Archive of SID
۱۳۸۶ ﺭﺎﻬﺑ ،۷۴ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ
ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ۳
Pajouhesh & Sazandegi No 74 pp: 2-8
Modification of fixation in preparing avian tissues
By: M. Rezaian. Division of Histology. Dept of Anatomy. Faculty of Vet Medicine, Tehran University. Iran.
A. Sodagar Amiri, Assistant Professor, Dept of Anatomical Sciences, Azad University of Chaloos.
M. Ebrahim Akbari, Assistant Professor, Dept of Anatomical Sciences, University of Zabol.
F. Ebrahimpoor. Proficient of Histology Lab. Faculty of Vet Medicine. Tehran University.
۱۳۸۴ ﻩﺎﻣ ﻦﻤ :ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ۱۳۸۳ ﻩﺎﻣ ﻱ ﺩ :ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭ ﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ Email: [email protected]
ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﺭ ﺩ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻑﻼﺧ ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻲﺘﻓﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻫ ﻥﺎﺒﻳﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺭﺩ ﴼﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺗﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﺭﻮﺒﺠﻣ ﴽﺭﺎﭼﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﮑﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ﴼﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺩﻮـﺷﻲﻣ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮﻴﺣ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﮑـﺸﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪـﺳﺭﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺖﮑﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ . ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ ﴼﺘﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻩ ﺪـﺷ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ
،ﺖﺳﻮﭘ ،ﻪﻳﺭ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ،ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻥﺪﺸﻧ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺎﺘﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﺑ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﺱﻮﻴﺴﻳﺮﺑﺎﻓ ﺱﺭﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺤﻃ ،ﻡﻮﻜـﺳ ،ﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻬﺗ ،ﻢﻫﺩﺯﺍﻭ ﺩ ،ﻱﺮﻣ ،ﻩﺪﻌﻣﺶﻴﭘ ﻪـﻴﻬﺗ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ،ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ .ﺪﻧ ﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ۱۵ ﻭ ۱۰ ،۷/۵ ،۵ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻦـﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ . ﺪـﻣﺁ ﻞـﻤﻋﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴـﺴﻛﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﻣﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ۶ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪـﻤﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺧﺍﻮﻨﻜﻳ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻊـﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﺕﺎﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻩ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻝﻮﺼﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ﭖﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁﮓﻧﺭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍ ﺩ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻩ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖـﺳ ﺪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ . ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻡﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭ ﺩ ﴽﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ۷/۵-۱۰ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ٪۱۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﻘﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭ ﺩ ﺰﺠﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ
ﺩﺍ ﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ،ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ،ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ:ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ
b b
۱۳۸۶ ﺭﺎﻬﺑ ،۷۴ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ
ﺭﺩ
،ﻥﺎﻴﺋﺎﺿﺭ ﻢﻳﺮﻣ
•
ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻣﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ،ﻲﺤﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ
،ﻱﺮﺒﻛﺍ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺍ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
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ﻞﺑﺍﺯ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭙﻣﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﻜﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﺤﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ
،ﻱﺮﻴﻣﺍﺮﮔﺍ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻱﺪﻤﺣﺍ
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ﺱﻮﻟﺎﭼ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺤﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ
،ﺭﻮﭘﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺍ ﺱﻭﺩﺮﻓ
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ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍ ﺩ ﻲﮑﺷﺰﭙﻣﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﮑﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﮐ
Archive of SID
ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ۳
Avian tissue processing and making desired histological slides is one of the major problems in almost all histological laboratories. Since the techniques are the same for all animal samples, the avian ones have many more artifacts and caused many times repetitions. Considering to the types of artifacts, it seems the major problem was in the incomplete fixation of samples, therefore, to modify the routine histological technique in preparing avian tissues, samples of kidney, long, skin, proventriculus, esophagus, deudenum, jejonum, ileum, cecum, spleen and bursa of fabricius of heathy mature native hens immediately after slaughter were taken and fixed with 5, 7.5, 20 and 15 percents of buffer formalin. The remaining histological procedures were similar for all samples, and 6 μm thick sections were stained with heamatoxylin-eosin staining method and studied under light microscope. For more confidence of the result, the experiment was repeated again with new samples and has done with the same procedures. The results showed that the best percentage of buffered formalin for all tissues was 15% except the lung that was the 7.5-10%.
Key Words: Fixation, Histology, Avian, Artifact
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻜﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺝﻮــﺴﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻚﻴﭘﻮﻜــﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺩ ﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺵﻭﺭ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺎﺗ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍ ﺩ ﻥﺪﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻩ ﺪﻧﺯ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻡﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﭖﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺭ ﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺞﺴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﻲﻜﻴﻨﻜﺗ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﻭ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎــﺑ ﻲﻫﺎﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮــﺷﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﻻﺎﻜــﺷﺍ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﮕﻧﺍ ﻞﻬــﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻠﻔﻏ ﻦــﻳﺮﺗﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ،ﺵﺮﺑ ،ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺐﻟﺎﻗ ،ﻲﮕﺘــﺸﻏﺁ ،ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ،ﻱﺮﻴﮕﺑﺁ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮــﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺎﺒﺘــﺷﺍ ﻚﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﺗﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻟﺎﺣ
.(۲) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻣﻻ ﻥ ﺪﻧﺎﺒﺴﭼ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺵﻮﺧﺖﺳ ﺩ ﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺖــﺴﻳﺎﺑﻲﻣ ﺍﺬﻟ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ ﺪﻧﺯ ﺞــﺴﻧ ﻪﺑﺎــﺸﻣ ﻡﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑﻲﻤﺋﺍ ﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ
.(۵) ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﮒﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﺟ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﺪﻧ ﺩﺮﮔ ﺰﻴﻟﻮﺗﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻧﺍﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﻫﺪﻴﺋ ﺪﻟﺁ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﻛﺮﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺕﺍﺮﻜﻴﭘ ،ﺎﻫﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺪﻴﺴﻛﺍ ،ﺎﻫﻞﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ .(۲) ﺪﻨﻛﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺝﻮــﺴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻢﻟﺎــﺳ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺪﻴﺋﺪﻟﺁ ﻡﺮﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺎﻫﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎــﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺐﻴــﺳﺁ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ،ﻦﻳﺰﻴﻟ ﻱﺎﻫﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗﺎﺑ ﻩﮋﻳﻭﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﺻﺎﺧ . ﺪﺷﺎﺑﻲﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺯﺍﺪﻴــﺴﻛﺍﺮﭘﻮﻧﻮﻤﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺵﻭﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﺋ ﺪﻟﺁ ﻡﺮﻓ ﺍﺬﻟ .ﺩﺮﺑﻲﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺘﻴــﺴﻴﻧﮊ ﻲﺘﻧﺁ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ،ﻩ ﺩﺰﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ .ﺩﻮﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ٪۱۰ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻﻪﺑ ﺪﻴﺋ ﺪﻟﺁ ﻡﺮﻓ .(۵) ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻛ ﴼﺘﺒــﺴﻧ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺏﻮﺧ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻞﺧﺍ ﺪﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺫﻮﻔﻧ .(۵) ﺪﻨﻛﻲﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺝﻮﺴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻫﺁ -ﻞﻣﺮﻓ ﻪﻧﺍﺪﮕﻧﺭ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺰﻴﻟﻮﺗﺍ ﻦﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻮﻠﺟ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻳ ﺪﻴﺳﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ
، ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺭ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻭ ﻲﻣﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻚﻴﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﭼﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻲﺘﻓﺎﺑ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﺭ ﺩ ﻲﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩ ﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪــﺸﻴﻤﻫ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻛﻭﺮﭼ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺩ ﺩﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑﻲﻣ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺑ ،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﮔ ﺪﻴﻛﻭﺮﭼ ،ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺨﺗ ،(Shrinkage) ﻲﻟﻮﻠﺳ ﻲﺗﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻢﻳ ﺪﺷ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺬﻟ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺝﻮﺴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﴼﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛﻲﺋﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺐــﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖــﺳﺪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭ ﺩ ﻭ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻭ ﻩ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭ ﺩ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺭ ﺩ
.ﻢﻴﻨﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻩﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
.ﻢﻳﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﻭ
Archive of SID
۴ ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ۵
ﺭﺎﻛ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ
،ﻩﺩﻭﺭ ﻲــﻬﺗ ،ﻪﻫ ﺩﺯﺍﻭﺩ ،ﻱﺮﻣ ،ﻩ ﺪﻌﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ،ﺖــﺳﻮﭘ ،ﻪﻳﺭ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﺑ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﺱﻮﻴﺴﻳﺮﺑﺎﻓ ﺱﺭﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺤﻃ ،ﻡﻮﻜــﺳ
،٪۷/۵ ،٪۵ ﻱﺎــﻫﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪــﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻊﻤﺟ ۳۰ ﴽ ﺩﻭﺪــﺣ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻢــﺠﺣ .ﺪﻧﺪــﺷ ﻩ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ٪۱۵ ﻭ ٪۱۰ ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ ،ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻞﻴﺒﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮــﺷ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻩ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺝﻮــﺴﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺐﻌﮑﻣ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻲﺘﻧﺎــﺳ ۱۰ ﺍ ﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻪﮐﻱﺭﻮﻃﻪﺑ . ﺪــﺷ ﻩ ﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﺝﺭﺪﻣ ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ .ﻢﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺨﻳﺭ ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۳۰ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙــﺳ .ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﻧﺍﻮﺘــﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﺕﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻱﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻑﺮﻇ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻩ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻩ ﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﮏﻳ ﻥﺎــﺴﮑﻳ ﺭﻮﻃﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺭ ﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ .ﻢﻳﺩﺮﮐﻲﻣ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺎــﺴﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺕﺪﻣﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻤﻫ .ﺪــﺷﻲﻣ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻣ ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺳ
. ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻥﺎــﺴﻜﻳ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲــﺳﺎﻨﺷﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﮕــﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺵﻭﺭ ﺲﭙــﺳ . ﺪــﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻲــﻨﻴﻓﺍﺭﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻪــﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎــﺠﻧﺍ ﺎــﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮــﺑ ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴــﺴﻛﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ۶ ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻴﭘﻮﻜــﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﻻ . ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ﭖﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁﮓﻧﺭ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪــﺷﻲﻣ ﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﺤﻳﺮــﺸﺗ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩ ﺪــﺷ
.ﺩﺍﺩﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﻪﻧﺎﮔﺍﺪﺟ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﴽ ﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﻕﻮﻓ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻩ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖــﺳﺪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻝﻮﺼﺣ ﻱﺍﺮــﺑ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮــﻜﺗ ﻂﻳﺍﺮــﺷ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﺑ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎــﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻃﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭ ﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻂــﺳﻮﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻩ ﺪــﺷ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﻡﻻ ﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻣﺎﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣﻮﺘﻓ .ﺖــﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲــﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺍ ﺪﺟ .ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
۸ﻲﻟﺍ ۱ ﻝﻭﺍﺪﺟﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺡﺮﺷ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ ﺪﻣﺁ ﮏﻴﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻪﻴﻠﮐ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﮑﻴﻣ ﻮﺘﻓ : ۱ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ .ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۴۰۰ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻨﺘﺷﺭ ﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴﺴﮐﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ ،٪۱۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻪﻴﻠﮐ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﮑﻴﻣ ﻮﺘﻓ : ۲ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ،ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻳﺮﭘ ﮓﻧﺭ ،(ﺶﻠﻓ) ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻩ ﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﮐﻭﺮﭼ ،٪۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ
.ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۴۰۰ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻨﺘﺷﺭﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴﺴﮐﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﺖﺳﻮﭘ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﮑﻴﻣ ﻮﺘﻓ : ۳ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۴۰۰ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻨﺘﺷﺭ ﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴﺴﮐﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ ،٪۱۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﺖﺳﻮﭘ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﮑﻴﻣ ﻮﺘﻓ : ۴ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ .ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۴۰۰ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻨﺘﺷﺭ ﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴﺴﮐﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ ،٪۷/۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ
Archive of SID
۴ ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ۵
ﺚﺤﺑ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪــﻛ ﺪﻧﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﺭ ﺩ ﻱﺩ ﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻱﺎــﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﺕﺭﺪــﻗ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻥﺎــﻣﺯ ﺕ ﺪﻣ ،ﻥﺁ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ،ﻩ ﺪــﻨﻨﻛﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮــﺗﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ .ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻩ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺕﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺜﻨﺧ pHﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖــﺳ ﺪﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .ﺪﻳﺁﻲﻣ ﺖــﺳﺪﺑ ﻲﺜﻨﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺰﻧpHﺭﺩ ﺕﻼﻳ ﺩﻮﻛﻮﻛ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺑﺮﻜﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻔــﺴﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺞﻳﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷﻲﻣ ﻩ ﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﺎﻫﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻲﻣ ﻱﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﻲﺜﻨﺧ pH ﺭ ﺩ ﺕﺎﻔﺴﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷﻲﻣ ﻦﻫﺁ -ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﻧﺍﺪﮕﻧﺭ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻥ ﺪﺷ ﻱﺪﻴﺳﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩ ﺪﻳ ﺩ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺍﺭﺫ ﺕﺭﻮﺻﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﻫ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻞﻜﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﺕﺭ ﺪﻗ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦــﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ ﻪﭼ .(۵) ﺩﻮﺷﻲﻣ ﺮﺗﻩﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﺖــﺴﻳﺎﺑﻲﻣ ﻩ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ۱۰ ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ .ﺪــﺳﺮﺑ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻩ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺐﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺱﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗﻲﻣ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۱۰ ﺕﺭﻮﺻﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ .(۵) ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭHausmannﻝﺎــﺜﻣ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ . ﺩﺭﺍ ﺪﻧ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺎــﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩ ﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۴ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻳﺭ ﻥﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﺟ ﺐﻠﻗ ﻥﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭBalogh.(۳) ﺪﻧﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖــﺳ ﺪﺑ ۴ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ Kiernan.(۱) ﺪــﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۴ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺵﻮــﮔﺮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺳﺭﻲﻤﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ( ۴) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺠﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻮﮕﺑﺍﻮﺟ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ۱۰ ﺕﺭﻮﺻﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻩ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻩ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﻳ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖــﺳﺪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭ ﺩ ﻩﺩ ﺯﺍ .ﺩﺮــﻴﮔﻲﻣ ﻡﺎــﺠﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎــﻫﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺭ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻒــﻠﺘﺨﻣ
،ﺖﺳﻮﭘ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻱﺮﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﮑﻴﻣ ﻮﺘﻓ : ۵ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۴۰۰ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻨﺘﺷﺭ ﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴﺴﮐﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ ،٪۱۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻱﺮﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﮑﻴﻣ ﻮﺘﻓ :۶ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۴۰۰ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻨﺘﺷﺭ ﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴﺴﮐﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ ،٪۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻡﻮﮑﺳ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﮑﻴﻣ ﻮﺘﻓ : ۷ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۴۰۰ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻨﺘﺷﺭ ﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴﺴﮐﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ ،٪۱۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻡﻮﮑﺳ ﻑﺍﺮﮔﻭﺮﮑﻴﻣ ﻮﺘﻓ : ۸ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۳۲ ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻨﺘﺷﺭ ﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺯﻮﺋﺍ -ﻦﻴﻠﻴﺴﮐﻮﺗﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﮓﻧﺭ ،٪۱۰ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ
Archive of SID
۶ ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ۷
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ:۱ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
.ﺪﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ∗ﺖﻣﻼﻋ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻪﻳﺭ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ :۲ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
.ﺪﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ∗ﺖﻣﻼﻋ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻩ ﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﺖﺳﻮﭘ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ:۳ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
.ﺪﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ∗ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
٪ ۵ .( ۲ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ)ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻳ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺖﻤﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻛﻭﺮﭼ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻡﻮﻴﻠﺘﻴﭘﺍ ، ﻩ ﺪﺷ ﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺎﻫ ﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻳﺮﺑ ﻩ ﺪﻳﺮﺑ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ
٪ ۷/۵ .ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳ ﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﻊﻤﺟ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺘﺴﻳ ﺩ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻳﺰﻛﻭﺮﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻡﻮﻴﻠﺘﻴﭘﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻛﻭﺮﭼ
.ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻛﺍﻮﺴﻣ ﺱﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻳﺰﻛﻭﺮﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻛﻭﺮﭼ ﻲﮔﺪﺷ ﺩﺭﻮﺧ ،ﻝﺎﻤﻳﺰﻛﻭﺮﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﺷ ﻩﺭﺎﭘ ،ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺖﻤﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻳﺰﻛﻭﺮﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻡﻮﻴﻠﺘﻴﭘﺍ ﻲﮔ ﺪﻴﻛﻭﺮﭼ ٪ ۱۰
ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﻲﻟﻭﺮﻣﻮﻠﮔ ﻞﺧﺍ ﺩ ﻝﺎﻳﮋﻧﺍﺰﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻟﻮﺑﻮﻟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺸﻗ ﻩ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻊﻤﺟ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ
٪ ۱۵∗ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ) ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻲﺑﻮﺨﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻟﻮﻠﺳ ﻞﻜﺷ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﴼﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻭ ﺖﻳﻭﺭ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺡﻮﺿﻭﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻡﻮﻴﻠﺘﻴﭘﺍ
(۱ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﻮﭘ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺪﻧﺪﺷﻲﻤﻧ ﻩ ﺪﻳﺩ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻀﻋ ﻭ ﻱ ﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻡﺭﺪﻴﭘﺍ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ٪ ۵ . ﺪﻧﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﻛ
٪ ۷/۵ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ٪۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻩ ﺪﺷ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ
.( ۴ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ) ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﻧ
٪ ۱۰ .ﺪﻧ ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩ ﺪﻳﺩ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﻛ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺏﻮﺧ ﻱ ﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ
٪ ۱۵∗ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ،ﺖﺨﺳ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﺳﺩ .ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ
.( ۳ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ)ﺪﻧ ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳ ﺩ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ،ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ،ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ،ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻲﻟﻭ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻲﺑﻮﺨﺑ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﺋﺰﺟ ٪ ۵ .
ﺪﻴﺳﺮﻴﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﮓﻧﺮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻩ ﺪﻳﺮﭘ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺏﻮﺧ ﻪﻳﺭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ
*٪ ۷ /۵ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻪﻳﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻣ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ . ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺘﻓﺎﺑ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ .ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳ ﺩ ﺡﻮﺿﻮﺑ ﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﺋﺰﺟ
.ﺪﻧ ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﻲﺘﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻥﻭ ﺪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﻃﻦﻴﻤﻫ . ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ
٪ ۱۰∗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭ ﺩ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍ ﺩ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ .ﺪﺷﻲﻤﻧ ﻩﺪﻳ ﺩ ﻲﺘﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ .ﺩﻮﺑ ٪۷/۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﴼﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ
. ﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻖﻳﺮﻔﺗ
٪ ۱۵ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﺕﺎﻴﺋﺰﺟ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻥ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻳﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩ ﺪﻳﺩ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭ ﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺋﺎﻫﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ
Archive of SID
۶ ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ۷
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻩﺪﻌﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ:۴ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
.ﺪﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ∗ﺖﻣﻼﻋ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻩ ﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻱﺮﻣ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ :۵ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
.ﺪﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ*ﺖﻣﻼﻋ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭ ﺩﺎﺑ ﻩ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﮏﻳﺭﺎﺑ ﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ:۶ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
.ﺪﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ∗ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
٪ ۵ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻱﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﺳﺍ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺍﻩ ﺪﻏ ﻭ ﻩ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﺷﻮﭘ ﻡﻮﻴﻠﺘﻴﭘﺍ ﺭﺩ . ﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩ ﺪﻳﺮﭘ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﻲﻤﻛ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻱ ﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ
. ( ۶ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ) ﺩﺭﻮﺧﻲﻣ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺏﻮﺧ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ
٪ ۷/۵ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻭ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ . ﺪﻧﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩ ﺪﻳﺩ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﻛ ﻥﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻱ ﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ
.ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍﻲﻤﻛ ﻱﺪﺒﻨﻤﻫ
ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻭ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭ ﺩ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﻴﺳﺭﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺮﭘ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ٪ ۱۰ .
ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩ ﺪﻳ ﺩ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﮓﻧﺭ
٪ ۱۵∗ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻭ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ .ﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻲﺑﻮﺨﺑ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ
. ( ۵ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ)ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﻜﺳ ﻭ ﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻬﺗ ،ﻪﻫﺩﺯﺍﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
٪ ۵ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺐﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺱﺍﺭ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ﺎﻫﻙﺮﻛ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺭ ﺩ . ﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻑﺎﺻ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ،ﻱﺍﻩ ﺪﻏ ،ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ
٪ ۷/۵ .ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳ ﺩ ﺱﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﻛ ﺐﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﻲﻟﻭﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍ ﺩ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺍﻕﻮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﮓﻧﺭ
ﻢﻫ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﻛ ﺱﻮﺋﺭ ﺭ ﺩ ﺐﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﮓﻧﺭ ٪ ۱۰ .( ۸ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ) ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﭼ
٪ ۱۵∗ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﺘﺳ ﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻛﺮﻛ ﺱﺍﺭ ﺐﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩ ﺪﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ
.ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺤﺘﻣﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺒﻴﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ . ( ۷ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ)ﺪﻣﺁﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻱﺮﺗ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺪﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺮﺑ ﻥﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ۶ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺷﺮﺑ ﻪﻜﻴﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭ ﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻌﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱ ﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ .ﺪﻧ ﺪﺷﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳ ﺩ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﻛ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻲﮕﻤﻫ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻭ ﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﻛ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ٪ ۵ .ﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩ ﺪﻳﺮﭘ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺒﻧ
٪ ۷/۵ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ،ﮓﻧﺮﻴﺑ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻱ ﺪﺒﻨﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﻪﻜﻳﺭﻮﻄﺑ ، ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺏﻮﺧ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻀﻋ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ
.ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻭ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﻛ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ
٪ ۱۰ .ﺪﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﺡﻮﺿﻮﺑ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﺭ ﺩ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ .ﻪﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﻧ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﺘﺷﺭ
٪ ۱۵∗ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﮓﻧﺭ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﮕﻳ ﺪﻜﻳﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﺣﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻃﺎﺨﻣﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺪﻏ ﻲﺤﺷﺮﺗ،ﻩﺪﻨﻧﺎﺷﻮﭘ ﻲﺸﺷﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ
. ﺪﻨﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳﺯﺍ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﺸﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﺑﺎﻨﺑ
Archive of SID
۸ ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﻳﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻡﺍ ﺩ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ۹
ﺱﻮﻴــﺴﻳﺮﺑﺎﻓ ﺱﺭﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺤﻃ ،ﻡﻮﻜــﺳ ،ﻩﺩﻭﺭﻲﻬﺗ ،ﻪﻫﺩﺯﺍﻭ ﺩ ،ﻱﺮﻣ ،ﻩﺪﻌﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺎــﻬﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻧ ﺩﺍ ﺩ ﻥﺎــﺸﻧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۱۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦــﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺱﺭﻮﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺍ ﺩ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۱۰ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۷/۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ۱۰ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ۱۵ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺱﻮﻴﺴﻳﺮﺑﺎﻓ ﻭ ﻱﮊﻮﻟﻮﺘﺴﻴﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﻩﺎﮕــﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗﻲﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﺍ ﺩ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ
.ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻱﮊﻮﻟﻮﺗﺎﭘﻮﺘﺴﻴﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
1- Balogh, E; Sotonyi, P; 2003; Histological studies on embryonic development of the rabbit heart, Acta veterinaria Hongarica, Volume 51, issue, 1, PP:1-13.
2- Gartner, L. P; Hiatt, J. L; 2001; Color textbook of Histology, 2nd ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻝﺎﺤﻃ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻥﺪﺸﻧ ﺲﻜﻴﻓ ﺏﻮﺧ ﺖﻠﻌﺑ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍ ﺪﻧ ﻲﮔﺪﺷ ﺩﺭﻮﺧ ،ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻛﻭﺮﭼ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻜﻔﻴﺗﺭﺁ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩ ﺪﺷ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ ٪۵ ﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺩﺮﻜﻧ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻲﻓﺎﮐ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﺋﺰﺟ ،(ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ،ﻱﺪﻨﺒﻤﻫ) ﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ
٪۷/۵ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻕﻭﺮﻋ ﺭﺍﺪﺟ ﻲﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺭ ﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ﺎﻫﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻲﻠﻴﻓﻭ ﺪﻴﺳﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺪﻴﻔﺳ ﭗﻟﻮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑﺩﺮﻛﻲﻤﻧ ﺖﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻥﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ
٪۱۰∗ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩ ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﻓﻭﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﻓﻭ ﺪﻴﺳﺍ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ
٪۱۵∗ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﻱﻭﺎﻔﻨﻟ ﻱﺎﻫﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺷ ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻔﺳ ﭗﻟﻮﭘ ﺍﺬﻟ .ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺱﻮﻴﺴﻳﺮﺑﺎﻓ ﺱﺭﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ
٪ ۵ .ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ .ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺏﻮﺧ ﺎﻫ ﻝﻮﻠﺳ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺪﺻﺭ ﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭ ﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ
٪ ۷/۵ .ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺯﻻ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩ ﺪﺷ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ
٪ ۱۰∗ . ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺯﻻ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻭ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﮓﻧﺭ ﻚﻴﻜﻔﺗ
ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﺡﻮﺿﻭ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﮓﻧﺭ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻢﺳﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﺳ ﻱﺭﺪﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻧ ٪۱۰ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺍ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ٪ ۱۵ .ﺩﻮﺑ ٪۱۰ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﴼﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺎﻫﻝﻮﻠﺳ
ed, W. B. Saunders Co, PP: 1-2.
3- Hausmann, R; Bock, H; Biermann, T; Betz, P; 2004; Influence of long fixation technique on the state of alveolar expansion- a histomorphometrical study, Legal medicine, Article in press, corrected proof.
4- Kiernan , J, A; 1999; Histological and histochemical methods, theory and practice, Butterworth Heinemann , 3ed edition, pp: 20-24.
5- Klatt, E, C; 2002; The internet pathology laboratory for medical education, Florida State University Research Foundation, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. http:
//www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/Histhtml/Histotch/
HISTOTCH.html.
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺮﻓﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭ ﺩﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﻮﻴﻃ ﻝﺎﺤﻃ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ:۷ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭﺩﺎﺑ ﻩ ﺪﺷﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺱﻮﻴﺴﻳﺮﺑﺎﻓ ﺱﺭﻮﺑ ﻲﭘﻮﻜﺳﻭﺮﻜﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ :۸ﻝﻭﺪﺟ
ﺪﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ∗ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﺪﻫ ﺩﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ∗ﺖﻣﻼﻋ
