Action -Specific Perception in Different Focus of Attention Conditions in Autistic Children

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Action -Specific Perception in Different Focus of Attention Conditions in Autistic Children

Astireh Hasani ¹ , Ali Heirani ²^ , Ayoob Sabbaghi ³

1. Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

E-mail: [email protected]

2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

3. Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

25 January 2022 Received in revised form:

7 March 2023 Accepted:

10 March 2023 Published online:

15 March 2023

Keywords:

Action-specific perception, Autism,

Developmental disorders, External Attention, Internal Attention.

Introduction:Lifestyle changes and the increasing trend of children's developmental disorders, especially in the field of social interactions have made it necessary to conduct research in this field of study. So the present study aimed to investigate the action-specific perception in the different focus of attention conditions in autistic children.

Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 45 people with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder were identified and randomly divided into three Internal Attention, External Attention, and Control groups (15 people in each group). The participant's task was to throw darts and estimate the target size. After the pre-test, the groups performed the dart-throwing task in 5 blocks of 10 trials. The focus of attention instructions - specific to the experimental groups- were given before each trial, and subjects were asked to estimate the target size before performing the tasks in each block. For this, participants used a circle shape in Microsoft PowerPoint to draw a circle the same size as the darts' target. The next day, retention and transfer tests were performed

Results: The results showed that the Internal Attention group was better than the External Attention and Control groups both in dart-throwing performance in acquisition, retention, and transfer stages and in action-specific perception (P≤0.05).

Conclusion: In general, the findings showed that in children with autism spectrum disorder, internal attention leads to better performance and learning than external attention. Therefore coaches and physical education teachers who work with these children should emphasize on benefits of internal focus of attention when designing training sessions.

Cite this article: Hasani, A., Heirani, A., & Sabbaghi, A. (2022). Action -specific Perception in Different Focus of Attention Conditions in Autistic Children. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 14 (4), 55-68.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.337990.1939

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ExtendedAbstract

Introduction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong developmental condition that is diagnosed during early childhood. ASD is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities. Motor impairment is present in 50–87%

of children with ASD (1–4), and is a source of increasing concern. Delays in fundamental motor behaviors (e.g., motor milestones, walking patterns, reaching and aiming patterns, postural control, and complex motor planning), as well as socially and cognitively challenging motor behaviors (e.g., difficulties with interpersonal synchrony and cooperative actions, praxis, and imitation), are seen in individuals with ASD (5–9) which is starting at a young age. Motor impairment increases with age and persists until age 15 (4). On the other hand, the action- specific perception account holds that people perceive the environment in terms of their ability to act in it. In this view, for example, decreased ability to climb a hill due to fatigue makes the hill visually appear to be steeper. Lifestyle changes and the increasing trend of children's developmental disorders, especially in the field of social interactions have made it necessary to conduct research in this field of study. So this study aimed to investigate the Action-specific perception in the different focus of attention conditions in autistic children.

Methods

In a quasi-experimental study, 45 people with high- functioning autism spectrum disorder were identified and randomly divided into three Internal Attention, External Attention, and Control groups (15 people in each group). The participation criteria for this research included being in the age range of 8-12 years old, not having other disorders such as developmental disorder and hyperactivity, parental consent for the child to participate in the research, having an autism disorder, and getting a score of 22 or higher in the of autism spectrum screening questionnaire.

The participant's task was to throw darts and estimate the target size. After the pre-test, the groups performed the dart-throwing task in 5 blocks of 10 trials. The focus of attention instructions - specific to the experimental groups- were given before each trial, and subjects were asked to estimate the target size before

performing the tasks in each block. For this, participants used a circle shape in Microsoft PowerPoint to draw a circle the same size as the darts' target. On the next day, retention and transfer tests were performed.

Results

The results showed that the Internal Attention group was better than the External Attention and Control groups both in dart throwing performance in acquisition, retention, and transfer stages and estimation of target size (P≤0.05).

Conclusion

In general, the findings showed that in children with autism spectrum disorder, internal attention leads to better performance and learning than external attention.

This may be due to the collection of irrelevant visual cues when adopting an external focus of attention.

These results were inconsistent with the Limited Action Hypothesis that emphasized the benefits of an external focus of attention in most previous research.

Therefore coaches and physical education teachers who work with these children should emphasize on benefits of internal focus of attention when designing training sessions.

Ethical Considerations:

Compliance with ethical guidelines:

The present study was conducted following ethical principles.

Funding:

This research received no specific funding.

Authors’ contribution:

This article is extracted from an MSc thesis. The first author is the writer of the thesis, the second author is the thesis supervisor, and the third author is the thesis advisor.

Conflict of interest:

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments:

The researchers sincerely thank and appreciate the officials of the specialized autism center ofKermanshah and all the familiesof the research participants and the friends who accompaniedus.

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كاردا وﯾ

ﮋ ة اﺮﺷ رد ﻞﻤﻋ ﯾ

ﻂ ﺗوا نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯿ

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3

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asterah

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[email protected]

3 . هوﺮﮔ ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ ،

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[email protected]

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 5 / 11 / 1400

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 16

/ 12 / 1401

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ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ

،يﺪﺷر تﻻﻼﺘﺧا كاردا هﮋﯾو

،ﻞﻤﻋ

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،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا زﺎﯿﻧ ﺑ ﻪ

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:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻦﯾﺪﺑ

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ياﺮﺟا ﺶﯿﭘ

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،تراد زا

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دﺎﻨﺘﺳا :

؛هﺮﯿﺘﺳا ،ﯽﻨﺴﺣ ،ﯽﻏﺎﺒﺻ و ؛ﯽﻠﻋ ،ﯽﻧاﺮﯿﺣ

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ﯿ ﻤﺴ ﯽ ﺮﺸﻧ. ﮥﯾ ﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر ﯽﺘﮐﺮ

ﯽﺷزرو

، ) 4 ( 14 ، 55-68 .

DOI: DOI:https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmdl.2023.337990.1939

ﻧﺎ :ﺮﺷ تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا .ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

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ﺷﺎﭘ ﯿ ﮔﺪ ﯽ

ﮐدﻮﮐ ﯽ ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ ﯽﻟﻮﺤﺗ لﻼﺘﺧا و4

) ﺎﻫﻮﮔ ،5

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لﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﻫ ي ﻃ ﯿ ﻒ ياﺮﺑ ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا هرﺎﺷا

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ﯽﮐﺪﻧا زا ﻂﺑاور ﯽﺼﺨﺷ و ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ هﺪﺷدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ

ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﺪﻧراد

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ﺷ ﯿ عﻮ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﯽ ﺗوا ﯿ ﻢﺴ رد

لﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺧا ﯿﺮ اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﯿﺮ ي ﻪﺑ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯾ

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نﺎﺸﻧ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻫد

ﻪﮐ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﻫ ي ﻃ ﯿ ﻒ ﺳآ زا ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﯿ

ﺐ ﺰﻐﻣ ي

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، اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ ﯾﺎ ﺷ داﻮﻣ لدﺎﻌﺗ مﺪﻋ ﯿﻤ

ﯿﺎ ﯽﯾ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺟو

ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ .

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ﻞﯾﺮﺑ ،7

2015 ( . ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ داﺮﻓا هﺪﻤﻋ

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ﯾ ﮏ ﺘﮐﺮﺣ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا زا ﻪﺘﺳد ﯽ

ﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽ

ﻌﺿ ﯿ

،ﻒ ﺧﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ رد

ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﭘﯿ ﭽ ﯿﺪ ة ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽ

، ﻮﮕﻟا ي ﻧﻮﮕﻤﻫﺎﻧ ﯽ زا ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽ اﺮﺟا رد ﻒﻌﺿ و ي

نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﺮﻫﺎﻣ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﻣ

ﯽ د ﺪﻨﻫ و ﯾ ﮏ ﻪﺘﺳد

ﺘﮐﺮﺣ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا زا ﯽ

ﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽ

ﻌﺿ ﯿ

،ﻒ ﺧﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ رد ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﭘﯿ ﭽ ﯿﺪ ة ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽ

، ﻮﮕﻟا ي ﻧﻮﮕﻤﻫﺎﻧ ﯽ زا ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽ و

اﺮﺟا رد ﻒﻌﺿ ي

ﺮﻫﺎﻣ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﺪﻬﻣ) ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ داﺮﻓا رد ﻪﻧا

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و8

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تﺎﺑ رﺎﮑﻤﻫ و9

ا ) ن 2021 ( رد

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ﯿ ﺎﻘﻣ رد ار ﻢﺴ ﯾ

ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴ ﮐ دﻮ ﮐ دﺎﻋ نﺎ ي ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯾ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد

يﻮﮕﻟا ﮏﯾ ﮋﯾو

ة ﻐﺗ ﯿﯿ ﺮﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ رد ترﺎﻬﻣ

ﺎﻫ ي ﮐﺮﺣ ﺘ ﻦﯾا .دراد دﻮﺟو ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ رد ﯽ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻦﯾﺪﺑ

ﯿﺗوا ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻪﮐ يﻮﮕﻟا و ﺮﺗﺪﻨﮐ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻢﺴ

ﻐﺗ ﯿﯿ ﺮﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺮﺗ ي نﺎﺸﻧ ار يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ زا ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﻫد ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻌﺿ

ﯿ ﻒ ﺮﺗ ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ،

و ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻧﯿ ﺘﻓﺎ ﮥ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯾا رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﺳا

اواﺰﯾا) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و10

2012 .(

ﺟﻮﺗ و ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ رد لﻼﺘﺧا ،ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﻒﯿﻃ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ زا ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﮑﯾ عﻮﻧ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ .ﺖﺳا ﻪ

ﺖﻬﺟ ﻫد داﺮﻓا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﯽ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﺮﻘﺗ ﯾًﺎﺒ ياﺮﺟا ﺮﺑ يرﻮﻓ ﺎﻬﻧآ

.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻪﺑ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﺮﮕﯾد ترﺎﺒﻋ هﺪﻨﻨﮐاﺮﺟا

و ﺖﻗد ،ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ ،ﯽﻧاور ﻪﺑ يدﺎﯾز دوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ

و ترﺎﻬﻣ ياﺮﺟا يﺮﺠﻣ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺠﯿﺘﻧ

ﮥ دراد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ياﺮﺟا ﻦﯿﺣ رد دﺮﻓ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ )

،چرد و ﺖﯾو 2009

( ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ .

ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ود ﻪﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و11

ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ12

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﺮﺼﯿﻗ) 2020

(.

ﺮﺑ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ سﺎﺳا ﻒﻟو

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و13

،

) 2001 ( فﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﺶﻧﺪﺑ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ دﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ رد ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ

، يﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ دﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ رد ﺎﻣا

ﻂﯿﺤﻣ رد ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﮐ يﺎﺟ ﺮﺑ

ﻣ ﯽ دراﺬﮔ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ ، ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ . ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ

ﺐﺒﺳ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و اﺮﺟا ﺘﻬﺑ

ﺮ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ

ﺖﻧﺎﭼرﺎﻣ) تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و14

، 2007 ﺰﻨﯿﮐﺮﭘ) ﻒﻠﮔ تﺎﺑﺮﺿ و ( ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و15

2003 ( ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ و ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ .

،ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ و ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ عﻮﻧ يﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﺿﺮﻓ

ﯿﻪ ﺎﻫ ي دﺮﮐ ﻪﺋارا ار ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ها

ﺪﻧ . ﺑ ياﺮ لﺎﺜﻣ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻒﻟو 2001

( ﯿﺿﺮﻓ ﮥ ﻋ ﻞﻤ

هﺪﺷدوﺪﺤﻣ ،ﻪﯿﺿﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ حﺮﻄﻣ ار16

ﺘﻗو ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد هﺪﻨﻨﮐاﺮﺟا

ﻪﺑ ار ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﺐﻠﺟ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ رد ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﻨﮐ

ﺪ ،

ﺮﻓ ا يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾ رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻞﯿﻬﺴﺗ

هﺪﺷ ﺐﺒﺳ ﯽﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳدﻮﺧ نﺪﺷ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد

ﺎﻫ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ و ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺮﻓ

ا يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ

1. Autism Spectrum Disorders

2. Pervasive developmental disorder

3. Asperger Syndrome

4. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

5. Guha

6.Hallahan

7. Braille

8.Mohd

9. Bhat

10. Izawa

11. Internal Focus

12. External Focus

13. Wulf

14. Marchant

15. Perkins-Ceccato

16. Constrained Action Hypothesis

(5)

ﯽﻤﺴﯿﺗوا نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﻞﻤﻋ ةﮋﯾو كاردا

59

دوﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﻧارﺎﯿﺷﻮﻫ ﻤﻧ

ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد . ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ياﺮﺟا و ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ماﺪﻧا لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺒﺼﻋ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺰﮐاﺮﻣ يﺮﯿﮔرد ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ زﺎﯿﻧ ﻪ

ﻣ ﯽ ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ ) ﻒﻟو نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،

2001 ( زﺮﺘﺴﻣ و لﻮﺴﮑﻣ . )1

2002 سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ( ﯿﺿﺮﻓ

ﮥ رﺎﮑﺷآ شزادﺮﭘ ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ لﻻﺪﺘﺳا2

هوﻼﻋ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ،ﯽﻧورد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺮﺑ ﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ

ﮥ شزادﺮﭘ ﺰﯿﻧ ار ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ،نﺪﺑ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .

ياﺮﺟا و يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ترﺎﻬﻣ

ﺎﻫ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ راﺬﮔﺮ

،ﻒﻟو) ﺖﺳا 2007

.(

ﯽﺧﺮﺑ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ

تا نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ رد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺮﺑ ار ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد ﺪﻨﻣدﻮﺳ هداد

ﺪﻧا رﺰﺘﯿﻓ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3

2018 ؛

ﻦﮐوﺮﺑ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و4

2016 سرﻮﻠﻓ ؛ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5

2015 .( ﺮﺑ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ سﺎﺳا ﯿﻘ

ﯽ ﺑﯿ نﺎ هﺪﺷ ، ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺑﯿ ﻧوﺮ ﯽ رد ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻧورد ﯽ ﺐﺒﺳ

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺎﺗ ﻧﯿ ﺎﻫزﺎ ي ﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﯽ اﺮﺟا ﻪﺑ ي ﺮﺣ ﮐ ﺖ ﮐ ﺶﻫﺎ ﯾ اﺮﺟا ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺑﺎ ﮐ

هزﺎﺟا نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﺑ ﺎﺗ ﯿ ﺮﺣ ﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸ ﮐ

ﺖ ﺮﻤﺗ ﮐ ﺰ ﮐ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﻨ ﯿ

ﺮﺑ ﻦ

ﺿﺮﻓ سﺎﺳا ﯿ

ﺷآ شزادﺮﭘ ﮥ ﮑ

،رﺎ ﮐ ﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎ ﯿ

ﻧوﺮ ﯽ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ اﺮﺟا ﮐ هﺪﻨﻨ ﻂﻘﻓ ﮏﯾ ﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﯽ

ﺑ) ﯿ ﻧوﺮ ﯽ شزادﺮﭘ ار ( ﮐ

ﺪﻨ و يﺮﺼﯿﻗ)

ارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ،ن 1399 ( . ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ضﺮﻓ ﮐ دﺮ ﮐ ﻪ ﮐ ﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎ ﯿ

ﻧوﺮ ﯽ ﻤﻣ ﮑ ﻦ ﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﯿ

ﺎﻨ ﯽﯾ ﺑ فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ فﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﯿ

ﺮﺘﺸ ي ﺎﻘﻣ رد ﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴ ﮐ نﻮﻧﺎ

ﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽ

ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا و دﻮﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺪﭘ رﻮﻬﻇ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯾ

و ـ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﺛا ةﺪ ﯾ

اردا ﺮﺑ هﮋ ك ﻞﻤﻋ ﮐ ز ،ﺪﻨ ﯾ ﺮﺑ اﺮ سﺎﺳا ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﮐ ﻨ ﻞ ﺪﻨﻟوﺮﺑ

6 و

ﻤﻫ ﮑ نارﺎ ) 2011 (،

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺑﯿ ﺎﻨ ﯽﯾ ،ﻞﻤﻋ فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ فﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﭘﯿ

ﺶ ﻧﯿ زﺎ اردا رﻮﻬﻇ ك و ﯾ ﻞﻤﻋ ةﮋ ﺖﺳا . دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا رد صﻮﺼﺧ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ

ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﮐﺪﻧا ﯽ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ .

ﯽﻤﯿﺣر نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )

2017 ( رد ﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﻘﯿ ور ي ﺗوا ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻢﺴﯿ

ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﺐﺒﺳ يﺮﺗﺮﺑ رد يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﮏﯾ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻟدﺎﻌﺗ ﯽ رد ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ . يﺪﺳا و نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) 2022 ( ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يور

نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻧداد ﻪﮐ رد ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

،ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﺐﺒﺳ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ رد ﺖﻗد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ . دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ

ﻦﯾا ﻪﺴﺗ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و7

) 2019 داد نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﺪﻧ

ﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﯽ

ﺐﺒﺳ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ي ﺗوا ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ رد ﯿ

ﻢﺴ ) 9 ﺎﺗ 12 ﻠﮑﺗ رد (ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﯿ

ﻒ

ﺑﺎﺗﺮﭘ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯽ

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ .

كﺪﻧا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ترﻮﺻ

صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺛﺄﺗ

ﯿ تاﺮ عاﻮﻧا ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ و ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ) ﻪﺟﻮﺗ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﮐدﻮﮐ رد (

ﻼﺘﺒﻣ نﺎ ﺑ و ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﻪ

ﻘﻘﺤﻣ ،ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎ

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد ن ﺛﺄﺗ

ﯿﺮ ﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ ﻪﺟ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧزادﺮﭘ و عﻮﻧ يرﺎﮑﺘﺳد ﺎﺑ ﺗ

ﻪﺟﻮ ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻄﻘﻧ ﮥ ار بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ

ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد و دﺮﮐ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا رد ﻣ

ﯽ ناﻮﺗ زا ﻄﻘﻧ ﮥ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻪﺑ

ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ رد ترﺎﻬﻣ

ﺎﻫ ي ﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ع

.دﺮﺑ دﻮﺳ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ تاﺮ ،يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ كاردا ﺛﺄﺗ

ﯿ تاﺮ ﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺟ كاردا ﻋ ﻮﻣ ار ﻞﻤ ﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ در

راﺮ ﻣ ﯽ ﻫد ﯿ ﻢ .

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺶﻧاد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ رﺎﺑرد ة ﺮﻓ ا يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾ ﻪﻄﺳاو ا ي رﻮﻬﻇ كاردا ﮋﯾو ة ﻞﻤﻋ و ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺆﻣ ﺮﺛ نآ ﺮﺑ ار ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد .

ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ فﺪﻫ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ

،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ و ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﮥ اﺮﺟا و اردا ك ةزاﺪﻧا فﺪﻫ رد اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ ﮐ نﻮﻧﺎ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻧورد ﯽ و ﺑﯿ ﻧوﺮ ﯽ ﺘﺒﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ رد ﻪﺑ ﻼ

ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﺖﺳا ﺎﺗ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ دﻮﺷ ﮐ ﻪ آﯾﺎ عﻮﻧ ﮐ نﻮﻧﺎ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هﺪﺷذﺎﺨﺗا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ اﺮﻓ ﯾ ﺪﻨ ﻪﻄﺳاو ا ي اﺮﺑ ي رﻮﻬﻇ و ﭘﯿ اﺪ ﯾ ﺶ ﺮﺛا ﻞﻤﻋ ـ و ﯾ هﮋ

ﺮﺑ اردا ك ﻞﻤﻋ ﮐ .ﺪﻨ

شور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻪﻤﯿﻧ عﻮﻧ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﺶﯿﭘ حﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ

نﻮﻣزآ - ﭘ ﺲ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ هوﺮﮔ ود ﺎﺑ نﻮﻣزآ ﮐ هوﺮﮔ ﮏﯾ و

لﺮﺘﻨ ﺖﺳا . رد ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﺮﻣز ة يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ .ﺖﺳا

1. Maxwell & Masters

2. Explicit Processing Hypothesis

3. Fietzer

4. Brocken

5. Flôres

6. Cañal-Bruland

7. Tseh

(6)

60

نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر

1401

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد 45

ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﻒﯿﻃ ﺮﺴﭘ كدﻮﮐ هﺎﺸﻧﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ

ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ

) ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ رد ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ 15

) ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ،(ﺮﻔﻧ 15

ﻔﻧ ) لﺮﺘﻨﮐ هوﺮﮔ و (ﺮ 15

.ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ (ﺮﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ دورو ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ

ﻨﻣاد رد ﻦﺘﺷاد راﺮﻗ ﮥ

ﻨﺳ ﯽ 8 - 12 لﺎﺳ د ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ، ﯾ

ﺮﮕ ﺪﺷر لﻼﺘﺧا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ي

ﺑ و ﯿ ﺶ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽ

، ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو ﺖﯾﺎﺿر مﻼﻋا

ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ ،ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد كدﻮﮐ ﺗوا لﻼﺘﺧا

ﯿ ﻢﺴ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ و ﺮﻤﻧ

ة 22 رد ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

ﮥ ﺎﺑﺮﻏ ﺮﮕﻟ ي ﻃ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﯿ

ﺗوا ﻒ ﯿ ﻢﺴ ﺖﯾﺎﻋر ياﺮﺑ .دﻮﺑ1

ﯽﻗﻼﺧا لﻮﺻا ﺶﯿﭘ

نﻮﻣزآ و ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ عوﺮﺷ زا ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ و ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو ياﺮﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ياﺮﺟا ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ و هﻮﺤﻧ ،ﺎﻫ

ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ﺎﻬﻧآ زا و ﺪﺷ هداد حﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ

.ﺪﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔآ راﺰﺑا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ راﺰﺑا ﮏﭼ

ﻟﯿ ﺖﺴ اﺮﺑ ي ﯾ ﺖﺷاددﺎ ﺘﻣا و تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﯿ

تازﺎ دﺮﻓ ،ي مﺮﻧ ﺎﻣ راﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎﺳوﺮﮑ ﺎﭘ

ﻮﭘرو ﯾ ﺖﻨ 2013 ،

وﯾ ﻮﺋﺪ اﺮﺑ رﻮﺘﮐژوﺮﭘ ي

اد ﻢﺳر ﯾ هﺮ ياﺮﺑ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ كاردا ،دﺮﻓ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﺮﮕﻟﺎﺑﺮﻏ ي ﻃ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﯿ

ﺗوا ﻒ ﯿ اﺮﺑ ﻢﺴ ي ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ ﮐ ﺗوا نﺎﮐدﻮ ﯿ

ﻢﺴ ﺎﺑ

ﻻﺎﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،

ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ﭘ و تراد ﯿ نﺎﮑ تراد يوزاﺮﺗ و يراﻮﻧ ﺮﺘﻣ ، .دﻮﺑ لﺎﺘﯿﺠﯾد

ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ ﺮﮕﻟﺎﺑﺮﻏ ي ﺘﺧا ﻼ ﻃ تﻻ ﯿ ﻒ ﺗوا ﯿ ﻢﺴ ﺷ ﻞﻣﺎ 27 لاﺆﺳ

دﻮﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻟاو

ﯾ ﻦ ﯾ ﻤﮑﺗ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﺎ ﯿ

ﻞ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺳ لاﺆﺳ ﺮﻫ . ﺰﮔ

ﻨﯾ ﮥ ﻠﺑ ﯽ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ، ي ﺧ و ﯿ ﻪﮐ دراد ﺮ ﺑﻪ

ﺗﺮﺗ ﯿ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺐ ﺪﻨﻫد ة تاﺮﻤﻧ 2

،1 و

لاﺆﺳ نآ رد ﺮﻔﺻ ﺘﺴﻫ

ﺪﻨ ﺗرﻮﺻرد . ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻟاو ﯾ ﻦ ﻤﮑﺗ ار مﺮﻓ ﯿ

ﺮﻤﻧ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ هدﺮﮐ ﻞ ة

ﻠﮐ ﯽ 19 و ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻮﺻرد

ﺗر ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻤﮑﺗ ار نآ ﯿ

هدﺮﮐ ﻞ

ﺮﻤﻧ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ة

22 نﺎﺸﻧ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻫد

ة ﻃ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﯿ

ﺗوا ﻒ ﯿ ﻻﺎﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻢﺴ ﺖﺳ

ا . ﯾ ﻦ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺳﻮﺗ

ﻂ ﻪﺳﺎﮐ ﭼ ﯽ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1392

(

اور ﺪﺷ ﯽﺠﻨﺳ ؛

و ي مﻼﻋا ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ﮥ

ﺮﮕﻟﺎﺑﺮﻏ ي ﻃ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﯿ

ﺗوا ﻒ ﯿ ﻢﺴ اور زا ﯽﯾ رﻮﺻ ي ﺘﻋا و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ رﺎﺒ

ﻟﻮﺒﻗ ﯽ ﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا رادر .

ﻧور اﺮﺟا ﺪ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﻒﯿﻃ ناﺮﺴﭘ يﺮﮕﻟﺎﺑﺮﻏ و مزﻻ يﺎﻫزﻮﺠﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ زا ﺲﭘ ﺪﺟاو داﺮﻓا ﻦﯿﺑ زا

اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ 45 ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ

هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ 15

.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ هﺮﻔﻧ لﻮﺻا ﺲﭙﺳ

ﺎﭘﯾ ﻪا ي ﺋﺰﺟ و ﯽ رﺎﺑرد تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ترﺎﻬﻣ ة ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

و ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ شور

ﻨﺑزﺎﯿﺘﻣا يﺪ ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ﻪﺑ تراد ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﻪﺑ

ياﺮﺑ نآ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻤﻫ

ﮥ ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﻢﻠﯿﻓ ﮏﯾ زا .ﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ يﻮﮕﻟا ﮏﯾ

ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ياﺮﺑ نداد نﺎﺸﻧ زا ﻞﺒﻗ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﻪﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻮﮕﻟا

ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ هوﺮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ

ترﻮﺻ

ﻟارﻮﺘﺳد و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ هوﺮﮔ ﻞﻤﻌ

ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ بﺎﺗﺮﭘ زا ﻞﺒﻗ

ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ زا ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ﺎﻫ

ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯿ ﺖ

وزﺎﺑ و ﺖﺳد ي

دﻮﺧ و ﻌﺿو ﯿ ﺖ ﮔراﺮﻗ ﯿﺮ ي ﺞﻧرآ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ دﻮﺧ ﺖﺳد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ار

هزاﺪﻧا ﺎﺗ يا ﺐﻘﻋ ﺪﻧروﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ نﺎﮑﯿﭘ تراد شﻮﮔ ﺎﻬﻧآ

ار ﺲﻤﻟ و ﺪﻨﮐ رد يﺎﻬﺘﻧا بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺞﻧرآ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ فﺎﺻ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺶﯿﭘ

زا فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ بﺎﺗﺮﭘ

ﻪﺑ بﺎﺗﺮﭘ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ هﺎﮕﻧ يﺮﯿﺴﻣ

ﻪﮐ نﺎﮑﯿﭘ تراد ﯽﻃ ﯽﻣ

،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

رد هوﺮﮔ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﭻﯿﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد

ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺪﻧدﺮﮑﻧ . ﺮﻫ ﺲﭙﺳ زا ماﺪﮐ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ

ﺞﻨﭘ ﮐ ﺶﺷﻮ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ بﺎﺗﺮﭘ تراد ار

ﺖﻬﺟ ندﺮﮐ مﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا

.ﺪﻧداد اﺮﺟا زا ﺲﭘ ي

بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﻣزآ ﯾ ﺸ ﯽ

، ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﺳ ﻗد ﯿ ﻪﻘ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا رد ﺲﭙﺳ

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ ،

ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ كﻮﻠﺑ ﮏﯾ 10

و ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ اﺮﺟا ار ﯽﺸﺷﻮﮐ ﺲﭘ

زا ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ 15 ﺮﮐ ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﻘﯿﻗد ياﺮﺟا ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺪﻧد

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ بﺎﺴﺘﮐا

نﻮﻣزآ ﺎﻬﻧآ زا ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد و رد .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ يراددﺎﯾ و لﺎﻘﺘﻧا يﺎﻫ

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ بﺎﺴﺘﮐا ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﺞﻨﭘ كﻮﻠﺑ هد ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ اﺮﺟا ﯽﺸﺷﻮﮐ و

زا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ

ﺪﺷ ﭘﯿ ﺶ اﺮﺟا زا ي ﻟﺎﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻒ كﻮﻠﺑ ﺮﻫ رد زاﺪﻧا

ة ﻨﻧﺰﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﺨﺗ ار فﺪﻫ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد و ﺪ

ﺎﻫ ي ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺶﯿﭘ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ راﺮﮑﺗ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺮﻫ زا ﻦﯿﺑ و

كﻮﻠﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺳ ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﻘﯿﻗد ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ . ﺮﻫ ماﺪﮐ زا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ رد ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ بﺎﺴﺘﮐا 50 بﺎﺗﺮﭘ هد ﺮﻫ يازا ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ اﺮﺟا ار تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ

ﻦﯿﻤﺨﺗ ﮏﯾ زاﺪﻧا

ة ﻦﯿﻤﺨﺗ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد فﺪﻫ زاﺪﻧا

ة فﺪﻫ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻞﮑﺷ زا ﺮﯾاد ة ﺎﭘ ﺖﻓﺎﺳوﺮﮑﯾﺎﻣ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ نﺪﯿﺸﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻨﯾﻮﭘرو

اد ﯾ هﺮ ا ي ﻢﻫ زاﺪﻧا ة .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا تراد فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﻤﺨﺗ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ،كاردا ﺮﺑ نﺎﻣز رﺬﮔ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ زاﺪﻧا

ة رد و ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ فﺪﻫ

1. Autism Spectrum Disorders Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ)

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61

و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ قﺎﺗا نﺎﻤﻫ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧآ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد هزﺎﺟا زاﺪﻧا

ة ﺮﯾاد ة ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ هﺪﺷ و لدﺎﻌﻣ ﻢﻫ زاﺪﻧا ة ﻫ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ فﺪ

،ﺪﺷ زاﺪﻧا ة .ﺪﻨﻫد ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ار هﺮﯾاد زاﺪﻧا

ة ﺮﻄﻗ اد ﯾ هﺮ ا ي ﻪﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ياﺮﺟا زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ

ﺎﻫ ،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻢﯿﺳﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ داﺮﻓا كاردا رد

ﺮﻈﻧ

زور .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺪﻌﺑ

ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ كﻮﻠﺑ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ار يراددﺎﯾ نﻮﻣزآ هد

ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ اﺮﺟا ﯽﺸﺷﻮﮐ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ار لﺎﻘﺘﻧا نﻮﻣزآ زور نﺎﻤﻫ رد ﺲﭙﺳ و

كﻮﻠﺑ

10 ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ اﺮﺟا ﯽﺸﺷﻮﮐ )

،ﻪﺴﺗ 2019 (.

ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺐﺼﻧ يراﻮﯾد يور يرﻮﻃ تراد ﻠﺻﺎﻓ

ﮥ تراد ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﻣز زا

122 ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﯽ ﺮﺘﻣ و

رد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻠﺣﺮﻣ

ﮥ ﭘﯿ ﺶ نﻮﻣزآ يراددﺎﯾ و بﺎﺴﺘﮐا ، 50

/1 دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ

، ﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﺎﻣا ﮥ

لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﮥ 30 زا ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺪﺻرد

50 /1 ﻪﺑ 2 .ﺪﯿﺳر ﺮﺘﻣ

رﺎﻣآ شور ي

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ هداد داد ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ندﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻃﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ زا ﺎﻫ و ﯽﻨﮕﻤﻫ ،ه

ﺲﻧﺎﯾرا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و ﺎﻫ

ﭘﯿ ﺶ ضﺮﻓ هداد ﺖﯾوﺮﮐ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ نﻮﻣزآ زا ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﭘﺎﺷ ﯿ ووﺮ ﯾ ﮏﻠ ﯽﻠﺧﺎﻣ نﻮﻣزآ و ﻦﯾﻮﻟ نﻮﻣزآ ، ا

ﯿﻠﺤﺗ ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ هداد ﻞ

رد ﺎﻫ ﺣﺮﻣ ﻠﮥ

بﺎﺴﺘﮐا زا نﻮﻣزآ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ

هزاﺪﻧا يﺮﯿﮔ رﺮﮑﻣ 3 (هوﺮﮔ) × 5 هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ) ﺪﺷ

. ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ رد

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ يراددﺎﯾ و لﺎﻘﺘﻧا

نﻮﻣزآ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻪﻫاﺮﮑﯾ نﻮﻣزآ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ

ﯽﻧﺮﻔﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ رﺎﮐ ﺪﺷ

.

ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

لوﺪﺟ رد 1

طﻮﺑﺮﻣ رﺎﯿﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ يدﺮﻓ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدروآ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

لوﺪﺟ 1 ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻫاﺮﮑﯾ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ

ﮥ هوﺮﮔ تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ ﻘﺘﻧا و يراددﺎﯾ لﺎ

هوﺮﮔ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ

رﺎﯿﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ±

(M±SD)

ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

ﺮﻬﺑ ة ﯽﺷﻮﻫ 55

/2 73± / 82

15 ASSQ /3 67± / 31

ﻦﺳ 24 Age

/1 53± /9

48 نزو /1 72± / 36

28 ﺪﻗ /1 07± / 137

ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

ﯽﺷﻮﻫ هﺮﻬﺑ 91

/2 80± / 81

96 ASSQ /2 73± / 30

39 ﻦﺳ /1 06± / 10

11 نزو /1 94± / 35

36 ﺪﻗ /1 53± / 136

لﺮﺘﻨﮐ

ﺮﻬﺑ ة ﯽﺷﻮﻫ 84

/2 40± / 83

30 ASSQ /2 20± / 30

03 ﻦﺳ /1 73± /9

57 نزو /1 57± / 35

47 ﺪﻗ /1 20± / 137

ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ نﻮﻣزآ

ﭘﺎﺷ ﯿ ووﺮ ﯾ ﮏﻠ هداد ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ندﻮﺑ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ

داد هداد ﻪﮐ يوﺮﯿﭘ لﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ زا ﺎﻫ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

) 05 /0 P≤ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ،(

ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﯽﻨﮕﻤﻫ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯾﻮﻟ F ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ

) ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻦﮕﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ 05

/0 P≤ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(

ﻣ نﻮﻣزآ ﺶﯿﭘ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺧﺎ ﺖﯾوﺮﮐ ضﺮﻓ

هداد ﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﭘﯿ

ﺶ ضﺮﻓ هداد ﺖﯾوﺮﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺖﯾﺎﻋر ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﻫ

) 05 /0 P≤ .(

(8)

62

نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر

1401

هزاﺪﻧا ﺎﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ رﺮﮑﻣ يﺮﯿﮔ

3 (هوﺮﮔ) × 5 كاردا ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ياﺮﺑ (ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ) ﯾو

ﮋة ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻞﻤﻋ

) هوﺮﮔ 45 / 0

= η2

001 , /0

= ،P 38 / 17

= ( F ) ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا و 16

/ 0

= η2

001 , / 0

= ،P 85 / 7

= ( F ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .دﻮﺑ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ

هوﺮﮔ و ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻨﻌﻣ

ﺎ راد دﻮﺑ ) 022 /0

= η2

001, /0

= ،P 32 /2

= (F ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ.

و هزاﺪﻧا ﺎﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﯾرا رﺮﮑﻣ يﺮﯿﮔ

3

(هوﺮﮔ) × 5 تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ياﺮﺑ (ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ) ) هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ

55 /0

= η2

001, / 0

= ،P 89 / 25

= ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا و (F

) ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ 356

/0

= η2

001 , /0

= ،P 54 / 22

= (F ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .دﻮﺑ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ

ﮔ و ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ هوﺮ

ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ راد دﻮﺑ ) 022 /0

= η2

,

001 /0

= ،P 91 /6

= (F

. لوﺪﺟ

2 هزاﺪﻧا ﺎﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . ﻣ يﺮﯿﮔ

رﺮﮑ

ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ تاروﺬﺠﻣ تﺎﺟرد

يدازآ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ

تاروﺬﺠﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ F

يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ زاﺪﻧا

ة ﺮﺛا

كاردا ﮋﯾو ة

ﻞﻤﻋ

كﻮﻠﺑ

56 / 27 4

89 / 6 85 / 7 001

/ 0 16

/ 0

كﻮﻠﺑ × هوﺮﮔ

26 / 16 8

03 / 2 32 / 2 022

/ 0 10

/ 0

هوﺮﮔ

32 / 58 2

16 / 29 38 / 17 001

/ 0 45

/ 0

بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ تراد

كﻮﻠﺑ

14 / 4 4

04 / 1 54 / 22 001

/ 0 35

/ 0

كﻮﻠﺑ × هوﺮﮔ

54 / 2 8

32 / 0 91 / 6 001

/ 0 25

/ 0

هوﺮﮔ

43 / 54 2

72 / 2 89 / 25 001

/ 0 55

/ 0

ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻧوﺮﻔﻨﺑ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ

ﮥ كﻮﻠﺑ اد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ كاردا د

ﮋﯾو ة اد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﻞﻤﻋ كﻮﻠﺑ رد تر

ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﮏﯾ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺞﻨﭘ و رﺎﻬﭼ ،ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ يراد ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ )

05 /0 P≤ رﺎﻬﭼ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ ،(

كاردا رد ﺞﻨﭘ و ﮋﯾو

ة و ﻞﻤﻋ

ود ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ يراد ) ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ 05

/0 P≤ رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(

ﻋ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ كﻮﻠﺑ تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤ

كﻮﻠﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺞﻨﭘ رﺎﻬﭼ و ﻪﺳ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ يراد ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ) دﻮﺑ 05 /0 P≤ .(

ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻧوﺮﻔﻨﺑ

ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﮥ هوﺮﮔ ﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ كاردا رد ﻪ

ﮋﯾو ة ﻞﻤﻋ ﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﮔ ﻦﯿﺑ تراد ب

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮ

توﺎﻔﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ هوﺮﮔ و ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧورد ﻨﻌﻣ

ﺎ يراد و دراد دﻮﺟو ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ هﺪﺷ كاردا ﮋﯾو ة ﻋ ﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﻞﻤ دﺮ

) دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ هوﺮﮔ و ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ رد تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ 05

/0 P≤ ﺑ ﺎﻣا .(

كاردا ﻦﯿ ﮋﯾو

ة دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﻞﻤﻋ

توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ و ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ود تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ﻨﻌﻣ

ﺎ يراد ) ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ 05

/0 P≤ زا .(

ﺎﺠﻧآ ﻪﮐ كﻮﻠﺑ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا رد ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ

هوﺮﮔ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻣ

ﻨﻌ ﺎ راد ﺖﺳا

، كاردا توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﮋﯾو

ة تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﻞﻤﻋ ﮔ

هوﺮ كﻮﻠﺑ رد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ

كﻮﻠﺑ رد داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻫاﺮﮑﯾ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ

،ود ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ و رﺎﻬﭼ ،ﻪﺳ

ﭘ ﺞﻨ

كاردا ﻦﯿﺑ ﮋﯾو

ة اد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﻞﻤﻋ هوﺮﮔ تر

توﺎﻔﺗ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻨﻌﻣ

ﺎ يراد ) دراد دﻮﺟو 05

/0 P≤ ﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(

ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾ

كﻮﻠﺑ رد ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻧوﺮﻔﻨﺑ و رﺎﻬﭼ ،ﻪﺳ ،ود ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ

كاردا ،ﺞﻨﭘ ﮋﯾو

ة ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﮔ تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هو

ﯽ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ

ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ يراد زا ) دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ 05

/0 P≤ .(

ﻣا توﺎﻔﺗ ﺎ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ يراد ﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ هوﺮﮔ و ﯽﻧوﺮ

) 05 /0 P≤ .(

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63

لوﺪﺟ 3 ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻫاﺮﮑﯾ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ . ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ

ﮥ هوﺮﮔ تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا و يراددﺎﯾ

ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ

تﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ يدازآ تﺎﺟرد

تﺎﻌﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ F

ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ يراد

اددﺎﯾ ير ﻦﯿﺑ

ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ

91 / 3 2

96 / 1 56

/ 34 001

/ 0

نورد ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ

38 / 2 42

6/

0

ﻞﮐ

29 / 6 44

لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﻦﯿﺑ

ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ

44 / 5 2

72 / 2 22

/ 50 001

/ 0

نورد ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ

77 / 2 42

05 / 0

ﻞﮐ

72 / 2 44

ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻫاﺮﮑﯾ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ

ﮥ هوﺮﮔ تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ

ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ يراددﺎﯾ ﺘﻧا و وﺪﺟ رد لﺎﻘ ل

3 نﺎﺸﻧ

هوﺮﮔ تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ داد يراددﺎﯾ رد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ

) 001 /0

= ،P 56 / 34

= ) لﺎﻘﺘﻧا و (F 001

/0

= ،P 22 / 50

= يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ (F

رد داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻧوﺮﻔﻨﺑ ﯽﺒﯿﻘﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .دراد دﻮﺟو ﻠﺣﺮﻣ

ﮥ و يراددﺎﯾ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا

ﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ، تراد بﺎ

ﮔ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ هوﺮ ﯽﻧورد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺎ يراد ) دﻮﺑ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ هوﺮﮔ و ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ هوﺮﮔ زا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ 05

/

≤0 ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(P ﻠﻤﻋ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ هوﺮﮔ تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑ

توﺎﻔﺗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ هوﺮﮔ و ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻨﻌﻣ

ﺎ يراد ) ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ 05

≥ /0 ( P

و ﺚﺤﺑ ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا فﺪﻫ كاردا

ﮋﯾو ة ﻞﻤﻋ رد ﺷ ﻂﯾاﺮ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ رد نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻒﯿﻃ ﺎﺘﻧ .دﻮﺑ ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﺮﮔ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾ

هو ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

ﯽﻧورد كاردا و تراد بﺎﺗﺮﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﮋﯾو

ة ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ

هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و

لﺮﺘﻨﮐ رد ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ا يراددﺎﯾ ،بﺎﺴﺘﮐ و

ا لﺎﻘﺘﻧ ﺖﺷاد ﻪﮐ

ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻪﺴﺗ 2019

( ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ يور هﮋﯾو وا

مﺎﺠﻧا ﻢﺴﯿﺗ ﺘﻓﺮﮔ

ﻪ دﻮﺑ

، ﯽﻧاﻮﺨﻤﻫ د

.ﺖﺷا ور ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﺎﻬﻧآ ي

نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ

ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺑﺎﺗﺮﭘ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯽ

ا رد ﯾ ﻦ ﺘﺧادﺮﭘ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ زا هوﺮﮔ .ﺪﻨ

ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ اد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ د ﻧورد

ﯽ ﺒﺳ ﺐ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ و ي

ياﺮﺟا يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺎﻘﻣ رد ﯾ ﻪﺴ ﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯿ ﻧوﺮ ﯽ ﺗوا ﻪﺑ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ رد ﯿ

ﻢﺴ ﻣ ﯽ ﻮﺷ د.

ﻣا ﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎ ﯽﻤﯿﺣر ت

و نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) 2017 و يﺪﺳا و (

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ )

2022 ( ﯽﻧاﻮﺨﻤﻫﺎﻧ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺑ ناﻮﺨﻤﻫﺎﻧ ار

ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﮑﺗ رد توﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

هﺪﺷ ﻧاد تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد .ﺖﺴ

ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ رد ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ ياﺮﺑ بﺎﺴﺘﮐا ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ

نﺎﺸﻧ هوﺮﮔ ﺪﺷ هداد

) يدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ تازﺎﯿﺘﻣا ﺮﻫ

ﻪﺳ هوﺮﮔ رد ﺮﺳاﺮﺳ

كﻮﻠﺑ ﺎﻫ ي يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا (،

ﺎﻣا ﺎﻬﻨﺗ هوﺮﮔ رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻧورد يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﮐ

رد نﻮﻣزآ ﺎﻫ ي يراددﺎﯾ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا و ﻪﺑ ﺑﻮﺧ ﯽ

دﻮﻬﺸﻣ ﺖﺳا . ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ياﺮﺑ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ زا ﺲﺣ ﯽﻘﻤﻋ اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ لﻼﺘﺧا ﻃ ﯿ ﻒ

ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا كوﺮﺑﺰﯿﻠﮔ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1

2009 ؛ رﻮﻤﮑﻠﺑ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2

2006 .(

ﺲﺣ ﯽﻘﻤﻋ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ زا ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ، ﺮﺣ ﮐ ﺖ و ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ زا ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ رد

طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺎﺑ نﺪﺑ ﺖﺳا . ﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ تﺎ ﯽﻠﺒﻗ نﺎﺸﻧ هداد ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﻫ ي ﻃ ﯿ ﻒ ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ياﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﮏﯾ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ

ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺎﯾ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ، ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ كرد دﻮﺧ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﯿﺑ دﻮﺧ ﯽﮑﺘﻣ ا ﺪﻧ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ دﻮﺧ ار ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ كوﺮﺑﺰﯿﻠﮔ) ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2009

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻮﮐرﺎﻣ ؛ 2015

.(

ﺑ ياﺮ لﺎﺜﻣ ﻮﮐرﺎﻣ

3 و نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) 2015 ( زا ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ زا نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻏ ﯿ لﻮﻤﻌﻣﺮ و نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻼﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ

لﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﻫ ي ﻃ ﯿ ﻒ ﻢﺴﯿﺗوا ﺪﻨﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ رد ﮏﯾ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

، ﯽﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ زا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﻮﺤﻧ ة لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﮏﯾ تﺎﺑر

1. Glazebrook

2. Blakemore

3. Marko