔﻠﺗ
۰۹۱۲۲۶۰۹۸۲۸
:ﺲﻛﺎﻓ ۳۲۸۰۱۴۲۲
E-mail: farhad_ataii@yahoo.com
-./ س 1 $% 2$ز -3 يز5 ل7 ... يا
٢٣٦
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺶﺣﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻝﺪﻣ .ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻡﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺭ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ
ﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺮ
.ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻚﻳ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ،ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺟﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻳ
ﺎﻫ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻟﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻚﻳ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ، ﺎﻣ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ
ﻲﻣ -
ﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺩﺮﮑﻳﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺶﺣﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻣ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺮﮑﻳﻭﺭ ،ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ
١
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺑ ﻑﻼﺧ ﺮﺑ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴ
ﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨ
ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻬﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺖ
-
ﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﻮﺷﺩ ﻥﺎ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ .ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﺍ
ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺨﺘﺷﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺯ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﻛ .ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺐﺴﮐﻭ
ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺮﺘﭼ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ) ١
ﺯﺍ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻛ ﻊﻴﺳﻭ ﻩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻲﻣ (ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺩﺍ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﺘﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺟ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﮐﺪﻧﺍ ﻲ ﻩﺭﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻲ
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻣ ﺯﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
ﻌ ﺩﻭﺪ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
(Gutleb and Ziaie (1999)
ﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻪ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻭ ﺶﻨﮐﺍﺮﭘ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻭ ﻱﺍ
1 ENFA = Ecological Nich Factor Analysis
2 Umbrella species
ﻲﮔﺯﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ
(2008) Nezami,
ﻡﻮﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻣﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻙﺪﻧﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻲ
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ ﻲ
ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ،
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺩ ﻱﺍ
ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ :ﺯﺍ ﺖﺴﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ
- ﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻱﺍ ﻭ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .
- ﻡﻮﺑ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ
ﺭﺍﻮﺨﺘﺷﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺸﻛ ﻥﺍ
،ﺭﻮ ﻲﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻘﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
.ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻨﻫﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ
ﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻌﺳﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ۳۹۸۸۵۳ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ
ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ
ﻝﺎﺳ ۱۳۴۶ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﺷ ﻡﻼﻋﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ .ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻲ ﺘﻌﺳﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲ
ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ ۱۰۶۶۸۸ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ
ﻇﺎﻔﺤﺘﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺤﻣ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻞﮐ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻴ
ﺯ ﻂ ﻳ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﺴ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ
۱۰ ﺎﺗ ۴۳۰۰ ﺮﺘﻣ
ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻟﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ،ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ۸
ﺎﺗ ۱۷ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻟﺎﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺭﺎﺑ ۳۵۰
ﺎﺗ ۱۱۰۰ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻴﻠﻴﻣ
۱۱۰۰ ﻭ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ۲۶۴
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
(Darvishsefat, Ali A, 2005 )
.
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻫ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ،ﺯﺮﻤﻣ ،ﺵﺍﺭ :ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎ
،ﺞﻠﻣ ،ﻭﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ،ﻲﻠﻴﺠﻧﺍ ،ﺭﺍﺩﺮﻴﺷ ،ﺖﻠﭘ ،ﺭﺍﺪﻤﻧ ،ﺎﮑﺳﻮﺗ
،ﻥﻮﮔ ،ﺭﺍﺪﺧﺮﺳ ،ﺪﻴﺑ ،ﻭﺩﺮﮔ ،ﺱﻮﺗ ،ﺱﺭﺍ ،ﺩﺎﺸﻤﺷ ،ﮏﺸﺠﻨﮔ
رود ،نا ا ، ز ر!" ،
٢ ن$% ، ١٣٩١
،
)* زا ٢٣
% ٢+
٢٣٧
ﻠﮔ ﻢﻳﺮﻣ ،ﻱﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺪﻨﮔ ﻞﮔ ،ﻪﻨﻣﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻱﺎﻨﻴﻣ ،ﻱﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ
.ﻥﺎﻴﻣﺪﻨﮔ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺑﺯﻭﺎﮔ ،ﻦﺴﺣ ﺮﻴﻣ ﻩﻼﮐ ،ﻲﻨﺳﺎﮐ ،ﻱﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺭﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ،ﺎﮐﻮﺷ ،ﻝﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺎﭘ ،ﻱﺍ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﺪﻨﻔﺳﻮﮔ ،ﻥﺯ
،ﻱﺰﮐﺮﻣ
،ﮒﺮﮔ ،ﻲﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻩﺎﺑﻭﺭ ،ﺵﻮﮔ ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ،ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻪﺑﺮﮔ ،ﮓﻨﻠﭘ ﮏﺸﺠﻨﮔ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ،ﮏﺒﮐ ،ﻱﺭﺩ ﮏﺒﮐ ،ﻝﻭﺎﻗﺮﻗ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺷ ،ﺯﺍﺮﮔ ﺎﺳ ﻱﺭﺎﮑﺷ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ،ﺎﻫ ﮏﺴﺳ ،ﻥﺎﻧ .ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ
ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ -
ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻱ
ﺍ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ﺪ
ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻱ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻳ ﻮﺑ ﺖﺧﺍﻮﻨﻜ ﺩ
ﺘﺴﭘ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻥ ﻲ
ﻭ
ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻱ ﻣ ، ﻴ ﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻴ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻗﺩ ﻥﺍﺰ
ﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻲ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
) Hirzel, A.H.,2001
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ (
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ۲۰ ﻟﺍ ﻲ ۳۰ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
، ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﺴﺑ ﺞ ﻴ ﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺭﺎ ﻴ
ﻪﺠ
.ﺪﻣﺁ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﺎﻫﺪﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻬﺗ ﻴ ﺪﻳﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﻃ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻪ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻘﻃﺎﻨﻣ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺎﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ .ﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
،ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،ﺲﭙﺳ ﺴﻣ ﻴ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻴﭘ ﻩﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻱﺍ
،ﺱﺮﺧ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﺯﻳ
.ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺖﻗﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ
ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺱﺮﺧ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻭ ،ﻦﻴﮔﺮﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻭ ﺎﭘﺩﺭ
، ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺛ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ،ﺱﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺮﮔ ﺖﺒﺛ GPS
.ﺪﻳﺩ
ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ) ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ (
ﻭ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺖﺒﺛGPS
ﻲﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
۵۱ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ . ﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱ ﮔ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻴ ﺮ ﻱ ﻐﺘﻣ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺮ ﻱ ﺯﻳ ﺤﻣ ﺖﺴ ﻴ ﻄ ﻲ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﺭﺩﺍ ﻳ ﺴ
١ﻲ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ
ﻳ
٢ﺮﭙﻣﻮ ﻣ ﻲ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﺪﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦ ﺍﻳ
ﻦ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ
، ﺷ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻴ ﻭ ﺐ
ﺯﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻣﻮﻗﺭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ
ﻲ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ
ﻌﻗﻮﻣ .ﺪﺷ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﺎﮕﺳﺎﭘ ﺖ ﺎﻫﺎﺘﺳﻭﺭ ،
ﺑﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﻃ ﻲ ﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﺪ ﻱ ﻣ ﻴ ﻧﺍﺪ ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺒﺛ GPS
ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺖ
ﺩﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﻳ
.ﺪ ﮔ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻴ
ﻫﺎ ﻲ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﻭ
ﺮﺟ ﻳ ﺪﻣ ﺡﺮﻃ ﻥﺎ ﻳ
ﺮ ﻳ ﻬﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖ ﻴ
،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪ
ﻣﻮﻗﺭ ﻲ ﺩﺮﮔﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻳ
.ﺪ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ
ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻊﺑﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺮﭙﻣﻮ
Distance
ﻭ
Circan
ﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺮﻫ ﻳ ﺯﺍ ﮏ ﺍﻳ ﻐﺘﻣ ﻦ ﻴﻴ ﺎﻫﺮ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
ﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺱﺎﺳ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﺍﺭ
ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲ
ﺷﺁ ﻴ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻲ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ
ﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺮﭙﻣﻮ ﺍ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﻳ
ﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻪ ﻴﺎ
٣ﻲﻳ ﻭ ﻡﺮﻧ
ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻬﺗ ﻴ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻴ ﺯ ﺖ ﻳ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ
ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺰﺠﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻳ
ﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪ ﻴ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻞ
ﺷﺁ ﻴ ﻥﺎ ﻣ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻲ
ﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻳ
ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﭙﻣﻮ
ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
ﺮﺘﺳﺭ ﺖﻣﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻱ
ﻪﻜﺒﺷ) ﺍ ﻱ ﻭ (
ﻟﻮﺑ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻭ ﺮﻔﺻ) ﻳ
ﺪﺒﺗ (ﻚ ﻳ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ ﻞ
ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻲ
ﺷﺁ ﻴ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻲ
.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ
ﺍﻳ ﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮ ﻠﺤﺗ
ﻴ ﻞ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻳ .ﺪ
) Hirzel, A.H.La Hausser, J.,& Perrin, N. 2004 (
ﭘﻴ ﻐﺘﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺮ ﻱ ﺯ ﻳ ﻫﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ
1 Idrisi
2 Biomapper
3 Geographical Information System
-./ س 1 $% 2$ز -3 يز5 ل7 ... يا
٢٣٨
ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻠﺤﺗ
ﻴ ﻞ ﺎﺒﻧ ﻳ ﺑ ﺪ ﻴ ﺯﺍ ﺶ ۱۰ ﻐﺘﻣ ﻴ ﻐﺘﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺮ ﻱ
ﺯﻳ ﻫﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻲ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻳ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦ ﻪﺑ
ﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻳ
ﺖﺴ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ ﺍ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻱ
ﻭ
ﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺯﻳ ﻫﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻲ ﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲ :ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ،ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ
ﺷ ﻴ ﺗ ،ﺖﻬﺟ ،ﺐ ﻴ
ﭗ ﮔ ﻴ ﻫﺎ ﻲ ﺤﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺳﺎﭘ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ، ﻴ
ﻧﺎﺑ ﻂ ﻲ ،
ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ،ﺎﺘﺳﻭﺭ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺏﺁ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ،ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻭ
ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺎﺸﻋ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻳ
ﺮ ﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺮ ﻱ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ
ﻣ ﺤ ﻴ ﻄ ﻲ .ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻣﻮﻗﺭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻲ
ﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻉ
ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ
ﻴ ﺖ
ﻭﺭ ﻱ ﻢﻫ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻱ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ
ﺰﺠﺗ ﻳ ﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪ ﻴ ﺷﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻞ ﻴ
ﻥﺎ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ
ﻡﺮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﻧ ﺮﭙﻣﻮ ﻴ ﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺮ ﻲﻳ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲ
ﺻﻮﺗ ﹰﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻪ ﻲ ﮔﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻭﺩ ﺮ
ﻳ ﻐﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎ ﻴ
ﺮ
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺯﺍ ﺶ ۸۵ ﻑﺬﺣ ،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ % ﻳ
ﻜ ﻲ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﺯﺍ ﻐﺘﻣ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺮ ﻱ ﻠﺤﺗ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱ
ﺍ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺮﺗﺎﻣ ،ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻳ
ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺲ
١ﻲ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ .
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻲ
ﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ،ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺮ
) ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ١٢
ﻪﻛ (ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻲ
ﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ١٢
ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ١٢
ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ .ﺪﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ٢
٨٩٠ / ١ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ
ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ٣
١٨٧ / ٧ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻱﺭﺎﺑﺩﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ٤
١٣٩ / ٠ .ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺗﺭﺁ ﻚﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻖﺒﻃ ١٢
،ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ٢ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ٢
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ١٠٠ ،ﻱﺍ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ٦
/ ٩٢ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
1 Correlation Matrix
2 Marginality
3 Specialisation
4 Tolerance
ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ٣٠
/ ٩٦ ﻃﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻋﻼ
ﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻞﻜﺷ) ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ
١ .(
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ ١
ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ
ﺍﺭﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻳ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ
ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﭗﻴﺗ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
) Astragalus verus-Astragalus spp- Grasses
.ﺖﺳﺍ (
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﭗﻴﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ،ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﭗﻴﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ
) (Astragalus spp-Onobrychis cornuta-
Acantholimon erinaceum-grasses-Cousinia pp ﻭ
) Juniperus sabina,Juniperus communis,Astragalus
denudatus, Carpinus orientalis
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ (
-
ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﭗﻴﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺱﺮﺧ .ﺪﻫﺩ
) Astragalus
verus- Astragalus spp- Grasses- Rheum ribes
(
ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ .ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺱﺮﺧ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ
ﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻣﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺪﺳ ،ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺮﺨﺻ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻘﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ،ﻩﺎﮕﺳﺎﭘ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ،ﺐﻴﺷ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﺗ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻭ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﭗﻴ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻨﭼ .ﺪﻧﺪﺸﻧ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
رود ،نا ا ، ز ر!" ،
٢ ن$% ، ١٣٩١
،
)* زا ٢٣
% ٢+
٢٣٩
ﻞﻜﺷ ١ - ﻭ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﻜﺷ ﺏﻮﭼ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺮﻳﺩﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ
ﻩﮋ ) Eigenvalue (
.ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ١ - ﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻣﺍ ﺲﻳﺮﺗﺎﻣ ﻠﻣﺎ
ﻲ .ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
) ٧ / ٥٧ ( ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
٩ / ٣٤
ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﭗﻴﺗ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ٢
Ast.v+Ast.spp+Grasses ٥١٨
/ ٠ ٠٢٦
/ ٠ -
ﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ
٣٦٦ / ٠ ٠١٣
/ ٠ -
ﺎﺘﺳﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻜﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ
٣١٥ / ٠ ٠٠٧
/ ٠
ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﭗﻴﺗ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ٣
Ast.spp+Onob+Aca.e+ Grasses +Cous.spp
٢٨٨ / ٠ - ١٠٥
/ ٠ -
ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﭗﻴﺗ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ١٠
Ast.v+Ast.spp+Grasses+Rh
٢٨٥ / ٠ ١٢٨
/ ٠
ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻣﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻜﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ
٢٦٩ / ٠ - ٠٥٢
/ ٠ -
ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ
٢٦١ / ٠ ٠١٦
/ ٠ -
ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﭗﻴﺗ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ١
Junip.spp+Ast.den+Carp. O
٢٥٤ / ٠ - ١٠٩
/ ٠
ﻩﺮﺨﺻ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻜﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ
٢٣٥ / ٠ ٧٢٢
/ ٠ -
ﺪﺳ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ
٢٠٧ / ٠ ٦٦٠
/ ٠
ﺏﺁ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ
١٣٢ / ٠ - ٠٠٠
/ ٠
ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ
١١٥ / ٠ ٠٠٦
/ ٠
-./ س 1 $% 2$ز -3 يز5 ل7 ... يا
٢٤٠
ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ
ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻲ
ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ
،ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣ
،ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻭ ﻚﻴﻧﻮﻣﺭﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ .
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺖﺤﺻ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺲﻳﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﻪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﭘ ﻪ ﻴ ﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺳﻮ ﻳ ﺯ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺲ ﻳ
ﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺮ ﻲ
:ﺩﻮﺷ
Fi = Pi / Ei
ﻕﻮﻓ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ Pi
ﺸﺨﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺴﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲ
ﺎﺗ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻴﻳ
ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺪ
ﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻴ
ﺯ ﺖ ﻳ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻣﺭﺍﺮﻗ i
ﻲ ﮔ ﻴ .ﺪﻧﺮ ﻣ ﻴ ﻥﺍﺰ Ei
ﺤﻄﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻴ
ﺖ i
ﻣ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﺷﻮﭘ ﻲ
.ﺩﻮﺷ ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻳ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺶ
ﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻴ ﺯ ﺖ ﻳ ﺑ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻴ
ﺮﺘﺸ ﻱ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ
ﻘﺒﻃ ﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪ ﻴ
ﺯ ﺖ ﻳ ﻧ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺖﻌﺳﻭ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻴ
ﺰ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻳ ﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﺑﺎ ﻴ
ﻟﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺠ ﻲ
ﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﻲ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻳ
ﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺶ ﻴ
ﺯ ﺖ ﻳ ﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻴ
ﻥﺍﺰ Fi
ﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲ
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻴ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ
ﻳ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ
ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﭘ ﻪ ﻴ ﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺳﻮ ﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺲ ١
ﺎﺗ ١ - ﻐﺘﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻴ
ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﻳﺩﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﻔﺻ ﻭ
.ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺮﻳﺩﺎﻘﻣ ٥
/ ٠ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﻳﺩﺎﻘﻣ .ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ٥ / ٠ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ
) Hirzel et al, 2006
ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .(
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﺤﺻ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻴﻧﻮﻣﺭﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ) ﺖﺳﺍ ٢
.(
ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ
ﻘﻧ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻚﻴﻧﻮﻣﺭﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻪﺸ
ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ) ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ٢
ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ .(
ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ
ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻞﻜﺷ) ﺖﺳﺍ ٣
.(
ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺩﻮﻤﻋﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
) Fi
ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﻭ ( ) ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻘﻓﺍ
( i
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﺤﻨﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻪﮐ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ Fi=1
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﮏﻳ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ
ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ 1
〈 ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ Fi ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ 1
〉 ﺮﻴﺳ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺍ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻭ Fi
ﻲﻣ ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻝﺯﺮﻫ
Hirzel
et al,2006
.(
ﺎﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ٤٥
.ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ - .ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺍﺯﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻳﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﻪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ
ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ
±٩
ﺲﻳﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﻪﻳﺎﻤﻧ
١ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣ
٠٩٨
/ ٠
± ٨٤ / ٠
٢ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
٠٩١
/ ٠
± ٨٦٧ / ٠
٣ ﻚﻴﻧﻮﻣﺭﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
٠٥٨
/ ٠
± ٩٦٧ / ٠
٤ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ
٠٣٤
/ ٠
± ٩٥٤ / ٠
9Standard Deviation
رود ،نا ا ، ز ر!" ،
٢ ن$% ، ١٣٩١
،
)* زا ٢٣
% ٢+
٢٤١
ﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘ
ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ) ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ٤٥
ﻭ (%
ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ) ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ٤٥
ﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ (%
) ﻞﻜﺷ ٤ .(
ﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻪ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
٤ / ٩ ﻞﻛ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ
.ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ
ﻞﻜﺷ ۴ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ -
ﻭ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﻝﺎﻤﺷ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺮﺧ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﺪﻧﺯﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺮﻣ .ﺪﻧﺍ
0.0 4.3 8.7 13.0 17.4 21.7 26.1 30.4 34.8 39.1 43.5 47.8 52.2 56.5 60.9 65.2 69.6 73.9 78.3 82.6 87.0 91.3 95.7 100.0 100 cells ﻞﻜﺷ
٢ - .ﻚﻴﻧﻮﻣﺭﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ
.ﻚﻴﻧﻮﻣﺭﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ-٣ ﻞﻜﺷ
-./ س 1 $% 2$ز -3 يز5 ل7 ... يا
٢٤٢
.ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ-٤ ﻞﻜﺷ
ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻭ ﺚﺤﺑ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ
ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﺱﺮﺧ
ﺎﺑ ﻲﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺯﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞ
ﻲ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ
ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺖﻳﺰﻣ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ،ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺑ
ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ
ﻳﺰﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻨ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺍﺮﺤﺻ ﻲﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻔﺨﻣ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪ
ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺲﻳﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﻪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﺼﺗ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻤ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
) ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ٨٩٠
/ ١ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ (
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ
ﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ .ﺪﻨﻛ
) ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ١٨٧
/ ٧ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ (
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ) ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ١٣٩
/ ٠ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻳﺆﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ (
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻱﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺱﺮﺧ ،ﻡﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻭ ﺎﺘﺳﻭﺭ ،ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻲ
ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻨﻛ
ﺸﻧ ﺮﻣﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻭ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ
) . Nezami, (2008
ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻛ ﻨ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺪ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ
رود ،نا ا ، ز ر!" ،
٢ ن$% ، ١٣٩١
،
)* زا ٢٣
% ٢+
٢٤٣
ﻡﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺎﺗ ﺭﺎﻬﺑ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻧﺎﺘﺴﻠﮔ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨ
.ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﺍ
ﻐﺘﻣ ﻱ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻣﺍﺩ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺮﻴ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩ
ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻣﺍﺩ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ .ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ
ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺪﻣ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲ
-
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺯﺍ
ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻚﻧﺎﺘﺴﻠﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺮﺧ
) Nezami, 2008
ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ (
،ﺎﻣﺮﮔ ﻞﺼﻓ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻣﺩ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻩﺎﻨﭘ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺍﺮ
ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺶﻘﻧ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ
ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺱﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﻣﺍﺩ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺍ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻨ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺑ ﺖﺑﻮﻃﺭ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻴ ﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻪﺠﻴﺘ
ﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺮﺨﺻ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻨﺑ .ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺱﺮﺧ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑ
ﻩﺮﺨﺻ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ
ﺰﺑ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻱﺍ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ،ﺱﺮﺧ ﻢﻛ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻛﻻﺎﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﺰﺑ ﺭﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﻤﻌﻃ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ .
ﻩﻮﻬﻗ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺯﺍ ،ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺏﺁ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻡﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﺷﺁ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺎﻣﺍ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻲﺑﺁ
ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺸﻘﻧ ﺐﻴﺷ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻣﺮﮔ ﻞﺼﻓ .ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺱﺮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ
ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺮﺨﺻ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻳﺰﮔ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﺐﻴﺷ ﻲﻣ
ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺮﻛ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺐﻴﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺩ ﻲﻣ
ﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺪ
.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺮﺧ
ﺎﻫ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ
- ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺪ
ﺻﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻪ
ﻣ ﻲ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺤﻣ ﻴ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺎﺑ ﻂ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺖﺒﺛGPS
.
ﺍ- ﻳ ﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﮏﻧﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺮﻫ ﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﮏ ﻳ
ﮑ ﻲ ﺯﺍ
ﺰﮐﺍﺮﻣ ﻤﻠﻋ ﻲ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ
- ﺯﺭﺍ ﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﺯ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ ﻱ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﻭﺎﺠﻣ
- ﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻴ ﺮ ﻱ ﻏ ﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻴ
ﺯﺎﺠﻣﺮ
- ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﻱ
ﺪﺟ ﻳ ﺪ
- ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﻫﻭﺭﺩﻮﺧ ﺩﺩﺮﺗ ﻱ
ﭼﺭﺎﮑﺷ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺷﺩﺮﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺎ
ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺤﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﻴ ﻥﺎﻧﺎﺑ ﻂ
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Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol. 65, No. 2, 2012, pp.235-245
245
Summer Habitat Suitability Modeling of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Southern Alborz Protected Area
F. ataei*1, M. karami2 and M. kaboli3
1 M. Sc of habitat and biodiversity, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Campus, Tehran, I.R. Iran
2 Professor of Islamic Azad University, Science And Research Campus, Tehran, I.R. Iran
3 Assistant professor College of agriculture and natural resources, University of Tehran, I.R. Iran (Received: 24/06/2010 , Accepted: 29/05/2011)
Abstract
Brown bear (Ursus arctos) is one of the most important carnivores in Iran. However, information on its habitat associations is scared. Based on Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) method, a summer habitat suitability model was developed for this species in the southern part of Alborz Protected Area. Our results showed that, brown bears prefer higher altitudes and northern aspects in their potential habitat. Water resources and presence of domestic animals found to be important predictors for bears occurrence while they avoid rocky terrains. Habitat suitability map illustrates those most favorite parts, located in northern parts of the protected area, including around 10% of total habitat.
Keywords: Brown bear, (Ursus arctos), Alborz protected area, Ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA), Habitat suitability model.
*Corresponding author: Tel: +989122609828 Fax: +982632801422 E-mail: farhad_ataii@yahoo.com
