A Comparative Study of the Shiite and Sunni Religious Leaders’ Views on Martyrdom Operations

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Politics Quarterly,Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science 2021, 51(2): 363-385, DOI: 10.22059/JPQ.2021.83351

Research Paper

A Comparative Study of the Shiite and Sunni Religious Leaders’ Views on Martyrdom Operations

Yacob Tavakoli ¹^,^*, Saeed Hasanzadeh Boriabadi ^1F²

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Islamic Maaref University, Qom, Iran

2 PhD in Islamic Studies, Islamic Maaref University, Qom, Iran

Received: 31 May 2020, Accepted: 14 June 2021

Abstract

The Shiite and Sunni intellectual and religious leaders do not agree on a number of issues such as the Islamic concept of martyrdom. In this research, there is an attempt to explain the jurisprudential aspects of martyrdom from the viewpoint of Shiite and Sunni Islam as the two main branches of Islam.

There is a vast difference between martyrdom operations and suicide operations in terms of their underlying causes and characteristics. In Islamic theology and law, suicide which is defined as a self-annihilatory act of violence, is a grave sin. Unlike the suicide acts, the martyrdom operations are defensive in nature, and are conducted in order to create fear to weaken the morale of the enemy, and even destroy the aggressor and the occupier without inflicting harm on innocent people.

Shiite religious leaders are generally seminary-learned and many of them are among distinguished and authoritative interpreters of the religious law (mujtahids) and the source of emulation (marji' taqlid). A well-known example of marji' in the contemporary era is Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the Islamic revolution in Iran. However, Sunni leaders mostly have earned academic degrees by completing any number of programs in various higher education institutions, and thus lack in-depth knowledge of Islamic theology and religious law which are taught at Islamic seminaries. Accordingly, they are influenced by the non-Islamic thoughts, and some of them have plunged into the abyss of extremism and radicalism with dangerous consequences due to the formation of Sunni militant and violent groups.

The authors seek to answer the following questions: 1. Why are the Sunni and Shiite leaders' theological and jurisprudential approaches to ^at

* Corresponding AuthorEmail: [email protected]

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364 Tavakoli et al.

martyrdom different? 2. What factors have led to the intellectual and jurisprudential differences between Shiite and Sunni leaders’ views on extremism? Using a comparative approach, the authors have analyzed qualitative data and arguments presented in the interpretive and jurisprudential works and in the writings of the Shiite and Sunni jurists in Persian and Arabic, with particular attention paid to the relevant Quranic verses and hadiths dealing with the subject of martyrdom. The research hypothesis claims that differences in the level of thorough seminary Islamic education, the degree of independence from the government, the strength of cultural and family ties are among the most important factors which have led to the emergence of differences in the Shiite and Sunni religious leaders’

views on the Martyrdom.

There are similarities between the Sunni and Shi’a approaches to Jihad on behalf of Islam, but their approaches to martyrdom in the fight against tyranny and injustice are implicitly different. Due to a host of factors including different educational, socio-economic characteristics, and nature of relations with the political authorities in the country of origin (or residence), it is clear that there is no consensus on the issue of martyrdom in the path of God among the Shia and Sunni scholars who have different conceptions of the Islamic tradition.

Keywords: Martyrdom Operations, Shiite and Sunni Religious Leaders, Islamic Seminary Education, Movements, Extremism

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻠﺼﻓ

، قﻮﻘﺣ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ مﻮﻠﻋ و

هرود ، 51 هرﺎﻤﺷ ، 2،

نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ 1400

، تﺎﺤﻔﺻ 385 - 363 367 (ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ)

ﻞﻫا ﯽﻬﻘﻓ نﺎﯾاﻮﺸﯿﭘ و ﯽﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ و ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ

رد ﺖﻨﺳ

ﺖﻀﻬﻧ ﺎﻫ ي تدﺎﻬﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃ

ﯽﻠﮐﻮﺗ بﻮﻘﻌﯾ

*

،1

ﻦﺴﺣ ﺪﯿﻌﺳ داز

يرﻮﺑ ه يدﺎﺑآ

2

ﻧاد1

،رﺎﯿﺸ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا فرﺎﻌﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻢﻗ ،

ﻧاد2

ﺶ ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ د ،اﺮﺘﮐد ا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا فرﺎﻌﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧ ﻢﻗ ،

هﺪﯿﮑﭼ تدﺎﻬـﺷ و دﺎـﻬﺟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻋ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر و دﻮﺧ ﺖﯾدﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ياﺮﺑ مﻼﺳا ياﺮـﺑ ﯽـﺒﻠﻃ

د زﺎﯿﻧ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ يزوﺮﯿﭘ شور زا ﯽﮑﯾ و ؛درا

،رﺎﺘـﺷﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺖﺳا يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ،نازوﺎﺠﺘﻣ ﻪﯿﻠﻋ ﯽﻋﺎﻓد يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شﻼﺗ يا

ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻞـﻫا ﯽﻬﻘﻓ نﺎﯾاﻮﺸﯿﭘ و ﯽﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ و

توﺎـﻔﺗ ،ﺖﻨـﺳ يﺎـﻫ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ .دﻮﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ناﺮﺒﻫر ﻦﯾا يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا و يﺮﮑﻓ هدﻮﻟﺎﺷ هﺪﻤﻋ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

ترﺎﺒﻋ :زا ﺪﻧا 1.

ﻪـﭼ ﺎﺗ

ﺪﺣ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻞﻫا و ﯽﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ و ﺖـﻀﻬﻧ رد ﺖﻨﺳ

؟ﺖـﺳا توﺎـﻔﺘﻣ يدﺎﻬـﺸﺘﺳا يﺎـﻫ 2.

ﻪـﺑ ﯽﻠﻣاﻮـﻋ ﻪـﭼ

توﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﻫا و ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ﯽﻬﻘﻓ و يﺮﮑﻓ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻃاﺮﻓا ﻪﺑ دﺮﮑﯾور رد ﺖﻨﺳ

؟ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ يﺮﮔ ﺎـﺑ

ﻪـﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ دﺮـﮑﯾور و يا

هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و يروآدﺮﮔ لﻻﺪﺘﺳا و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ يﺎﻫ

يﺎﻫ ا ﻪﺋار هﺪﺷ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ و ،ﯽـﺑﺮﻋ و ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﻮﺘﻣ رد تﺎـﯾاور و تﺎـﯾآ ﻪـﺑ

هﺎﮔﺪﯾد و طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽـﻬﻘﻓ و يﺮﯿـﺴﻔﺗ رﺎـﺛآ رد عﻮـﺿﻮﻣ صﻮـﺼﺧ رد ﺖﻨـﺳ ﻞﻫا و ﻪﻌﯿﺷ يﺎﻬﻘﻓ يﺎﻫ

نﻮـﻣزآ ﺮـﯾز ﻪﯿـﺿﺮﻓ ،

ﯽﻣ :دﻮﺷ

» و ﯽـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻂـﺑاور مﺎﮑﺤﺘﺳا ،ﺖﻟود زا لﻼﻘﺘﺳا ناﺰﯿﻣ ،يوزﻮﺣ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻖﯿﻤﻋ تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ناﺰﯿﻣ رد توﺎﻔﺗ

ﻋ ،ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ توﺎﻔﺗ زوﺮﺑ رد ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮ

هﺎﮔﺪﯾد رد ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﻦﯾا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﺎﻫ

.«

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﺪـﯿﻠﻘﺗ ﻊـﺟاﺮﻣ و لوا زاﺮـﺗ ناﺪـﻬﺘﺠﻣ زا نﺎـﻧآ زا يرﺎﯿـﺴﺑ و ؛ﺪـﻧراد يوزﻮـﺣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد

هدﻮﺑ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ زا ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ و ،ﺪﻧا ﯽﻣ رﻮﻣا هرادا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

يﺎﻫﺪﻧﻮﯿﭘ .ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ رد هراﻮـﻤﻫ ﻪـﮐ نﺎـﻧآ ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎـﺧ و ﯽـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ

هدﻮﺑ دﺎﻬﺟ و مﺎﯿﻗ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ فﻮﻔﺻ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺐﺒﺳ ،ﺪﻧا

ﻦـﯾا دﻮـﺒﻧ .ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ ﻢـﻠﻇ ﺪـﺿ نازرﺎـﺒﻣ زا هدﺮﺘـﺴﮔ يا

ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﻞﻫا ناﺮﺒﻫر رد ﺎﻫ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻨﺳ

ﯽﻃاﺮﻓا يﺮﮔ دﺎﺠﯾا و هوﺮﮔ ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻨﺳ ﺐﻠﻃ

.ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ

يﺪﯿﻠﮐ نﺎﮔژاو :

يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ

، ناﺮﺒﻫر ﺷ ﻌﯿ ﯽ و ﻨﺳ ،ﯽ يوزﻮﺣ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ

، ﺶﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﻫ ، ﯽﻃاﺮﻓا يﺮﮔ

* ﻮﻧ لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾ

، ﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار :ﻪ [email protected]

:ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 11

دادﺮﺧ 1399

، :ﺐﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 24

دادﺮﺧ 1400

DOI: 10.22059/JPQ.2021.83351 © University of Tehran

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368

، رود ه 51 هرﺎﻤﺷ ، 2 ، نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ 1400

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ 1.

ﺖﺳا ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻢﻟﺎﻋ يﺎﻫداﺪﺧر زا ﺢﻠﺻ و ﮓﻨﺟ .

ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﺢﻠﺻ زا ﺮﯿﻏ ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ ياروﺎﻣ يﺎﯿﻧد رد

هار يﺰﯿﭼ دراﺪﻧ

، ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﻪﻧ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ وﺮﻤﻠﻗ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻨﻌﻣ ناﺪﺑ ﻦﯾا .

ﭻﯿﻫ

ﯽﻤﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ هدوﺪﺤﻣ رد يدﻮﺟﻮﻣ د تادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ

ﯿﺘﺳ رد لاﻮﺣا مﺎﻤﺗ رد ﺮﮕﯾ ﺰ

مﺎﻈﻧ اﺮﯾز ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻠﻋ

ﯽﻟﻮﻠﻌﻣ و ﯽ ﻪﮐ

ار ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ ياروﺎﻣ و ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻣﺮﺑ رد

ﯽ

،دﺮﯿﮔ و ﺢﻠﺻ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ

ﻮﻣ ﺮﻫ ﯽﺘﺷآ شروﺮﭘ بﺎﺒﺳا و ﺶﯾاﺪﯿﭘ ﻞﻠﻋ ﺎﺑ يدﻮﺟ

دﻮﺧ هﺪﻨﻫد

،ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑ وا ﺲﻧا ﻞﯿﻟد و

لﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺎﻫ .دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ دﻮﺧ رﺎﺛآ و نآ زا نﺎﺴﻧا

ﺮﻈﻧ رد و ﺖﺳا يدﺎﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ياراد ﻪﮐ دوﺪﺤﻣ

ه

ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﻮﭘﺎﮑﺗ و ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺳ هاﻮﺧ ،ﺰﯿﺘﺳ و ﮓﻨﺟ بﻮﺷآ زا ،دﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ هاﻮﺧ و ﻢﺟﺎﻬﺗ ﻪﺑ

ناﻮﻨﻋ

ﺖﺴﯿﻧ نوﺮﯿﺑ ،عﺎﻓد .

نﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﻤﻫ ﯿﺒﻃ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز رد ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ شزﺎﺳ و ﺰﯿﺘﺳ رد دﻮﺧ ﯽﻌ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺳ

ﺑ ﺪﻧﺮ

، هاﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺮﺒﻫر

ﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ا

ه ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﭘ

،وﺮﯿ ﺪﻧرادﺮﺑ مﺎﮔ ﻖﺣ طاﺮﺻ رد هاﻮﺧ

، رد هاﻮﺧ هار توﺎﻔﺗ .ﻞﻃﺎﺑ هﺪﻤﻋ

، رد

.ﺖﺳا نآ ﯽﻠﺧاد مﺎﻈﻧ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺰﯿﻧ و ﯽﯾﺎﻏ و ﯽﻠﻋﺎﻓ أﺪﺒﻣ تدﺎﻬﺷ و رﺎﺜﯾا ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

زا ﯽﺒﻠﻃ

ﯽﮔﮋﯾو نﺎﯾدا يﺎﻫ ﻬﻟا

ﺖﺳا ﯽ

، ﻪﺑ و هﮋﯾ مﻼﺳا سﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾد هر و ﯽﻬﻟا ﻦﯾد ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﮐ

ﻪﻤﻫ دروآ

؛ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺒﻧا ﺖﺳا مﻼﺳا نﺎﻤﻫ اﺪﺧ دﺰﻧ ﻦﯾد ﺖﻘﯿﻘﺣ رد

مﻼﺳﻻا ﻪّﻠﻟاﺪﻨﻋ ﻦﯾﺪﻟا ّنا) ،

هرﻮﺳ لآ ﻪﯾآ ،ناﺮﻤﻋ

19 (

ﻪﺑ ؛

رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ ﺮﯿﻏ ﯽﻨﯾد ﭻﯿﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﭻﯿﻫ زا ﯽﻤﻧ لﻮﺒﻗ نآ زا

دﻮﺷ

ﻦﻠﻓ ًﺎﻨﯾد مﻼﺳﻻاﺮﯿﻏ ﻎﺘﺒﯾ ﻦﻣ و)

،ﻦﯾﺮﺳﺎﺨﻟا ﻦﻣ هﺮﺧﻻا ﯽﻓ ﻮﻫ و ﻪﻨﻣ ﻞﺒﻘﯾ هرﻮﺳ

لآ ﻪﯾآ ،ناﺮﻤﻋ 85

.(

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﯽﻠﮐ ﯽﮕﺘﺷﺬﮔدﻮﺧزا و يرﺎﮐاﺪﻓ

د ﻂﻘﻓ ﯽﻣ اﺪﯿﭘ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﯽﻬﻟا نﺎﯾدا ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ر ﺘﮑﻣ .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﯽﻣ ﺖﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻢﻟﺎﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ار نﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺒ ﺪﻧاد

،ﺐﯿﻏ ﻢﻟﺎﻋ و ﯽﻣ رﺎﮑﻧا ار ﺖﻣﺎﯿﻗ و بﺎﺘﮐ و بﺎﺴﺣ

و رﺎﺜﯾا ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ناوﺮﯿﭘ دراﺪﻧ ﯽﻠﯿﻟد ،ﺪﻨﮐ

ﺪﻧاﻮﺨﺑاﺮﻓ يرﺎﮐاﺪﻓ

، رﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ اﺮﯾز .ﺖﺳا ﺶﯾﻮﺧ ﻊﻔﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد زا

و لﺎﻣ زا ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺮﮔا

ﺎﺑ ﺶﻨﯿﺑ ﻦﯾا رد ،ﻢﻫ ناﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺑ نآ نﺪﯿﺸﺨﺑ ﺗﺎﻔﻠﮑﺗ

ﯽ ﻪﯿﺟﻮﺗ نﺎﺟزا ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺷﺬﮔ

ﺮﻃﺎﺧ

رد (هر) ﯽﻨﯿﻤﺧ مﺎﻣا ور ﻦﯿﻤﻫ زا .دراﺪﻧ ﯽﻟﻮﻘﻌﻣ ﻪﯿﺟﻮﺗ ﭻﯿﻫ ناﺮﮕﯾد لﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ي زا ﺲﭘ ﻦﯾزﺎﻏآ

ﻼﻘﻧا يزوﺮﯿﭘ كﺎﭘ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ و نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ب

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﭘ ار ﺖﺷﺮﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﻌﺷ ﺐﯾﺮﻓ ادﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﮐ داد

ﺪﻧرﻮﺨﺑ ار يدﺎﻣ ﺐﺗﺎﮑﻣ ﯽﻏورد .

و رﺎﺜﯾا يﺎﻫرﺎﻌﺷ نﺎﺸﯾا ﺟزا

نﺎ ﮐ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﯽﮕﺘﺷﺬﮔ ار ﻢﺴﯿﻧﻮﻤ

ﺐﯾﺮﻓ ﯽﻣ يﺮﮕﯾزﺎﺑ و يرﺎﮐ ﻧاد

ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺐﯾﺮﻓ هﺮﻬﺑ و نداد هدﺎﺳ زا ﯽﺸﮐ

هداد ﺮﺳ نﺎﺣﻮﻟ

ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ

) ﺖﯾآ ﷲا ،ﯽﻨﯿﻤﺧ 1361 : 18 - 5 .(

ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻋ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر و دﻮﺧ ﺖﯾدﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ياﺮﺑ مﻼﺳا ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ؛دراد زﺎﯿﻧ

تدﺎﻬﺷ و دﺎﻬﺟ زا ﯽﺒﻠﻃ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻦﯾ .ﺖﺳا نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ يزوﺮﯿﭘ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ لﻮـﺤﺗ نﺎـﻨﭼ مﻼـﺳا ﻪﺑ نﺎﻤﯾا

لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳا تدﺎﻬﺷ و گﺮﻣ زا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ هدﺮﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا مﻼﺳا رﺪﺻ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ رد ﯽﺣور ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪـﻧدﺮﮐ ﺪـﯾﻮﻧ .

» ﺮﺟا گرﺰﺑ

« زوﺮﯿﭘ ﺎﯾ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺸﮐ و ﺪﻨﮕﻨﺠﺑ اﺪﺧ هار رد ﻪﮐ ﺮﻫ دﻮﺷ

، ﻪﺑ دوز ﯽﮔرﺰﺑ شادﺎﭘ ار وا ي

داد ﻢﯿﻫاﻮﺧ

ﯿﺒﺳ ﯽﻓ ﻞﺗﺎﻘﯾ ﻦﻣ و) ،ًﺎـﻤﯿﻈﻋ ًاﺮـﺟا ﻪـﺘﯾﻮُﻧ فﻮﺴَﻓ ﺐﻠﻐﯾوا ﻞﺘﻘﯿﻓ ﻪّﻠﻟا ﻞ

هرﻮـﺳ ﻪـﯾآ ،ءﺎـﺴﻧ 74

( ﺰـﯿﻧ و .

(7)

ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻞﻫا ﯽﻬﻘﻓ نﺎﯾاﻮﺸﯿﭘ و ﯽﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ و ﺄﺸﻨﻣ رد ﺖﻨﺳ

ﺖﻀﻬﻧ ﺎﻫ ي تدﺎﻬﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃ 369

» يﺪﺑا ﺖﺸﻬﺑ

« غﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ياﺮﺑ اﺪﺧ ﺶﻧﺎﺘﺧرد يﺎﭘ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ هدﺎﻣآ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫﺮﻬﻧ ؛ﺖﺳا يرﺎﺟ

ﻪﻧادوﺎﺟ نآ رد و ﺖﺳا ﯽﮔرﺰﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﻣﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا و ﺪﻧا

ﻟﺎﺧ رﺎﻬﻧﻻا ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺗ ﻦﻣ يﺮﺠﺗ تﺎﻨﺟ ﻢﻬﻟ ﻪّﻠﻟاﺪﻋَا) ،ﺎـﻬﯿﻓ ﻦﯾﺪ

هرﻮﺳ ﻪﯾآ ،ﻪﺑﻮﺗ 89 (

» .

ﯽﻬﻟا ﺖﯾﺎﺿر

« ﯽﺘـﺸﻬﺑ و ﺶﯾﻮـﺧ ناﻮـﺿر و ﺖﻤﺣر ﻪﺑ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ نﺎﺷرﺎﮔدروﺮﭘ

ﺖﻤﻌﻧ نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﻢﺋاد يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧراد ﺪﯾﻮﻧ ، ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد

،ٍناﻮﺿر و ﻪﻨﻣ ﻪﻤﺣﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﺑر ﻢﻫُﺮﺸﺒﯾ) هرﻮﺳ

ﻪـﯾآ ،ﻪـﺑﻮﺗ 21

(

؛

و

» ﻢﯿﻈﻋ زﻮﻓ و «

ﯽﻣ اﺪﺧ هار رد ﻪﮐ نﺎﻧآ ﯽﻣ و ﺪﻨﮕﻨﺟ

ﻪﺘﺸﮐ و ﺪﻨﺸﮐ ﻣ

ﯽ ﻧﻮﺷ و تارﻮـﺗ رد ﻦـﯾا ،ﺪ

نآﺮﻗ و ﻞﯿﺠﻧا هﺪﻋو

ﯽﻘﺣ هﺪﻬﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺶﯾﻮﺧ ﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺑ اﺪﺧ زا ﯽﺴﮐ ﻪﭼ و .ﺖﺳاﺪﺧ ﺮﺗرادﺎﻓو

؟ﺖﺳا

ﻪﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺲﭘ هدﺮﮐ اﺪﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ يا

ﺪﯾا

، ﺖﺳا گرﺰﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﻣﺎﮐ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻦﯾا و ؛ﺪﯿﺷﺎﺑ دﺎﺷ

ﯽﻓ نﻮﻠﺗﺎﻘﯾ)

،ﻢﯿﻈﻌﻟا زﻮﻔﻟا ﻮﻫ ﮏﻟذ و...ﻪّﻠﻟا ﻞﯿﺒﺳ هرﻮﺳ

ﻪﯾآ ،ﻪﺑﻮﺗ 111

ر ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﮐ ،(

ناﺪـﯿﻣ رد رﻮﻀﺣ ﻪﺑ ا و دﺎـﻬﺟ يﺎـﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ اﺪﺧ هار رد يزﺎﺒﻧﺎﺟ مﻼﺳا نﺎﻨﻤﺷد .دﺮﮐ

ﻪﺑ ﺑﻮﺧ هدﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ار يزوﺮﯿﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﯾا ﯽ

ﯽﻣ و هدﺮﮐ شﻼﺗ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ لﻮﻃ رد و ﯽﯾﺎﻫر ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا زا ار مدﺮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

رد .ﺪﻧزﺎـﺳ اﺪـﺟ ﺶﺨﺑ

تدﺎﻬﺷ ﺖﻀﻬﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺮﺼﻋ ﯽﺑ و ﻢﻠﻇ زا ﻪﮐ ار نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﯽﺒﻠﻃ

ﻋ ﻪـﺳﺎﮐ ،ﻢﻟﺎﻋ ناﺮﺒﮑﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﺘﻟاﺪ

ﺰﯾﺮﺒﻟ نﺎﺷﺮﺒﺻ هﺪﺷ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﺴﯾروﺮﺗ ،ﺖﺳا ار ﺎـﻬﻧآ ﺪـﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ نﺎـﻬﺟ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ رﺎﮑﻓا ﺐﯾﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺧ

ﻞﺘﻗ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ مﺎﻋ شور زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﻋﺎﻓد يﺎﻫ

ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﮔزﺎﺗ ﯽ ﻪﺑ نازوﺎﺠﺘﻣ ﻪﯿﻠﻋ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ رﺎﮐ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺪﻧا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ،

مﺎﺠﻧا .ﺖﺳا يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا ا

ﻦﯾ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﻦﯿﻄﺴﻠﻓ ﻪﺑ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا رﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ و دراﺪﻧ ص

ﯽﻣ ،دﺮﯿﮔ راﺮﻗ لﺎﻐﺷا و زوﺎﺠﺗ درﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ تدﺎﻬﺷ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ .دﻮﺷ

ياراد ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻋﺮﺷ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ

و

ﺎﻬﻘﻓ ي مﻼﺳا هداد نآ زاﻮﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻢﮑﺣ .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ رﺎﺤﺘﻧا و روﺮﺗ ﺰﮔﺮﻫ و ،ﺪﻧا

ﺎﻬﻘﻓ ي مﻼﺳا زا عﺎﻓد

د ،ﻦﯾ ﻦﻃو ، نﺎﺟ ﻪﻠﯿﺳو ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ار ... و سﻮﻣﺎﻧ ، ﯽﻣ ﺐﺟاو يا

ﺪﻨﻧاد ﯽﺷور ﻢﻫ يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ؛

لﺎﺳ رد .ﺖﺳا عﺎﻓد ياﺮﺑ عوﺮﺸﻣ و ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ يﺎﻫرﺎﺸﻓ ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ

ﻏ ﻢﺴﯿﻧﻮﯿﻬﺻ و رﺎﺒﮑﺘﺳا ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧﺮﯿ

نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻪﯿﻠﻋ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ

و ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﯿﻄﺴﻠﻓ مﻮﻠﻈﻣ مدﺮﻣ هﮋﯾ .

ﻢﻫ نﻮﻨﮐا ﭼ رﻮﺸﮐ ﺪﻨ

ﺎﻬﻧآ لﺎﻐﺷا رد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

، ﻦﯾازا ور ﺟاو و مزﻻ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا ﺐ

ﺎﺗ زا عﺎﻓد ياﺮﺑ

زا نﺎﺷدﻮﺧ سﻮﻣﺎﻧ و رﻮﺸﮐ ،ﻦﯾد ﺳو ﺮﻫ

ﻪﻠﯿ ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ

يروﺎﻨﻓ ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ و ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺗ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ،ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ رﺎﺒﮑﺘﺳا

ﯽ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺷ

ﺖﺴﯿﻧ مﻼﺳا نﺎﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ

؛ دﻮﺟو ود نآ ﻦﯿﺑ يدﺎﯾز ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ و دراد

، مزﻻ ﻣ ﺖﺳا نﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ مدﺮ

ﯽﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺢﻠﺴﻣ يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ و

ﺎﻬﻧآ هﻮﯿﺷ ﻪﻤﻫ ، ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ و ﺎﻫ

ﺐﺴﮐ ار ﯽﻋﺎﻓد مزﻻ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻨﻨﮐ . هﻮﯿﺷ ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﮑﯾ يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻋﺎﻓد يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا ، ﻪﺑ و ﯽﻧﺎﻣز هﮋﯾ و فرﺎﻌﺘﻣ هﻮﯿﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ

.دﺮﮐ ﻢﻠﻇ و زوﺎﺠﺗ ﻊﻓد ناﻮﺘﻧ ﮏﯿﺳﻼﮐ ﯽﻣ شﻼﺗ رﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا رد

ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﻟﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا ﻦﻤﺿ هدﻮ

ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا و يﺮﮑﻓ ﻞﻫا و

ﺖﻨﺳ

،يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ رد ﻪﺑ

ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يا

ﺄﺸﻨﻣ و

هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ ﻞﻫا ﯽﻬﻘﻓ نﺎﯾاﻮﺸﯿﭘ و ﯽﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﻦﯾا رد ﺖﻨﺳ

ﺖﻀﻬﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ

(8)

370

2 . ﻪﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾ مﺎﺠﻧا

ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪ ﯽﻣ رﺎﮑﺷآ ار ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﮑﻧ ، .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﮐ ﺎﺠﻧآ زا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﻪ

و يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد و عوﺮﺸﻣ عﺎﻓد ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﯾذ ار مﻼﺳا ﻪﻘﻓ رد نآ زاﻮﺟ

ﯽﻋﺎﻓد دﺎﻬﺟ ﯽﻣ

ناﻮﺗ

ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،دﺮﮐ

ﻦﯾا عﻮﻧ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ زور ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻋﺎﻓد ﺪﯾﺪﺟ شور

ﻞﻫا و ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ

ﻧ هﺪﺸﻧ ﯽﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ نآ هرﺎﺑرد ﺰﯿ ﺖﺳا

، ﺰﺟ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ

ﺮﻈﻧ و طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﯾاور و تﺎﯾآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﻨﺳ ﻞﻫا و ﻪﯿﻣﺎﻣا يﺎﻬﻘﻓ صﻮﺼﺧ رد

رد ﺎﻬﻨﺗ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ

بﺎﺘﮐ يﺎﻫ يﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ ﯽﻣ ،ﯽﻬﻘﻓ و ﺖﺳد ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ

ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ . عﻮﻤﺠﻣ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

يﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ

ﯿﻠﻤﻋ هرﺎﺑرد يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎ

ﯽﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﺖﺳد ﯽﻠﮐ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ

ﻮﻧ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺴﺣ و

ﺖﺳا س .

ا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ندﻮﺑ ﻮﻧ نآ ز

ﺚﯿﺣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ رﻮﻣ ﺮﯿﺧا لﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﭼ رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ د

ﺧﺮﺑ و ناﺪﻨﻤﺸﯾﺪﻧا ﯽ

ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ي مﻼﺳا راﺮﻗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ؛ﺖﺳا و رﺎﻤﺷ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺘﮐ ﻞﻫا يﻮﺳ زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻢﻫ نآ و ،ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ و بﺎ ﺖﻨﺳ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ و ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ .

ﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ﻢﻫ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺚ رﺎﺗ

تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﭽﺨﯾ دﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا

و ،ﺖﺳا ي

ا ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻪﻟد يﺎﻫ ﻬﻘﻓ ﯽ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺎﯾ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ هﺪﺷ

.ﺖﺳا ندﻮﺑ سﺎﺴﺣ

زا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ نآ

ﺖﺳا ﺚﯿﺣ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ و ﺖﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﻪﮐ

ﯽﻔﻨﻣ رﺎﺒﮑﺘﺳا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ مﻼﺳا نﺎﻨﻤﺷد و ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ

ﺖﻟود ﻪﯿﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻣﺎﻈﻧ و ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ رﺎﺸﻓ و يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ و ﯽﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫ

،نﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ مدﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻮﻠﺟ ﻼﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﺑ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ و تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا مﺎﺠﻧا زا يﺮﯿﮔ ،نآ ن

ﺐﺒﺳ

ﯽﺑ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺘﺒﻏر ﻖﯿﻗد ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ

ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شﻼﺗ يا

ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﯽﻬﻘﻓ نﺎﯾاﻮﺸﯿﭘ و ﯽﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ و

ﻞﻫا توﺎﻔﺗ ،ﺖﻨﺳ ﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ناﺮﺒﻫر ﻦﯾا يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا و يﺮﮑﻓ هدﻮﻟﺎﺷ هﺪﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﯿ و

يوﺎﮐاو ﺶﺳﺮﭘ .دﻮﺷ ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻠﺻا يﺎﻫ

:زا ﺪﻧا 1.

ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ

هﺎﮕﺘﺳﺎﺧ و

ﻞﻫا و ﯽﻌﯿﺷ ناﺮﺒﻫر

ﺖﻀﻬﻧ رد ﺖﻨﺳ ؟ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ

2.

ﻪﺑ ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﭼ

توﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﻫا و ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ﯽﻬﻘﻓ و يﺮﮑﻓ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻃاﺮﻓا ﻪﺑ دﺮﮑﯾور رد ﺖﻨﺳ ؟ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ يﺮﮔ

ﺎﺑ

ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ دﺮﮑﯾور يا

هداد ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و يروآدﺮﮔ و لﻻﺪﺘﺳا و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ يﺎﻫ

يﺎﻫ ﻪﺋارا هﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﻮﺘﻣ رد

نﻮﻣزآ ﺮﯾز ﻪﯿﺿﺮﻓ ،ﻪﻔﯾﺮﺷ تﺎﯾآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و ،ﯽﺑﺮﻋ و ﯽﻣ

دﻮﺷ :

» ﻖﯿﻤﻋ تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ناﺰﯿﻣ رد توﺎﻔﺗ

ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻂﺑاور مﺎﮑﺤﺘﺳا ،ﺖﻟود زا لﻼﻘﺘﺳا ناﺰﯿﻣ ،يوزﻮﺣ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ،ﯽﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ و

توﺎﻔﺗ زوﺮﺑ رد د رد ﺎﻫ

هﺎﮔﺪﯾ ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﻦﯾا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﺎﻫ .«

ﻪﺑ فﻮﻄﻌﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ شﻼﺗ

هدﻮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺖﺳا ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﮔرﺰﺑ

ﺧاد رد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هرﺎﺑرد ﻪﮐ يرﺎﺛآ زا جرﺎﺧ و ﻞ

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ

ﻠﻤﻋ يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا

يدراﻮﻣ رد .دﻮﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﮐ

نﺎﮑﻣا

ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد روﺪﻘﻣ رﺎﺛآ ﯽﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ

ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ،دﻮﺒﻧ زا

تﺎﻋﻼﻃا زا مزﻻ

ﮏﻧﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا يﺎﻫ

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ يروآدﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ ﻣ ،ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽ بﺎﺘﮐ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا يﺎﻫ

:دﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﺮﯾز ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ود 1.

يرﺎﮐاﺪﻓ و ﻢﺴﯾروﺮﺗ ﻧ ﻪﮐ

ﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮ نآ رد ه روﺮﺗ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ ،

ﺪﻓ نآ عاﻮﻧا و يرﺎﮐا ﻪﭽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ،

(9)

ﻦﯾا ناﺮﯾا رد تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ هداد حﺮﺷ ار

ﺘﻤﮐ و نﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮ ﯽﻬﻘﻓ و يﺮﮑﻓ يﺎﻫ

هدﺮﮐ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ

ﺖﺳا

؛ ﻪﺸﯾﺪﻧا ﻪﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ و ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ رد ﯽﺘﺣ ﻞﻫا يﺎﻫ

هرﺎﺷا ﺖﻨﺳ ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮑﻧ يا

،ﯽﻠﮐﻮﺗ) 1394

.(

ﻞﻫا و ﻪﻌﯿﺷ يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا و ﯽﻬﻘﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ 2.

ﺖﻨﺳ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻬﻘﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ

،ﯽﻠﻋﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻼﻣ) 1385

؛(

3.

هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﻣ رﺎﺤﺘﻧا بادﺮ يرﺎﺤﺘﻧا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ

نﺎﯾﺮﺟ ﺪﻨﺗ يﺎﻫ ر هزﻮﻣآ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا و ﺖﻨﺳ و نآﺮﻗ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ

،ﺎﺨﯿﮐ) 1392

؛(

4.

ﯽﺧﺮﺑ

شراﺰﮔ هﺪﺷ ﻪﯿﻬﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ

هﺎﮔرﺎﮐ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻫ ،ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﺸﻧ ،ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ و ﯽﻤﻠﻋ يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ

هﺪﺷراﺰﮔﺮﺑ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد

رﻮﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ ﻧ يﻮﺳ زا

دﺎﻬ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد يﺮﺒﻫر ﻢﻈﻌﻣ مﺎﻘﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﯾﺎﻤﻧ هﺮﮕﻨﮐ ،ﺎﻫ

نﺎﯾﺮﺟ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد زا يﺮﯿﻔﮑﺗ و ﯽﻃاﺮﻓا يﺎﻫ

يﺎﻤﻠﻋ و مﻼﺳا ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻓﺎﮐﺎﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﮐ هﺮﯿﻏ

،لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺠﻧآ زا

ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻫ و رﺎﺛآ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ،ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ زا ﺖﯾﺎﮑﺣ ﺎﻫ

ﻻﻮﺌﺴﻣ و ن

ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ دراد

، هﺪﻨﻨﮐراوﺪﯿﻣا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا .ﺖﺳا

ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺋارا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ و ﻪﺘﺴﺟ

ﻪﺘﺨﯾﺮﮔ

، و ﯽﻫﺎﮔ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﺣ رد هﺎﺗﻮﮐ

ﺖﺳا و ، ﯽﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﭼ رﺎﺛآ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ و ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ناﺪﻨ

هرﺎﺑرد ﯽﻤﺠﺴﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا

سﺮﺘﺳد رد عﻮﺿﻮﻣ .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ

3 . هدﻮﻟﺎﺷ ﯽﻬﻘﻓ نﺎﯾاﻮﺸﯿﭘ رد يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا و يﺮﮑﻓ

ﻪﻌﯿﺷ

،ﻊﯿﺸﺗ ﺐﺘﮑﻣ ﻦﺑ

ﺎﻣ ﯾﻪ يﺎﻫ ﺮﮐ تﺎﯾآ زا ار دﻮﺧ يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا مﺎﻣا هﺮﯿﺳ و يﻮﺒﻧ ﺖﻨﺳ ،نآﺮﻗ ﻪﻤﯾ

ﯽﻠﻋ (ع) سﺎﺒﺘﻗا ،ﻞﯿﺻا مﻼﺳا ﻦﺘﻣ و ﻦﻄﺑ زا و هدﺮﮐ ﺬﺧا هﺪﺷ

ﺖﺳا

،يﺮﺒﻃ) 1387 : 252 (

ﯽﻨﺘﻔﮔ .

ﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺪ

لزﺎﻧ ﺖﯾﺮﺸﺑ ﺮﺑ نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺳآ ﺐﻫاﺬﻣ و ﯽﻬﻟا نﺎﯾدا د ﺪﺷ

ه ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﻮﻃ دﺪﻌﺗ ،

ﻦﯾﺪﺑ ،ﯽﺿﺮﻋ ﻪﻧ ﺖﺳا ﯾد ﻪﮐ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ

ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﺸﯿﭘ ﻦﯾد ﻞﻤﮑﻣ و ﺦﺳﺎﻧ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦ .

ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﯾد نﺪﻣآ ﺎﺑ

ﺼﻣ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻔﺘﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﺸﯿﭘ ﻦﯾد فﺮ

ﯽﻣ ﺖﯿﻤﺳر زا ،دﻮﺷ ﺪﺘﻓا

، يﺎﺟ و ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﯾد ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ؛ يوﺮﯿﭘ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﯿﯾآ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا مزﻻ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ

ﻨﻨﮐ ﺪ

، ﺑ .ﺪﻧروﺎﯿﺑ نﺎﻤﯾا نآ ﻪﺑ و ﻪ

ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻞﯿﻟد زا ،ﯽﻨﯾد صﻮﺼﻧ و سﺪﻘﻣ نﻮﺘﻣ رد ﮐ

ﯽﻤﻧ نﺎﻤﯾا ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻦﯾد ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺴ ،ﺪﻧروآ

ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ » ﺮﻓﺎﮐ « ﯽﻣ دﺎﯾ دﻮﺷ .

ﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻊﯿﺸﺗ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ يﺮﺗﺮ ﺐﺒﺳ

» ندﻮﺑ ﻖﺣ «

ﺖﺳا نآ

، اﺮﯾز ﺣ ﻦﯾد ﻪﻫﺮﺑ ﺮﻫ رد ﻖ يا

ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻦﯾد

ﺖﺳا

، ا ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و و ﻞﻃﺎﺑ ﻞﺻا زا ﺎﯾ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ نﺎﯾد ﺑ

ﯽ سﺎﺳا ﺪﻧا خﻮﺴﻨﻣ و ضﺮﻘﻨﻣ ﺎﯾ .

هزوﺮﻣا

،

ﺣ ﺖﻌﯾﺮﺷ ﻘ

ﺖﺳا مﻼﺳا ﺖﻌﯾﺮﺷ ،ﻪ .

ﻧ مﻼﺳا ﺮﻬﭼ رد ﻦﯿﺘﺳار و بﺎ ه

هﺪﺷ ﯽﻠﺠﺘﻣ ﻊﯿﺸﺗ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ

ﺖﺳا

؛ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ و هزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ يﺪﻤﺤﻣ بﺎﻧ مﻼﺳا ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا .

ﻪﺘﮑﻧ نآزا ﺖﺳور ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﯽﻣ تﺎﺒﺛا ﺖﺳا مﻼﺳا ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ دﻮﻟﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ﺪﻨﮐ

، ﻪﺸﯾر ﺶﺗاﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ و

دراد تﺎﯾاور و ﯽﻧآﺮﻗ صﻮﺼﻧ رد ،مود .

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻫد ﺶﯾاﺪﯿﭘ ا ،ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﻦﯾ ﺖﺳد

ﻢﮐ ﺪﻌﺑ زا

تﻮﺒﻧ ﺮﺼﻋ ﻪﺑ يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا

، (ص) ﺮﺒﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﺖﻠﺣر زا ﺲﭘ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ و ﺎﻫداﺪﯾور ﻪﻧ و

ﯽﻣزﺎﺑ ددﺮﮔ

،يﺮﻀﺧ) 1388 : 8

اﺪﺧ لﻮﺳر (.

(ص) ﯽﻣ :ﺪﯾﺎﻣﺮﻓ

» نارﺎﮕﺘﺳر وا نﺎﯿﻌﯿﺷ و (ﯽﻠﻋ) ﻦﯾا

(10)

372

ﺖﻣﺎﯿﻗ زور ﺪﻧا

«

)

"

نوﺰﺋﺎﻔﻟا ﻢﻫ ﻪﺘﻌﯿﺷ و ﯽﻠﻋ اﺬﻫ ّنا

"

،ﯽﻧﺎﮐﻮﺷ ؛ 1414

: 582 . (

ﺮﻗ رد نوﺰﺋﺎﻓ ،نآ

، ﻒﺻو

ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻣﺆﻣ ﮐ

نﺎﻤﯾا رد ﻪ دﻮﺧ

دﻮﺑ راﻮﺘﺳا و ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ه

؛ﺪﻧا ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧآ و ﮐ

و ﺶﻟﻮﺳر و اﺪﺧ ﻊﯿﻄﻣ ﻪ

و سﺮﺗاﺪﺧ ﭘاوﺮﭘ

ﯿ ﻪﺸ دﻮﺑ ه .ﺪﻧا ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧآ ﮐ ﺪﻧدروآ نﺎﻤﯾا ﻪ

؛ نﺎﻤﯾا ﻆﻔﺣ ياﺮﺑ و دﻮﺧ

نﺎﺷرﺎﯾد زا

تﺮﺠﻫ ﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮ

، دﺎﻬﺟ نﺎﺸﻧﺎﺟ و لﺎﻣ ﺎﺑ اﺪﺧ هار رد و ﮐ

دﺮ ﺪﻧ . ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

، ﻔﮐ ﺎﺑ دﺎﻬﺟ ،نﺎﮐﺮﺸﻣ و رﺎ

ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺳآ و ﻞﯿﺻا ﺐﺘﮑﻣ ﻦﯾا زا ﮏﻔﻨﯾﻻ ﯽﺋﺰﺟ ﯽﻣ رﺎﻤﺸﺑ

ﺪﯾآ . ﻠﻤﻋ ﯿ تﺎ دﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا

،ي ﻮﯿﺷ ه يا

ﺪﻫﺎﺠﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يدﺎﻬﺟ ا

رد نﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ن نارود

لﺎﻐﺷا و زوﺎﺠﺘﻣ نﺎﻨﻤﺷد ﺪﺿ ،ﺮﯿﺧا ﻪﺑ ﺮﮔ

رﺎﮐ

ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪ ﺪﻧا . ﻦﯾازا مﻼﺳا يژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﯾا ،ور ﺶﺒﻨﺟ نﺎﯿﻣ رد ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ياﺮﮔ

تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻌﯿﺷ يﺎﻫ

تدﺎﻬﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃ ﻣ ﯽ

،ﺪﻧزادﺮﭘ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺲﭘ و تﻮﺒﻧ ﺮﺼﻋ رد ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ

ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ (ﺞﻋ) نﺎﻣز مﺎﻣا يﺮﺒﮐ ﺖﺒﯿﻏ زا ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

يرﻮﻬﻤﺟ سﺪﻘﻣ مﺎﻈﻧ ﯽﻤﺳر ﻦﯾﺮﺘﮐد و

راﻮﺘﺳا نآ ﺮﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ناﺮﯾا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺪﺷ

.ﺖﺳا ه

ﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪ ﻪﮐ ﻪﯿﻘﻓ ﺖﯾﻻو مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ

ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ (هر) ﯽﻨﯿﻤﺧ مﺎﻣا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

ﻬﺷ ، تدﺎ ،ﯽﺒﻠﻃ

ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺖﻬﺟ يراﺰﺑا .

ﯾا ﻪﺑ راﻮﮔرﺰﺑ ﻪﻤﺋا هﺮﯿﺳ زا ،شور ﻦ هﮋﯾو

ﺶﺒﻨﺟ

تدﺎﻬﺷ ﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃ ﻪ ﯽﻨﯿﻤﺧ مﺎﻣا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺚﻌﺒﻨﻣ (ع) ﻦﯿﺴﺣ مﺎﻣا ناﺪﯿﻬﺷ رﻻﺎﺳ و روﺮﺳ (هر)

ﺎﺑ

زﺎﺳﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا ي

اﺪﻬﺸﻟاﺪﯿﺳ (ع)

ﻦﯾا رد درﻮﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ :

» ﻢﻫ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ دﻮﺑ هﺪﻣآ ءاﺪﻬﺸﻟاﺪﯿﺳ

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺑ هﺪﻣآ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ ًﻼﺻا ،دﺮﯿﮕﺑ ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ

، لﺎﯿﺧ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧآ و ﺖﺳا يﺮﺨﻓ ﮏﯾ ﻦﯾا و

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﺪﻣآ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﯾا ،ﺮﯿﺧ هﺪﻣﺎﯿﻧ ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ياﺮﺑ اﺪﻬﺸﻟاﺪﯿﺳ تﺮﻀﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

؛ ياﺮﺑ

ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ءاﺪﻬﺸﻟاﺪﯿﺳ ﻪﻌﯿﺷ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮐ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ءاﺪﻬﺸﻟاﺪﯿﺳ ﻞﺜﻣ ﺖﺳد ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ «

ﺖﯾآ) ﯿﻤﺧ ﷲا ،ﯽﻨ 1361 : 190 ( .

4 . دﻮﻟﺎﺷ ه ﺖﻨﺳ ﻞﻫا ﯽﻬﻘﻓ نﺎﯾاﻮﺸﯿﭘ رد يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا و يﺮﮑﻓ

ﻞﻫا ﺖﻨﺳ

، نآﺮﻗ و ظﻮﻔﺤﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﺘﮐ ار ندﻮﺑ نﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ

يوﺮﯿﭘ رد ار زا

نآﺮﻗ و ﺖﻨﺳ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ،ﺪﻤﺤﻣ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺑﯿ ﺪﻨﻨ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ . ﯽﻣ ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ار نآ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ و اﺪﺧ بﺎﺘﮐ ،مود ﻪﻔﯿﻠﺧ ﺮﻤﻋ

ﻞﻫا ﺎﻣا ،ﺖﺴﻧاد

،ﻦﻨﺴﺗ

رد ﺎﺴﻣ ﺋ ﯽﻬﻘﻓ ﻞ اﺪﺘﺑا ،

نآﺮﻗ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺚﯾدﺎﺣا

ﺪﻤﺤﻣ (ص) و ﺲﭘ ﺚﯾدﺎﺣا نآ زا

ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺤﺻ و عﺎﻤﺟا ار ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ .ﺪﻧﺮﺑ ﻞﻫا ﺐﻫﺬﻣ

يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﯽﻟﻮﺻا ﺐﺘﮑﻣ ود رد ﺖﻨﺳ ﻼﮐ

ﯽﻣ

ﯽﻨﻌﯾ يﺮﻌﺷا و يﺪﯾﺮﺗﺎﻣ و ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﯽﻟﺰﺘﻌﻣﻮﻧ ﯽﻔﻠﺳ زا و ،

ﻠﻋ ظﺎﺤﻟ هدرﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻬﻘﻓ مﻮ

،ﯽﮑﻟﺎﻣ ،ﯽﻔﻨﺣ ﯽﻠﻤﻋ و ﯽﻋوﺮﻓ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ ﯽﻌﻓﺎﺷ

و ﯽﻠﺒﻨﺣ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﻣ ﯽ .دﻮﺷ

ﭽﻧآ ﻪ مﻼﺳا يژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﯾا ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ و ﺮﯿﺳﺎﻔﺗ و نآﺮﻗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ياﺮﮔ

يﺎﻫ

ﺚﯾدﺎﺣا ﻣ ﯽ ﻢﯿﺳﺎﻨﺷ ، يﻮﺳ زا هﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ لﺎﻌﻓ ناﺪﻨﻤﺸﯾﺪﻧا زا ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا

رد ﯽﻤﻬﻣ رﺎﺛآ ﻪﮐ

ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ مﻼﺳا تﺎﯿﺣ ﺪﯾﺪﺠﺗ دﺎﯿﻨﺑ و سﺎﺳا ﻪﮐ ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻞﻤﻋ و هﺪﺳ

ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻣ ﯽ

،ﺪﯾآ دﻮﺧ زا

ﺑﻪ ﺘﺷاﺬﮔ يﺎﺟ ﺪﻨ

. ﻦﺑا ) ﻪﯿﻤﯿﺗ 728 (،

ﻦﺑا ) ﻢﯿﻗ 751 (،

ﻦﺑا ) ﺮﯿﺜﮐ 1373 (،

ﻦﺑا و ) بﺎﻫﻮﻟاﺪﺒﻋ 1792

( ار

(11)

ﯽﻣ ﻨﻋ ﻪﮐ دﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ ناﻮﺗ ﺮﺻﺎ

ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﻤﻫ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﮏﯾژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﯾا ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ :زا ﺪﻧا

1.

ﺪﻬﻌﺗ

ﺖﻣا يﺎﯿﺣا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺸﯾر ﻪﺑ ﺖﺸﮔزﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ

،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫ 2.

زا عﺎﻓد رد دﺎﻬﺟ و ﯽﯾﻮﺟرﺎﮑﯿﭘ زا يراﺪﻓﺮﻃ

مﻼﺳا

، 3.

ﺺﺨﺷ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز رد ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﯾاﺮﮔدﺎﯿﻨﺑ يژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﯾا ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ و ،

4.

ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ و ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ و ﯽﺒﻫﺬﻣ راﺪﺘﻗا ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾورﺎﯾور ياﺮﺑ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺷﺬﮔدﻮﺧزا

مﻼﺳا ﺮﻃﺎﺧ

) ﻦﺴﺣ هداز ، 1396 : 78 .(

يژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﯾا نﺎﯾﺮﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﯾا ﻞﻫا نﺎﯿﻣ رد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﯿﻟوا ﺮﮑﻔﺗ و

ﺎﺑ ﺖﻨﺳ و نآﺮﻗ

ﻦﺑا ،يﺰﻣﺮﺗ ،دوادﻮﺑا ،ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ،يرﺎﺨﺑ بﺎﺘﮐ ﺶﺷ ﺚﯾدﺎﺣا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧ ،ﻪﺟﺎﻣ

ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻧآ

، زﺎﻏآ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑ . ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﻤﻫ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ فﺪﻫ ،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﻪ

هدﻮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ

فﻼﺘﺧا ،ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﺎﻫرﺎﻌﺷ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻣا ،ﺖﺳا يﺎﻫ

ﯿﻣ ﯽﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﺒﻨﺟ و ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ نﺎ ﻞﻫا نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ

ﻮﺟو ﺖﻨﺳ دراد د

. فﻼﺘﺧا ﻦﯾا ﺎﻫ

ﺮﺒﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﺖﻨﺳ ،نآﺮﻗ زا ﺎﻬﻧآ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﯿﺳﺎﻔﺗ زا (ص)

ثداﻮﺣ و

ﺸﻧ مﻼﺳا رﺪﺻ ﺄ

ت ﻣ ﯽ ﻞﮑﺷ ﯽﻧاﺮﺤﺑ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ زا ﺎﯾ ،دﺮﯿﮔ ﺶﺒﻨﺟ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ

تﺎﯿﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ

هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯾا ناﺮﺒﻫر ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﺚﻌﺒﻨﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ،ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯾا رد . هوﺮﮔ

ﺎﻫ ﺘﻗو ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺳﻮﺗ

ﯿﺨﺸﺗ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ ار ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧ ﻫد ﺺ

،ﺪﻨ دﺎﻬﺟ زا ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﯽﻣ يراﺪﻓﺮﻃ ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

. ﺮﮕﯾد هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ ،

ناﻮﺟ ،ﺐﻠﻏا و ﺮﺗ

ﭘ ﺮﺗﻮﺟرﺎﮑﯿ ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧ دﺎﻬﺟ نآ زا ار ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺖﯾﻮﻟوا ،ﺪﻧ

ﺰﯿﻣآ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاد .

.دراد دﻮـﺟو يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا و يرﺎﺤﺘﻧا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﺑ توﺎﻔﺗ درﻮﻣ رد ﯽﻠﺼﻔﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ رد

ﻠﻤﻋ ـﯿ تﺎ

دﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا دﺮﻓ ،ي

» ﻪﺑ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺎﺑ و ﺖﺑﺮﻗ ﺪﺼﻗ ﺎﺑ ضﺮـﻓ ﺎـﺑ و ﻦﻤﺷد ﻪﺑ ندز ﻪﺑﺮﺿ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ و تدﺎﻬﺷ

ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ د هار ﯾ ﺮﮕ ي دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو

، « ﯽﻣ ماﺪﻗا ﺪﻨﮐ

) ﻋرو ﯽ

، 1382 : 312 زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ؛ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ

ي و ﯽﺗﻮـﻤﻟا ناﺮـﮕﯾد ،

1396 : 156

. (

ﻦﯾا ﻠﻤﻋ ﯿ تﺎ يراﺰﺑا ﻋﺎﻓد ﯽ ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺎـﯾ ﯽﮔﺪـﻧرادزﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﺎـﺑ

ﻦﻤـﺷد ﻢﺟﺎـﻬﺗ .ﺖـﺳا

زا ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﺎﻬﻘﻓ

ي ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا آﯾ ﺎ ت ﺷ مرﺎﮑﻣ مﺎﻈﻋ ﯿ

زاﺮ ي

، رﻮﻧ ي ﻧاﺪﻤﻫ ﯽ

، ﺮﻈﺘﻨﻣ ي

، ﻣ ﻮـﺳﻮ ي

ﺑدرا ﯿﻠ ﯾ ،(ﻪﻌﯿﺷ يﺎﻬﻘﻓ ﻦﯿﺑ رد) ﯽ ﻒﺳﻮ

وﺎﺿﺮﻗ ي

، ﺷ ﯿ ﻧﺎﺒ ﯽ

، ﻌﺸﻟا ءﻼﻘﻋ ﻦﺑ دﻮﻤﺤﻣ ﯿﺒ

ﯽ

، رﺎﮕﻟا ﺪﻣﺎﺣ

ﻦﯿﺑ رد) ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ي ﺖﻨﺳ ﻞﻫا (،

ﻦﯾا ﻠﻤﻋ ﯿ تﺎ ار رد اﺮـﺷ ﯾ ﻄ ﯽ هﮋـﯾو ﻠﻋ ـﯿ ﻪ ﻦﻤـﺷد ﺎـﺟ ﯾﺰ ﻪﺘـﺴﻧاد ﺪـﻧا

ﻠﻋﺪﻤﺤﻣﻼﻣ) ﯽ

، 1385 : 215 - 208 ؛ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ي و ﯽﺗﻮـﻤﻟا ناﺮـﮕﯾد ، 1396 : 157

.(

ﻦﯿـﺑ يدﺎـﯾز توﺎـﻔﺗ ﻠﻤﻋ

ـﯿ تﺎ

دﺎﻬــﺸﺘﺳا ي ﻠﻤﻋ و ــﯿ تﺎ رﺎــﺤﺘﻧا ي ﻫﺎﻣ ﺮــﻈﻧ زا ــﯿ

ﺖ اﻮــﺘﺤﻣ و .دراد دﻮــﺟو

ﺤﻣ و ﯽﺗﻮــﻤﻟا يﺪــﻤ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻧارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ

ي ﻠﻤﻋ زرﺎﺑ ﯿ تﺎ رﺎﺤﺘﻧا ي ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد ي

ﺑﺮﻏ ﯽ ﻣﻼـﺳا ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ و ﯽ

ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ زا

ﻠﻤﻋ ﯿ تﺎ روﺮﺗ ﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ » نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﻫﺎﺠﻣ ﯾ ﻦ ﻖﻠﺧ

« ا رد ﯾ

،ناﺮ تﻼﻤﺣ روﺮﺗ ﯾ ﺘﺴ ﯽ ﺶـﻋاد و هﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟا رد

رﻮﺳ و نﺎﺘﺴﮐﺎﭘ ،نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا ﯾ

ﻠﻋ ﻪ ﯿﻪ ناﺪﻧوﺮﻬﺷ ﺑ

ﯽ عﺎﻓد

، رﺎﺤﺘﻧا ﻪﻠﻤﺣ ي

وﺮـﺘﻣ ي ﻪـﻠﻤﺣ و نﺪـﻨﻟ 11

ﺮﺒﻣﺎﺘﭙﺳ 2001 ﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯿﻮ ﯾ كرﻮ ﻣ هرﺎﺷا ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷاو و ﯽ

ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

يﺪﻤﺤﻣ) و ﯽﺗﻮﻤﻟا ناﺮﮕﯾد ، 1396 : 154

.(

»ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘـﺸ

رﺎﺤﺘﻧا نﺎﻤﺟﺎﻬﻣ ي

هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ا ي ﺗ ﺖﺴﺟ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد ﻖﻠﻌ ﻮـﺟو

ي ﺳ فﺪـﻫ ﯿ ـﺳﺎ ﯽ

وﯾ هﮋ ا ي ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ «

ﻓ) ﯿ ﺣﺮ ﯽ

، 1383 : 112 زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ؛ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ

ي و ﯽﺗﻮﻤﻟا ناﺮﮕﯾد ، 1396 : 154 ( . ،ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد

» ﻧﺎـﺴﮐ ﯽ

ﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯿ

تﺎ دﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا ي ماﺪﻗا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻘﺣ رد ، ﯿ ﺖﻘ عﺎﻓد ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻋﺎﻓد ، ﯽ ﻗﺎﺑ هار ﺎـﻬﻨﺗ ﻪـﮐ ﯿ

هﺪـﻧﺎﻤ

(12)

374

اﺮﺑ ي ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ ا ﺮﮔا ا ز ﯾ ﻦ ﺸﻨﺑ و ﺪﻧرادﺮﺑ ﺖﺳد ماﺪﻗا ﯿ

ﺪﻨﻨ آ ﺮﻈﺘﻨﻣ و ﯾ هﺪـﻨ ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ـﯾ

ﺪ

ﺖﻟذ گﺮﻣ دﻮﺧ نﺎﮕﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻞﺜﻣ رﺎﺑ

ي .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻣ ﻦﻤﺷد ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ار ـﯾ

ﺎ ﺎﺑ ـﯾ ﺪ ﻠـﺴﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﺧ ﺖـﺳاﻮ

ﻣزﺮﺳ زا ار نﺎﻧآ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ زوﺎﺠﺘﻣ ﻦﻤﺷد ﯿ

نﺎﺸﻨ ﺑﯿ نوﺮ ﺪﻨﮐ ﯾﺎ ﺪﻧﺎﺳﺮﺑ ﻞﺘﻗ ﻪﺑ ﯾﺎ

ﮔدﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽ ترﺎﺳا و

ﮕﺑ ﯿ دﺮ «

،ﯽﻋرو) 1382

.(

ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

، رد ﻠﻤﻋ ﯿ تﺎ دﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا ي عﺎﻓد و دﺎﻬﺟ كﻼﻣ و ،ﺖﺳا

» ﻠﺻا فﺪﻫ ﯽ

ﮐ زا عﺎﻓد نآ زا ﯿ

نﺎ د ﯾ

،ﻦ ﻨﺘﺒﻣ و نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ سﻮﻣﺎﻧ و لﺎﻣ ﯽ

ﻋﺎﻓد دﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﻟدا ﺮﺑ ﯽ

و ﺖـﺳا عوﺮﺸﻣ و

ﺮﻣا ي ﻼﻘﻋ ﯽﯾ ﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﯽ ا ﺮﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻤ ﻤﻋ ﯿ ﻖ ﻮﻗ و ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ر ﯾﺰ ي ﺖﺤﺗ و ﺮﺒﻫر ﺮﻈﻧ ي ﻣﻼـﺳا ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﯽ

«

ﺖﺳا ﯽﺑ مدﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ندﺮﮐ دراو ﺐﯿﺳآ فﺪﻫ . سﺮﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا ياﺮﺑ و ﺖﺴﯿﻧ هﺎﻨﮔ

و

» دﻮﺑﺎﻧ ي ﺮﻓﺎﮐ ﻦﻤﺷد

لﺎﻐﺷا و ﺮﮔ

« ﯽﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا دﺮﯿﮔ

،دﺎﻣاد ﻖﻘﺤﻣ) 1389

: 25 ؛ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ي و ﯽﺗﻮﻤﻟا ناﺮﮕﯾد ، 1396 : 158 - 157

. (

يﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻞﻫا

ﺖﻨﺳ يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﯿﻋوﺮﺸﻣ ، ار

ﺄﺗ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﯿﯾ

،ﺪﻧا نآ درﻮﻣ رد و

ﺎﻫاﻮﺘﻓ هدﺮﮐ ردﺎﺻ ﯽﯾ

ﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد و ،ﺪﻧا ﻞﻫا ﻊ

بﻮﺟو زا ﺖﻨﺳ

» ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺑا دﺎﻬﺟ

« ﺘﻔﮔ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻪ

.ﺪﻧا ﻪﺘﺒﻟا

رد ﯽﻌﻓﺎﺷ زا ﺰﯿﻧ ار نآ ﯽﻗﻮﻘﺣ تﺎﻌﺒﺗ و ﯽﻬﻘﻓ تﺎﯿﺋﺰﺟ ﻪﻟﺎﺳر

مﻻا بﺎﺘﮐ داد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ

ه ﺪﻧا

،ﯽﻌﻓﺎﺷ)

1994 ج ، 4 : 161 (

رﺎﻤﺷ.

ﻞﻫا ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ نﺎﻬﯿﻘﻓ زا ﯽﻤﮐ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ دﺎﻬﺟ ﯽﻋﺎﻓد ﻖﻠﻄﻣ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ زا ﺖﻨﺳ

دﺮﮐ ه ﺪﻧا رد هﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺦﯿﺷ . ﻟا ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ

رﺎﻨﻤ دراد ﯽﻫﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﻦﯿﻨﭼ

،ﯽﺤﻟﺎﺻ) 1382 : 23 (

ﺦﯿﺷ .

ﺖﻤﻌﻧ ﯽﺤﻟﺎﺻ ﷲا ﻒﺠﻧ

دﺎﺑآ ي هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﻦﯾا عﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺎﻫ

بﺎﺘﮐ رد ار رد دﺎﻬﺟ

مﻼﺳا

، و يروآدﺮﮔ

ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا

،ﯽﺤﻟﺎﺻ) 1382 : 109 - 108 . (

يﺎﻬﻘﻓ يﺎﻫاﻮﺘﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻫا

موﺰﻟ درﻮﻣ رد ﺖﻨﺳ

ﻠﺴﻣ ،نداد نﺎﺟ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻦﻤﺷد ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ﺖﻣﺎﻘﺘﺳا ﺷا و نازوﺎﺠﺘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻤ

لﺎﻐ ناﺮﮔ

.ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﻘﺘﺳا و ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ هار زا ﯽﮑﯾ

تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻢﻫ ﻦﻤﺷد ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ و ﺖﻣﺎﻘﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ

تدﺎﻬﺷ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃ

ﺎﻬﻘﻓ ي ﯽﻨﺳ ﺪﻧروﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ ﺮﮔا ﻪﮐ

رﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ود نﺎﻨﻤﺷد نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ

زا راﺮﻓ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺎﯾ

ﻇ ﺮﮔا و ،ﺖﺳا هﺮﯿﺒﮐ هﺎﻨﮔ و ماﺮﺣ ﮓﻨﺟ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺸﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﻦ

، ﻦﯾا ﺢﯿﺤﺻ لﻮﻗ ﺖﺳا

ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﻘﺘﺳا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ راﺮﻓ ﺪﯾﺎﺒﻧ ﻪﮐ يا :ﺖﺳا ﻪﯾآ ﻦﯾا ﻢﻫ نآ ﻞﯿﻟد .

نﺎﻤﯾا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮐ

هدروآ رﺎﯾور ﻦﻤﺷد زا ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ نﻮﭼ ﺪﯾا و

ﺪﯾﺪﺷ ي

، ﺪﯿﻨﮐ يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ

؛ ﺪﯿﻨﮐ دﺎﯾ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ار ﺪﻧواﺪﺧ و .

ﺪﯾﻮﺷ رﺎﮕﺘﺳر ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

َﻦﯾﺬﱠﻟا ﺎﻬﯾَأ ﺎﯾ) :لﺎﻔﻧا ،...اﻮُﺘﺒْﺛﺎَﻓ ﻪَﺌﻓ ﻢُﺘِﯿﻘَﻟ اذِإ اﻮُﻨﻣآ

45 .(

ﺮﮔا رﺎﻤﺷ زا ﺶﯿﺑ نﺎﻨﻤﺷد

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺸﮐ ﺮﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﻦﻇ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ود

، ﮏﯾ زﺎﺑ ﺶﻬﺟو ا ﻦﯾ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﻘﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ

، باﻮﺛ زا و هﺪﺷ ﻞﺋﺎﻧ تدﺎﻬﺷ ﺾﯿﻓ ﻪﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺸﮐ ترﻮﺻ رد اﺮﯾز

ﯽﻣ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ اﺪﻬﺷ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

) ،يزاﺮﯿﺷ ﯽﺑ ﺎﺗ ج ، 13 : 750 - 578 (

يﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ .

ﻄﺴﻠﻓ ﻦﯿ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ رد

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻫﺎﺠﻣ يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻋﺮﺷ ﻢﮑﺣ هرﺎﺑرد ﻪﮐ يدﺎﯾز ا

ﻦﻤﺷد ﺪﺿ ﯽﻨﯿﻄﺴﻠﻓ ن

لﺎﻐﺷا ﺮﮔ هﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ ،دﻮﺑ

ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧرﺎﻬﻇا هدﺮﮐ

:ﺖﺳا

» يدﺎﻬﺸﺘﺳا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ رد دﺎﻬﺟ عﻮﻧ ﮏﯾ

ﻪﺑ اﺪﺧ هار ﯽﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ

رﺎﺴﺧ اﺮﯾز ،دور ﻦﺘﺧاﺪﻧا ﺖﺸﺣو و ﺐﻋر ،ﯽﻧﺎﺟ تﺎﻔﻠﺗ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يدﺎﯾز ت

لد رد ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ندروآرد هزﺮﻟ ﻪﺑ و ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﺴﯿﻧﻮﯿﻬﺻ ﻦﻤﺷد ياﺮﺑ ار ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺠﯾﺎﺘﻧ .دراد هاﺮﻤﻫ