• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

شدالگنب رد یسارکومد و اه هناسر یربخ ششوپ ۀعلاطم

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "شدالگنب رد یسارکومد و اه هناسر یربخ ششوپ ۀعلاطم"

Copied!
18
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

49

"#

1 %&

1398 ) *+, -92 75

1

!

)

#

$

#

%&

: 17 / 2 / 1396

#

$ /

# 0 : 17 / 4 / 1396 (

1 2 3 45 6 73 8

79 :5 ; < & => ? 7@9 A A1 2

B3 C

D EA & , F .

6 2 45 & H C =&

7I ? , 9 &

2 C D EA &

C=JF :# K L 1 4 =2 C M K =K N O +B &

2 F=&

8& P% ) I Q *9 D EA & => 7I & HR

=>

5 P . B 45 C= M

> 45 3 C=JF :# K

2 O S+ & 2

=M 2 C T3 U

& C BV .

5O ) +9 < &

O 2 C & A 2= 5 C BV

M K =K N 5= R P "79 P2 D EA & =B W5 XE, &

=5YK . H ;

=&

45

C=JF :# K 2

C

& D EA &

) +9 P2 C 5O

=> P *9 D=BLM &

1 W"> > 45

"

>

.

Z H M

>

C

=> C=JF :# K M K =K

=M 2 BV T3 U C C

1 .

# 45 6 758

Email: adehghan@ut.ac.ir

(2)

76

49

"#

1 %&

1398

9 : 4; < = = > ? = ; 4@ A %= B 8

C = A D# #E

% F G&

8 44

<

%=

H A B#

I J

<

; K 8 % 8 F G&

% A

%= C & # LA = = .

C# M H!4N 9 : 4; O !8 ; K D# JP 2014

<

% 8 ;

; R S; C E = = T SU 8 TSU 4G# VF K8 TSU D#

; 9 : 4;

1 N := TSU 9 : 4; 8:= % TSU 4G#

W S ; 2

.

O !8 ; K 8 % 8 LA 4N

! C# M H 2014

; 8 .

; K D#

XY&

40 Z W

% W X#

) Statistics Report,2015:7

<(

C F U

O !8 ; K 6 =

2008 E L ; <

87 Z

; % W X# W

Statistics Report,2012:7)

.(

< = # E N \ W H J = = T SU % F G& ] U 6 U

K8 = = A C HA VF

L# S& 5;

%= C &

. I

^J W

= 8 A J W3

I

%5 8 :

; 4

9 : 4;

8 A 6 = C J A

<

D# = 8

%= W V G]

. 6 = 9 : 4;

2006 V# = 8 %= &

75

;

(Democracy Index,2006:4)

<

8 6 = 2015

; V# C 86

6 S

Index,2015:1)

C (

C;

4G8 E # 6 S C N

Z &

I 10 6 =

<

%=

. 6 = C %= F U D#

J A

G C = A %= C & # L# S& 9 : 4;

C W A Z /J #S#

# A

W CY`48 a b8 %= & C; S F

C = A

; C& ] 9 : 4 W

.

5 4#

) 2016 ( A < 4 I

E a <C Wc C8 E

A < # 41 W I

#S#

< Z /J 28

Z /J d # 32

CY`48 # 4 & % F G& E !8 F a b8

) Cited in Daily Jugantor, 2016 .(

] &

I e8 8 G L# S& ; C %= D# B 8

C = A e] <

; = 8 C

# & 8 = = % 8 f /J L

8 #

;

<

g h D# 9 : 4; 8 8

%= i

. 58 @ D8 A N N 6 8 E h = ; CF Y8 D#

<

J LW N

C = A

@ H 8 ] 8 J ; 8

`;

I 9 : 4; = 8 % G] ; P

= ; j#

# H .

1.Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) 2.Bangladesh Jamaate Islami 3. Democracy Index

4. Economist IntelligenceUnit

5 . 9 : 4; = k: #E .

(3)

C=JF :# K 73 8 D EA & => 2

77

^K 8 & l4N 58 @ D8 A K8 C; = E \ > < J J B# C

4 P E # ; :

1 . G m \# = % F 8 S S 8 n

2 . P A

!

C;

4 Z

# D e; 48 8P G m \# = n

3 . G m \# = J e; 48 n

4 . cJ o8 # Y G m \# = E # W

n 5 . H5 ; %# ] )

; %# ] 4

# # H5# #

( C;

; p8 I 6 4 D W 8 .

& l4N D#

0 = 8 W C :

q A C EP 6 ;

. EP 6 C %= F U D#

I q : A

;

#E % A E 8 e8 = 8 .

.

! "

#

IA 1990 Z % F 8 G I

C = A C; 9 : 4;

%W 5 Z

. A

C %= = C =

6 8

J k 4 CF Y8

A

; 8 J .

8

] U 6 U

; C = A

% W q #E % F G& ! A

8 44 % W A

C = A

%=

. C;

< # G m \# = % F 8 HA 9 : 4;

C# 8 = %=

& R S;

%=

. 9 : 4; ! R S; % W l4N LK;

A

E U V K8 C =

<

C# 8 = D# ; c

! K8 p

C = A C;

J d .

; C# 8 = Z 9 : 4;

I

r h %= =

<

;C C 59 9 : 4; G& O !8 s E Z

) 2014 Akter & Rossette,

. (

E U C C# 8 = C =

< c E U

A HA / > # 5;

6 G&

C# 8 = c

. % G] D#

0 = e& 48 W # \J C =

A ;

# LK;

A

%= W ! / >

. E U C S; % W l4N 6 4 C =

; E

:

1 W ; 8 <

5 ; <2

<3

F % W

F 8

4# 8

5 5 .

$ % .

& #' ( )& *

+

# ,

#! " ( % - .

A 4@ `8 N

<L N I A I 8P J E 9 &

K5 I

%& # C8 E

1. Bashundhara Group

2. Jamuna Group 3. Beximco Group

4.Multi Media Production Company 5. Transcom Group

(4)

78

49

"#

1 %&

1398

8

<

J IA 4@ 8 C =

A

; Tc

% W C; < ; P

k ! A

P C;

W C 5; 4A .

HA 9 : 4;

P A

! Z

# D G m \# = 8P e 48

%=

.

HA 4 U

50 bhZ s& Z 8 E

C A M N P

A

! N

8 4 . C;

<C 4 21

;P 1394 E L ; 50

E bhZ \ s& E Z I8

; P F N .

$# A <

U 45 8 E bhZ Z I

C

E # # C8 E

A

# M N N P ; <%= D

; W . # #S#

C;t HA t

C8 ; A P A LKN ! 8

W .

% = 44 ; N A

<

LKN

P A

; J 8

W . A ; HA C = U Z

;

; D 8u ; C I

C W A

!8 #S#

P A

; LKN 44 .

$/

-& . . 0 1

! "

#

# C; < G m \# = v

C; : \; >

J 8 4 C8 ;

A

J E . P 8 ; C A 8E 4;

W <D G8 = # ; C G 8 J

W LKN .

< # = E C =

A / > > J C;

% 5

= &

C; J D ; I A

C4bZ A J H 8 8 # ;

%5 #cN .

< / > X# W

P 8

4

; 4 J 8 C S 8 H 8 5; J > h

44

) D8 A

< 58 @ 1377 : 44

.(

A 9 : 4;

I C K E A

; C f /J < E

8E = A & < 48

%5K J ; < #E I

O v i 8 4 5A J % F G& Z S 8 <

.

% W A

C; S G4Z ! H q e; 48 4

v 8 J 4 WE C

. D#

= 4 = ; C; : E q H!U < A

8 C;

h = \; > W

; C8 ; A J C = A C 8 44 4 ; P C8 ;

A A 8E J

44 8P < C8 ; LKN C .

LK;

A

1 C =

; C 8 X; f /J

8E = LK; 9 : 4; Z /J F A 4 > = J A

5 C

E H 8 D#

48 CG8 J e;

C;

T 5U 8 P 4#

. C;

C; w# 48 A <6 p8 4

"

e# = >

) T (

"

C; 2

6 G8 ! C W

8 A 4 LK;

C =

"

T

"

C; J

C = A 6 = 8 4 . C; w# A @

\ 48

1.Media Cell

2. Rapid Action Battalion (RAB)

(5)

C=JF :# K 73 8 D EA & => 2

79

E \ >

<

: 9 &

44 LK; x# E E ON C =

<

k:

= 8 W <

C = A

6 = J # HA

W 48 48 A

44 .

$ '2 30 4 . 5

! "

#

E q48 cJ o8

<

L4 A h48 G m \# = b8 C;

%=

. cJ o8 8 C;

\ W

! A

. 8E = b8 # S 8 y:p8 # C & #

X=

\Y 58 &

.

<e = b`= cJ o8 X=

# f KW 8 e& 48 ; # A

>

< ; # 8E =

8 N U 5; A = A

C4#S P HA & G m \# = ;

) < 58 @ D8 A 1377

: 55

. (

cJ o8 C =

A 9 : 4;

%= #E .

C@

EP 9 : 4; = = >

C = A

<%= D s %F

C;

%

; 48 J ; E %= > <D >

b8

#

% A

C = A A L# S&

. 8 Y8 x# E 8 /KW A # % U S8 E J

l 48 A F 8

; . A W S C C

8 LKN %F W

<

%F ;

C ; A > P J # C = P C V K8 8

4 .

`; C J

I ; ; J

%F

<

J = E !8 %= E HA

8 4A . C;

Dv M <6 p8 4 2010

8 E <z F 8 TSU A C; %F I

9 8 C; hF K8 &

; = \ `G 1

= U F b8 P .

; { ] F J %F M 8 x; = 8 < U

; C8 E P = J

%W . z F 8 TSU A C; %F < P E G;

W @ I

C; #S#

W A I \ `G HA B 8:= # < 8 <

. %& # LKN E !8 ; 8 6 = 4@ E ON C F .

67.

1 8 % . 19

:

; < . 1 &

; %# ] <H5

C;

J & B# 4 C =

A

# 8P Cv = z4 8E

W . C# 8 = q 8E P

; C

# 8P f /J

<

Z D W H5

8

%5 8 U J L 4

A EP 8 C =

A & G8 8 . N E O

< = z4

» H5# E = 8

H5# ; E

« D

H5

= S

%= W

) (Herman & Chomsky, 2009: 12-22

# 4 W > E = # W.

%= E = .

? \ # 8 # ; > 58 @ D8 A N N 6 8 ~:Z T

21

<

&

» 8

1. Daily Amardesh

(6)

80

49

"#

1 %&

1398

#

«

= H5 ; %# ] D

% . 8E E D# %= Y G8 ?

%= ; H# >

) Goss, 2013:97

.(

@

%# ]

# H5 ; E C;

= z4 )

1990 - 1945 ( <%5 ~ `8

HA 9 : 4; ; H!4N &

# 4G8 .

q C;

8

= D# C

» e48

z4 C; m ; 8 ] 8 E Y 6:Y =

«

%= W & D# D#S # .

E ON 9 : 4;

z4 C 6 = 5 N ; CA 8 1971

= 6:Y = C;

. 4A C;

& E G <z4

E 8 C 9 : 4;

e] 8 6:Y =

; .

A K; C A # TSU A 4

TSU 8 x# E < 4 T J \; Y C =

A TSU P < J C; C 5;

» 6:Y = ]

«

8 8 & G8 6:Y = z4 \ Z 8 U J 8

4 .

k ] 8

» 6:Y = z4

« WP b8

C = A

8

. C = A C; 9 : 4;

; I b < ; 6:Y = & # ; 6:Y = ] vI

J 9 S A b

\ A

D G 6 4 8

44 .

%5 ~ `8 ; EP # C4 8E D#

. q C;

8

= B#

; # 4 Y 6:Y = z4 E ^KW # <TSU hF K8 g YU

6:Y = z4

b8 % p8 J LW N E ^KW # <TSU P < S; d U 8

W A J XY&

J LW N h48 8

W .

=

# .>

D#

x Yb

; e P A

b

\ J 0F `8

C8 E A C W A

#S#

9 b

\ b8 h C;

C &

W . ; 4 8 D#

9 J <

0F `8 q 8

; 9 : 4; H 8 k ] 8 @ W C= C8 E C=

I

#S#

C;

D8 A & l4N 8EP q48 58 @

€ K =

<

c

b

\ W

%=

.

C; C8 E #S#

? = 4 D#

0 K8 N

# D

G \# =

S! ; 9 : 4;

C#

W T K J LW N \ b .

m \# = 8 8P • bF E

4; G <9 : C W A f / J J C; 0 K8 G D# ; #S#

> V# `8 .

E C8 E A C8 E C= <M N

<

8 E C W

A

K8 N #S#

W T K #S# I W C= <0 .

K E 8P ? = ; I

k:

=

= q 9 : 4;

D ; D ! !4

1 F 9 : 4;

<

W K8 C8 E

A

C W A W ^K 8 9 : 4; #S#

.(Survey of Public Opinion,2016)

C= O‚=

1. International Republic Institute

(7)

C=JF :# K 73 8 D EA & => 2

81

8 E I 0 K8 N C;

F N D# N 9 : 4; <1

2

P ; 3

W T K 8 :

. D 4ƒ A

#S#

4 ; C;

W 4 I F N

K8 0

W I C; # 0 K8 N

5 8 W

6 W T K .

A x Yb D#

0 a W C= C8 E C= W 48 J I

#S#

8 C= 8 )

M 6 E C#

31 ? 8 2015 (

%=

.

% T K D#

I48 %= D# 8E

C# M H!4N C 2015

; K F = D F 2014

VF K8 T SU ; C8 ;

A h K8

; : .

D#

<

6 8 4@ W #E = = L .

8E D#

C#S! ;

\ b J LW N C =

A

#E <%= 0= 48 G& e> 8 D#

\# = % F

J € C; G m 8

4=

J LW N ; ; 8P y 5 .

I48 C= 8E A 8

I x Yb W C= C8 E C= 0F `8 H!U <

I 0K 48 #S#

< AE sG; ; #E y 5 H!U

A C ; #E 4@ J 8E

J LK;

C W A D G 8E E #S#

W

& J LK; ; 8

%&

. C;

#E H!U %

9 S J A

< J

< & / 6 ? = ; E

90 E 45 LW N W T K E

J

45 T K E W

W = ; .

8 < & / 6 ? = ; 45

LW N <E

J 14 N <C# M E J LW

15 J LW N C# & E 16

? 8 E

2015 W = ; .

8 C8 E A A <

I m ; 8 0F `8

@ C;

8 k ] 8

^K W \ b < W .

C= A

8 E I K5 0K 48 I

; N @ %= 7

CK5 A F `8 D# ; ; N @ h = CG

%= W .

8 C W

A W C= A E \8 J LK; B# E A < #S#

I

44 ; N = 0K 48 #S#

W = ; .

LK;

A

#

; C J

= ; LW N

LKN % ; > <LKN 8 q E < W T K J E A # I A

. C W A

A 0K 48 #S#

I LKN J LK; W

V K8 A

; N = E 44

C;

\8 LKN 8 4 . C = 9 : 4;

; K8 W J < #S#

1.Prothom alo

2.Bangladesh Pratidin 3. Jugantor

4. BTv 5.Shomoy Tv 6.Ntv

7 . K5 I N @

; CK5

%=

C ; H 5

@

8 W J K8 >

8 E q

<D 8

<z

<%8 &

# / ...

… A h ; K5 I N @ . K5 I T bhZ A 8 \; >

K5 I

B F

8 HA 4#

.

(8)

82

49

"#

1 %&

1398

8 44 H# H# N C; <

) 44 ; N % = (

%= d G8 .

% = E 8E D#

8 0W 11 0W

%=

) D 8 9 N ; C U /8

1( . ] 8 C; m ; 8 J <X ] E ON D G

W

<

= ;

\ b W .

T K k ] 8 @ J LW N \ b ; W

C %F <%= = < 8 C;

;C

; = 8 C; f /J m ; 8 9 : 4

8 W <

%= > D# E :

1 . Y \# = E L P I

8 <

2 . 48 A X= C = J \ >

n 2

3 . : 8 5 %G4Z P

n

4 . 4A ;E 8 X= E 8 W : 4; W D .

6 = 4@ k ] 8 @ A

J 5;

; †b; 8 C;

C; %= W \# = = ] 8

# H Y 58

a m ; 8 = 8 C; H Y 58 8

W .

& ?/@/ '2 1 0 A>/ B

/ ?/@

. # / C ) %9 A (

# N 9 : 4; C Y \# = E L P 4@

E D U J 6 = 4@ <%5

= % J L

%= i ; # N D# = .

# M H!4N I

2014 ; K

O !8 d: v W S ; 20

%F VF K8 TSU

; K H# b .

E \ >

b = ; < ; K S ; S ;

W E aP # W = = L P .

4@

E ON

6 = F N ; K S ; 2014

L & = = % J <

8 n P

= I D F

4G# ; K D# S ; F = E aP

6 = 2015 W E aP = = % J ; .

8 C=

6 = 6 2015

#E & C Y \# = E L P ‡ ; = = L #

W JE C .

; \# = E L P

%W q D# 4@ 8 C Y .

H U d: v %F C;

K8 T SU H Y 58

%5 E L P /Y8 VF .

W 8 d: v %F D 4ƒ A 5

C Y \# = E L P < %= C

» 6:Y = ] «

4 5A . VF K8 T SU C F U

8 # %F J W 8 L

0# K ; I

C Y \# = hF K8 L P

8 E 4

8

; 4 8 4 .

%Z & 6 U C ; D# # q E h = { = ;

< b; % G]

D#

; J A

V G] 4W ; ! C J 8 I4 8E W

W ; .

< N N 6 8 ? = ; C =

A e] 8 E %# U %F A

8 44

1 .

<D 8 9 N J O v G8

C W E

2

%= P 2015 .

2. Extra Judicial Killings

(9)

C=JF :# K 73 8 D EA & => 2

83

/Y8 hF K8 8

4A . F ? = D# ;

% A

%= W C = .

6

= E L P J LW N <B#

W C= C8 E C= C Y \#

I C# M 6 E #S#

31 ? 8 2015

%= W .

N <

1 . :# K JF H O :9R Q5

O 5;5 9 J#

9 5 Z N O 31

] 2015

C = G

J C L P 8

E

=

\#

Y C

8 4

%= W G

C J

P T SU

<VF K8 L P /Y8

E

& G8 W J G

C P L P :8

E

» ]

6:Y = «

W 8 G

J C

P

%F /Y8

L P E

& G8 W

%=

G J P C /Y8 & G8

) E L P (

%= H 8 G

J P C

F

\ 8 P

r W

%=

G J Z e 48 C

J P A # 48

8E = A

F & G8

%= W

F N 113 54 21

9 48

17 60

9 : 4;

D# N

109 50 18

8 54

13 67

85 30 10

10 45

10 61

90 41 15

6 43

22 51

8 W 114 78 31

3 33

17 76

; 129 129 70 0 0

0

117

e

640

382 165 36 223 79 432

A 6 C

1 A 8 8

W <

k !8 640

; 9 S J Y&

Y \# = E L P I

W \ b 8 .

< P 8 38

S J Y&

J 9

<

4G#

60 J Z A

\ b VF K8 T SU < W

<

XY& W & G8 /Y8 36

Y&

U 4G# J 6

Z P H U T SU # %F <

<

W & G8 /Y8 .

F U D#

%=

C

%= ^K 8 C Y \# = E L P \8 HA E 4A 6 = %Wc E ON .

165 Y&

4G# J 9 S J 26

CGF `8 A J E Z L P \8 < W

C Y \# = E

» 6:Y = ]

« W 8 D# E A

165 6 > C; < J Y&

E L P :8 <H U T SU A

<

» 6:Y = ] «

W 8 .

d: v A q48

& E H U

» Y = ] 6:

«

%= VF K8 T SU A A A .

(10)

84

49

"#

1 %&

1398

S&

D# ; 223

4G# J Y&

U 35 J Z A

\ b H 8 /Y8 < W

%= W : .

# ; C;

<

35 J Z A

; <

C; E L P /Y8 d hW

C h S @ M ; E L P :8

» W

« W & G8 C

4A

; H 8

%# A E L P :8

%= C Y \# = .

D# < # ; C;

C = A U 8 35

C‡ U Z A

4 Z b8 E E L P :8 A # 44

VF K8 T SU

C # . e] 8 D#

C %= B# S J % G> ; 8

; ^K 8 ; J \

%=

.

#E

= 8 HA H U T SU E h 4@ < E L P D U W

; .

6 = 2013

; & g h C Y \# = C; E L P HA h 4@

= H U TSU E

; W .

8 VF K8 T SU d: v < # d E

# = E L P C X= C Y \

Z H U T SU \8 8

%&

4 ; C8 Z VF K8 T SU % ; b8 C .

XY&

79 J 9 S 4G# J

12 J Z

< A \ F 8 P A C;

4

%= W r J C4 N .

4 N \ F r C %= F U D#

I

%= H 8 8 P

#E <

D#

P 8 A E \ > W E aP VF K8 T SU % 8 ; ; K S ; E ON

# S ; 6 F = ; K D

8 P A

%& W .

; K D# VF K8 T SU

H# b

; . 4 N D#

I J 8

A % 8 ; ; K x# E %F C

= > C; VF K8 T SU

%5 T J = 8 ; % G] D#

.

D 4ƒ A 8 E

640

\ b J Y&

< W 411 4G# J Y&

64 J Z A

<

E

C; F e; 48 E #

%= W h = J Z e 48 4 .

C A F e; 48

e] 8 O G48 %F

8 44 . : E h = 8E = # 48 A

A

C %F e] 8 C 5 ; 4G# F 0 =

8 W J

= ;

< W C; J C; J eh

#E < W H U T SU # %F C A F e; 48

E %# U H U T SU e] 8

8 44 . < !4#

C = A

; Y \# = E L P C; m ; 8 J LW N I

C 8

\ %F eh C; <%= G8 /Y8 .

$ % ?/@/

. D

%/0 E /

: 1 .

#

\ > 8 9 : 4; O =u E aP E

! A BW < 48 A X= C &

P %ˆ hU %b & W C E ON C A 48 A C W # B#

Z C ; 8

44 r P C 8

W 48 A ; L P 6 D U 6 Y8 & <

/Y 48 A %= W C 0W # .

(11)

C=JF :# K 73 8 D EA & => 2

85

;

\ b k ] 8 D#

LW 6 B#

= W C .

D# E # 4

= A

» J G C

P L P 6

C8 C & >

# E \ >

P C;

%= h = ~:`Z

« 8 W ; . C %= D# 4 D# E q48 48 A

C;

#u 8 J B# 4 W 48

.

; ; C ; I

W 48 J 48 A

C 4A

# #u I

= I W 48 J < W ; !# P W … A W ; m ; 8

> q 8 = 8

n < J 8 C

4 8

» C h 8 W

« <

» A

W 8 48

« %W >

h = ~:`Z C; 4 8 L P 6 E \ > #

M # W L P 6 A

> C8 <%W

; # BW 48 A

%& > q 8 = J 8P T 5U C;

.

; C =

C > 9 : 4;

# M M A > C8 \J 8

<

4A > C8 \J %= 6 > \Y

M B# D &

J \J f J

<

h = C = J X= M P 4G#

D#

%= B# M .

h = E 9 D#

C;

4G8 #u

%= # e; 48 X= M P .

C = A 4;

%= 8 D# 9 : .

; e] 8 \ b 4 N <

I C = J \ >

HA D# 8 %= H 8 48 A W C = B#

.

= 4

» \ > C4 N

P C = J

«

%=

.

4 N E q48 I

X= 9 : 4; 6 = A C %= D# 6 D# C = J \ >

\ > 48 A ! C = J A

8

\ > k D# 8 48 A A

C ; 48 8 44 C

; 4A

%= P A 4 .

D#

: 8

4A A C

CY; = D# 48 D# % F 758

\ > k ; A .

J

\ > C; m ; 8

= J A I

% G> < W ; 8 : D# < 48 A K8 ;

W A K DW .

# = 4

<

» ˆ r 6 Y8 5; # hF K8

«

%=

.

E ˆ J

> 6 D# J P < W ; W r 6 Y8 5; # hF K8 d

8 . \ > J C >

E 48 48 A 6 >

8 W q <

8 ˆ

5;

HA hF K8

< # ; J

#E

; 48 A J J k D#

C = A

6 = 8 44 . 6

2 J LW N <

\ >

= J I A 48 C= C8 E C=

W I C# M 6 $# E #S#

31 6 = ? 8 2015

%= W .

(12)

86

49

"#

1 %&

1398

N <

2 . :# K JF QBV

= F

C 2 = B O 5;5 9 J#

5 Z N O

9 31 ] 2015

C = J G \ > 8 C

= J I

A 48 W 48

%=

J G C

P » 6

L P

« C8 >

C &

# E \ >

P

» C;

~:`Z

« h =

%=

J G C; P C \ > IY; = W C = J

%= W G C J

P ˆ 5;

8 6 Y8

%=

G J

C Z e 48

J P 48 A

8E = # A

F & G8

%= W

F N 45 32

6

24

32

9 : 4;

N D#

35

30

6

9

28

40 34

8

17

29

51 32

15

7

39

8 W 26 18

12

10

23

;

11 11

0

0

11

e 208

157

47

67

162

A 6 C

2 A 8 8 W <

k !8 208

; 9 S J Y&

\ >

= J I 4; 48 A W \ b 9 :

. P 8 157

9 S J Y&

4G# J 75

< W \ b J Z

» L P 6

« C8 E A

%b CGF `8

E \ > C & > C8

» L P 6

« \p8

»

~:`Z C;

« h =

%=

. XY&

47 U 4G# J Y&

22 J Z A

<

\ >

A

= J I

C Wc

C;

W W C4 N 4 78

J Z A

; J I4 N C W

%=

. 67

y U 4G# J Y&

32 J Z A

\ b

%= 8 6 Y8 5; ˆ < W .

8 E 208

\ b J Y&

< W 162

J Y&

4G#

77 J Z A

E # <

C; F e; 48 4

%= W h = J Z e 48 .

D8 A N N 6 8 ? = ;

4 8E 58 @ I

< J LW N C =

A %# U 4 > %F E

E e; 48

% W # F h = R S; ! A

8 44 . C = A

; W N C; m ; 8 J L

= J \ >

I \ 48 A %F eh C; <9 : 4; 48 A .

C = A 9 : 4;

75 J Z A

; W 48

= J \ >

I < 48 A

\p8

»

~:`Z C;

« <

» C h 8 W

« #

» P 6 L « > C8 .

D#

8 A C C = A C;

h I

; 48 A

\ >

= J A I

6 o=

S ;

\> U # ; 8

4 = J 44 ; K8 .

(13)

C=JF :# K 73 8 D EA & => 2

87

& & D

#& =9

=9

; P 8E = 8P ? = v

4 L F W D 8 C= 1

6 = 6 2015

E L P ‡ ;

= \#

C Y 69 4 J ; h 8S A

64 C b8 ; h C;

W C 48 A %=

) .(ASK, 2015

G < 8P ? = ; C

W A X=

C G ; 48 ; W

%= B# S J C Y \# = E L P ‡ .

J LW N Y8 q <T 5U D# E

8 C

48 A X= W

C C; % 5

L P W

U E =

\>

90 Z

<%=

e> 8 D 4@

%=

.

; 6 k ] 8 113

LW N 9 S J Y&

F U < W C

k ] 8 8 44

B# XY& C W 48 9 S J Y&

=

%= 6 k ] 8 .

<C Wc D# E 69

p < W C C Y \# = E L P ‡ ; 8 C= C h

J A P bhZ

I 8 < W 48 6 A J

64 48 A X= C

CbhZ A J

= „ @ C; < 4 J C .

8 J LW N

C

5 48 A X= W

C C; % ‡ ; W

L P E = ; H J

C

; ; > 48 A X= W e> 9E

W . N N 6 8 8 D#

#u 8 4 . C; @

\ > J LW N

= J A I

E Y 4G# 48 A

C %= %F C =

A G= 9 : 4;

P E D 8 H @

W N 44 .

$/ ?/@/

.

!.+ , FG H #" I !.+

? = ; 9 S

A 8E = A 9 : 4; 5 %G4Z g YU < ; g YU

C;

C = N e# ] 8 W C; #E : 8 ; 4 5A

. C R S; %G4Z D#

8 l4N U C; 6 ‰ 8 h

q <

8 J LW N % G 8

P : 8 W #E

.

; C ] & 8 C; C %= D# N N 6 8 ? =

; %

H 4G#

J LW N < ; 8P C =

A

; A J %G4Z D# U Z eh C; ; .

; LW N \ b J

k ] 8 D# ;

<

%5K J G

# A D# C C4 8E

W C = b8 <%= W 48 .

= GF `8 ; O‚

I C; <x >

B h

<

J

# A eh C; C

%G4Z U Z eh C;

; W C = b8 ^K 8 <

. D 4ƒ A C # A J P

\ 8

b8 % ‡ <%= W ~ `8 5 %G4Z = = W C =

. GF `8 ? = ;

1. Ain o Salish Kendra(ASK)

#P 4 L F W D :

D#

B#

8E = g YU ; a F 9 : 4;

%=

C 8E C4 A V K8 E C ŠY >

X=

A 48 9 S C 48 8 4 .

(14)

88

49

"#

1 %&

1398

8 < ; C U /8 W ^K 8 P = = :

. 9 S J 8 A

m ; 8

: 8 ‹ W N %G4Z C;

W \ b J e 48 HA P .

6 3

LW N <

%G4Z 5 P W C= C8 E C=

I C# M 6 E #S#

31 8 ?

2015

%= W .

N <

3 . :# K JF 7 ,

< L H =M >

HR O 5;5 9 J#

9 5 Z N O

31 N ] 2015

C = J G 8 C 5 %G4Z : 8 P

W 48 J G eh C; C

5 %G4Z ; G

J C

eh C;

U Z D#

%G4Z

; J G C

: 8 P

= =

D#

~ `8 %G4Z W J G C

Z e 48 P 8 Y8 < U Z

8

# C J

;

F N 9

2

4

2

5

9 : 4;

D# N

19 12

7

2 12

7

3

4

1

3

9

3

6

3

8

8 W 11 4

7

2

8

; 10

3

7

2

7

e 65

27

35

12

43

A 6 C

3 A 8 8

W <

k !8 65

; 9 S J Y&

9 : 4; %G4Z D# : 8 ‹ W N F %G4Z W \ b

. P 8 22

# J 9 S J Y&

4G 34 J Z A

\ b < ; eh C; < W XY& 8

12

= = : 8 C; J Y&

W W

. C F U 40

# J Y&

4G# J 9 S 62

J Z A

k & J U Z E W

. D# E C Wc 8 E <

65

\ b J Y&

< W 43

4G# J Y&

66 Z P 4 C; F e; 48 E # <

%= W h = J Z e 48 .

4 8E 58 @ D8 A N N 6 8 ? = ; I

< J LW N C =

A %# U 4 > %F E 8

44 E

# F e; 48 e; 48

% W A 8 ; R S; ! .

<D# ; 4;

C = A

; C; m ; 8 J LW N

(15)

C=JF :# K 73 8 D EA & => 2

89

4 > > eh C; <9 : 4; %G4Z D# : 8 ‹ W N F %G4Z .

$ '2 ?/@/

. D

>%G8.&

# : 1 .: &9 E /

@ k ] 8

<

» 4A ;E 8 X= E 8 W : 4; W D

«

%=

. \ b ;

< J LW N 48 J G

C = b8 k ] 8 ; W 8

W . J G D#

C4 8E 8E = C %= H 8 HA % D# E

; C A 8 x > 8P ; g YU A G

C A JE <

A

; 48 4A E 8 W : 4; W 8

44 HA C E D 8

C %= ^K 8 J ;

q

; J LW N )

8P q E (

T !#

8 4 .

; C ] &

; J X; 4A %F ; G& %F @ C %= D# k ] 8 D#

%# U G& %F 8 > E 4A %F 8

4 4A r h N

<%= CY`48

C = A F `8 A J dcU 4

%F A

4;

9 : %U 4A

. 4G#

yt U q r

`48 8 9 S A W # CY A

N % A Y Yb 4

.

D ] 4 ; =

» E t 758 # ;E 8

%= W Y 4A

« W f / J

C; CGF `8 8 J W ^K 8 Y < 8 > k D# \ F

# C & Z

JE E O ; A

C <

A

; #

%= W Y W : 4; W .

G % ‡ ;

J

# A P C E

JE A C <

A

; C = B# < W Y W

%& # f / J .

; C4 N JE

A C <

A

; X= W : 4; W = 4A ;E 8

W % ‡ 6 # .

C Wc C > h k D# 8P C %= D# CY; = D# E q48

k D# C W ; W C h # W ; W ; < i J HA C; <ΠU

i 8 Z

8 A . 0 K8 C; : k D#

B 8 4

\ W D# W C 8 C

; D F D

g h

> h P ; C %= h a

& G8 W # .

HA y: > @ A ;

%= i > h D#

. : k D#

%= : > ] C; %#

.

D ; 4A <9 : 4; D >

%= W C J 4W E !8 a 8 > k D# < F .

IGF `8 ;

x >

; m ; 8 J C; #P C W A J ^K 8 <k ] 8 C

8 D >

J m ; 8

%= W W •C #

e] 8 4G# D > P #

%= D 4@ D# 8 > C .

;

48 <k ] 8 D#

W H 5Y C = C= C; J e;

: 1 . t 758 # ;E 8 W : 4;

n 2 . ;E 8

4A P t 758 # n

3 . A W # CY`48 8 .

e 48 C >

<

# 4A ;E 8

t 758 # W : 4;

6 U < W ; D# F 8

C h K8 C; % G>

(16)

90

49

"#

1 %&

1398

. 4G8 < W ; A W J # CY`48 8 ˆ e 48 8

# L D#

C %=

C = A

J LW N e] 8 4A ;E 8 8 > C

/>

C; % G>

4 = ; K8 ..

d hW ; E =

k D# 8

\ >

A C8

# ; Y Yb 9 S

W C .

; 8P C = W C Y Yb 9 S D W

. #E # H ? = ;

9 S ;

Yb A Y

8 S k ] 8 D# % A C =

A \ b .

6 4 <

LW N

\ >

W JE W : 4;

A 4A ;E 8 X=

W C= C8 E C=

I

C# M 6 E #S#

31 ? 8 2015

%= W .

N <

4 . JF :# K QBV

H # "FO

# EA &

2 ^ 9 C 2 H &O=

O J#

5;5 9 9 5 Z N O

31 ]

2015 J e; 48

C = J G

; W 48 JE \ >

W W : 4;

A ;E 8 X=

4A J G E P C ;E 8

# t 758 4A

W Y

%=

J G

P C E

JE A #

C W

W : 4;

Y

%= W ;E 8

W : 4;

t 758 8

CY`48

# A W ;E 8

# t 758

4A

F N 19

1

3

13

4 2

9 : 4;

D# N

21

0

3

14

5 2

15

4

0

12

2 1

29

4

7

19

6 0

8 W 16

0

2

11

1 3

; 4

0

0

4

0

0

e 104

9

15

73

18 8

A 6 C 4

A 8 8 W <

k !8 104

; 9 S J Y&

\ >

: 4; W W JE

W \ b 4A ;E 8 X= W .

XY& P 8 8

J 9 S J Y&

<

4G#

8 J Z A

\ b # ;E 8 E 4G# : > E < W

t 758

%= W Y .

C Wc D# E W S # J U <

P C A 8 J

4 N I JE # C 8P ; J W

W ; W r 4A ;E 8 X=

. d E

< # 9 JE # C E J Y W : 4; W

%= W .

(17)

C=JF :# K 73 8 D EA & => 2

91

E 104

\ b J Y&

< W 73

4G# Y&

70 J Z A

<

E F e; 48 E #

C; 9 : 4;

4

%= W h = J Z e 48 .

< P 4 8

;E 8 < J Y&

J Z e 48 4A t 758 # 4A

; . XY& C %= F U D#

18 4G# J

17 J Z A

J Z e 48 CY`48 A W # 8 <

; . I48 8E

%b CGF `8

<

48 Y Yb 9 S … A .

C Wc D# E <

C = A

\ > C; m ; 8 A J JE

W W : 4;

A 4A ;E 8 X=

8 D > C;

… A W .

7 C = LW J LW N I48

C= 8E eh C; CA 8

A 4 8E 0F a I

= =

%= ; / >

. 4 8E CF Y8 D#

H 8 C! \> U C# q I .

6 C 4#

#E h ; W 8E

C4 A 8 N N 6 8 a 4# < = = < / >

4;

H G HA 9 : D# %= #cN

GF `8 x Yb ; q T @ @ I

C = A V K8

D#

%= 0= 48 .

C 4#

< = 8 W ; #E % A ; W ^K 8

8 H 8 A # 8 J LW N C;

%= H % 5 .

D# E C Wc <

b J LW N C =

A A # 8 V K8 C;

% 5

%= 5 # .

C CF Y8 D#

C = A

; ] 8 e& 48 E 6 I U 8 H 8

>

A %# U / > = = 8

44 . C = A HA 9 : 4; 0 K8 N d G8

@ J

%= = = % /KW R S; % W 4 A

d d A F 8 = P Z

%= = = .

C ^K 8 k ] 8 @ J LW N b8 \ b C =

A

9 S J 9 : 4;

48 # A 8

44 C; / > = = 4 > e& 48 C

`J E

. C = A HA 9 : 4;

@ A

= A

# 8 C 4 5A

> //K /

C8 E ; = = # = 4W # 8P

A I D#

= A U u 48 .

# I

! < : 8 D#

%G4Z W b8 C =

A

%=

. C = A Z Ih ˆ 9 : 4;

4G# J

; # ! = 8 4A

. C = A \; > x > : # ;

44 > P ? = ; 4 ; W 4A Cv n

% G> C LA wN D# 8

D# 9 : 4;

%5 D 4@

.

8 58 @ D8 A N N 6 8 <e>

C = A H G 9 : 4;

#cN

# < N N 6 8 & l4N E # ~:Z ; %=

6 8 D C =

A S 9 : 4;

C;

8 . C W A

; P F 8 ] 6 = A C HA F #S#

8 W C; <

4

% F G& %F 4 ; 8

44 . W C= E # J LW N b8 \ b I

#S#

(18)

92

49

"#

1 %&

1398

C F C W

A F 5;

%= = E J VF K8 T SU C; m ; 8

LW N 4A

.

# <• bF D# E ; 9 : 4; F #S

J = G&

; 4 % F G& C &

. C # D# < # ; C;

# S& ; C G L

C W A

#S#

8

W /b

C = A < !# e 8

& #cN 4

%5 .

-& . 30Ĥ

K (

#

1 . <D8 A n

< 58 @ )

1377 ( <

=JF C 2=B

<

H 8 : < # K& 8 w :

8 o 5=

I

# .

M (

#" 0

2. ASK- Ain o Salish Kendra. (2015, March 31). Death by Law Enforcing Agencies. Dhaka.

http://www.askbd.org/ask/2015/03/31/death-law-enforcing-agencies-january-march-2015/

3. Akter, M., & Rossette, J. (2014, July 7). Parliament Watch of 10th parliament.

https://www.tibangladesh.org/beta3/images/2014/ppt_pw_nis_10_parliament_s1_14_bn.p df

4. Bagdikian, B. (1987, June 1). The…….50, 26, 20 Corporations that own Our Media. FAIR Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting. http://fair.org/extra/the-50-26-20-corporations-that- own-our-media/

5. Community Radio Policy. (2008). Dhaka: Bangladesh Ministry of Information.

http://www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia-journal/DOCOUMENT- june2010/c%20r%20policy%20bangladesh%202008.pdf

6. Daily Jugantor.(2016, June 26). Nibondhoner jonno 1717 ti onliner abedon.

http://www.jugantor.com/online/national/2016/06/26/17479/

7. Democracy Index. (2006). The Economist Intelligence Unit. The Economist.

http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_TABLE_2007_v3.pdf

8. Democracy Index. (2015). The Economist Intelligence Unit. The Economist. http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_TABLE_2015_v3.pd

9. Goss, B. M. (2013). Rebooting the Herman & Chomsky Propaganda Model in the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.

10. Herman, E., & Chomsky, N. (2009). The Propaganda Model After 20 Years: Answers To TenQuestions. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 6(2), Special Issue.

11. Internetlivestats. (2015, March 12). http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet- users/bangladesh/

12. NMDS (2013). National Mass media and Demographic Survey 2013. Dhaka:

ACNielsen.

13. Statistics Report. (2012). 9th parliamentary elections. Dhaka: Election commission Secretariat. http://www.ec.org.bd/MenuExternalFilesEng/304.pdf

14. Statistics Report. (2015). 10th parliamentary elections. Dhaka: Election commission Secretariat.

15. Survey of Public Opinion -Bangladesh. (2016, February). Nielsen-Bangladesh &

International Republican Institute. http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/iri _survey_of_bangladesh_public_opinion_-february 2016__-_public.pdf

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

یم توافتم ۀیذغت ۀقباس و شیامزآ تحت ۀنك شوس دسر عمج روآ لوا ۀعلاطم رد لسع روبنز موم زا یر Chmielewski, 1971 رتسب نینچمه و امد شهاك و مود ۀعلاطم رد كشخ یولآدرز توافتم ییاذغ